TYPE II WATER

PROCESS DESIGN

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

GROUP 1 ENGR. ALADINO ABULENCIA

Areola, Isabelle Therese B.

Hatud, Jewls M.
Ignacio, Jasmine A.
Lazaro, Janielle Xandra U.
Peñarubia, Chester James P.
Saguid, Steven Kristoffer N.
Saliendra, Jeffrey
Sy, Stephannie L.
Tejada, Shairra Millen M.
Zabala, Kelsey Anne L.
 EQUIPMENT DESIGN

Pump 1:
𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑄=3
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 1 𝑖𝑛. 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 40
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 10"×54"(𝐷 × 𝐻)
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 1000
𝑚3
𝑛 = 80%
3
𝑔𝑎𝑙 0.00378541𝑚 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 3
𝑄=3 × × = 1.89 × 10−4 𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1𝑔𝑎𝑙 60𝑠 𝑠
𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑚̇ = 3 × 0.00378541 𝑚3 1000 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑖𝑛 × × = 0.1893
1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1 𝑚3 60 𝑠 𝑠
0.0254 𝑚
𝐻 = 54 𝑖𝑛 × = 1.3716 𝑚
1 𝑖𝑛
6894.76
𝑃2 = 50𝑝𝑠𝑖 × = 344 738 𝑃𝑎
1𝑝𝑠𝑖
0.0254𝑛
𝐷𝑖 = 1.049𝑖𝑛 × = 0.0266446𝑚
1𝑖𝑛
𝑃1
𝜌 + 𝑃𝐸1 + 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝑊𝑃 =
𝑃2 + 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝐹𝑓
𝜌
𝑃1 101 325 𝑃𝑎 𝑃2 344 738 𝑃𝑎
𝜌 = 1000
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 1000
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑃𝐸 = 0 𝑚

1 𝑃𝐸2 = 1.3716 𝑚 (9.8 2)

𝑠
𝐾𝐸1 = 0 𝐾𝐸2 = 0
𝑊𝑃 = ? 𝐹𝑓= ?
Solving for 𝐹𝑓:
∆𝐿 𝑣
𝐹 (𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 4𝑓 2 𝑄
;𝑣=
𝑠 𝐷 2 𝐴
3
−4 𝑚
𝑣= 1.89 × 10 𝑠 = 0.3396 𝑚
𝜋 𝑠
× (0.026446 𝑚)2
4
From Table 6-1 (Page 6-10 Perry’s Chemical Eng’g. Handbook)
𝜀 = 0.0457𝑚𝑚 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
 ε 1𝑚
0 1000 𝑚𝑚
= .0457 𝑚𝑚 × = 1.72 × 10−3
𝐷 0.026646 𝑚
Using Figure 6-9 - Moody’s Diagram (Page 6-10 Perry’s Chemical Eng’g. Handbook)
𝑓 = 0.0057 (𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)

Before the pump:

1𝑚 𝑚2 𝑚 𝐽
𝐹 = 4(0.0057) × (0.3396 𝑠 ) = 0.049 2 𝑜𝑟 0.049
𝑠 0.026646 𝑚 × 2 𝑠2 𝑘𝑔

After the pump:

(1+1.3716) 𝑚 𝑚2 𝑚 𝐽
𝐹
𝑠
= 4(0.0057) × × (0.3396 = 0.1170 2 𝑜𝑟 0.1170
)
𝑠 0.026646 𝑚 2 𝑘𝑔
𝑠2

From fittings and valves: 1-90⁰ ell (standard) & 1 gate valve (open)
𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 0.75 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 = 0.17
𝑚2 𝑚 𝐽
𝐹 = 1(0.75) × (0.3396 𝑠 ) = 0.0432 2 𝑜𝑟 0.0432
𝑒𝑙𝑙 2 𝑘𝑔
𝑠2
𝑚 2
(0.3396 ) 𝑚2 𝐽
𝐹𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 = 1(0.17) × 𝑠 = 9.80 × 10−3 𝑜𝑟 9.80 × 10−3
2 𝑠2 𝑘𝑔
𝐽
−3
𝐹𝑓 = 0.049 + 0.1170 + 0.0432 + 9.80 × 10 = 0.219
𝑘𝑔

Power Required:

𝑃
1
+ 𝑃𝐸1 + 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝑊𝑃 + 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝐹𝑓
𝑃2
=
𝜌 𝜌
101 325
344 738 𝑚 𝐽
𝑃𝑎 + 0 + 0 + 𝑊𝑃 = + 1.3716 𝑚 (9.8 ) + 0.219
𝑘𝑔 𝑃𝑎 𝑠2 𝑘𝑔
1000 𝑘𝑔
1000
𝑚3
𝑚3
𝑊𝑝 = 257.07
𝐽
257.07
𝑊𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝 = 𝑘𝑔
= 321.34
0.80
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚̇ 𝑊𝑝

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 0.1893 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝐽
× 321.34 × = 0.06083 𝑘𝑊 = 0.082 ℎ𝑝
𝑠 1000
𝐽
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 0.1 ℎ𝑝 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
Multimedia Filter:
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 = 10"×54"(𝐷 × 𝐻)

Carbon Adsorber:

Assumptions: 35% recovery

𝑔
𝜌𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1
𝑚𝑙
Carbon adsorber volume = 1.0 ft3
Carbon adsorber bulk density = 30 lbs/ft3

No. of liters of raw water passing through the Carbon Adsorption per day:
3 𝑔𝑎𝑙 60 𝑚𝑛𝑖 12 ℎ𝑟 3.785 𝐿 1 𝐿 𝑘𝑔
= × × × × = 23 358.86 𝑜𝑟 23 358.86
𝑚𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑔𝑎𝑙 0.35 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦

mg of residual chlorine passing through the Carbon Adsorption per day:

23 358.86 0.40 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
𝐿 × = 9 343.54
= 𝐿 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑎𝑦

mg of total chlorine passing through the Carbon Adsorption per day:

conversion: 1 mg/L = 1000 ppb
23 358.86 𝑚𝑔
𝐿
𝐿 × 1500 𝑝𝑝𝑏 × 1 = 35 038.29 𝑚𝑔
= 1000 𝑝𝑝𝑏 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑚𝑔 𝑔
Residual chlorine + Total Organic = 9 343.54 + 35 038.29 = 44 381.83 ≈ 44.38
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦

𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑘𝑔
Wt. of carbon = 30 × 1 𝑓𝑡3 × = 13.6364 𝑘𝑔 = 13 636 𝑔
𝑓𝑡3 2.2 𝑙𝑏𝑠

No. of days before the carbon is exhausted:

1 𝑑𝑎𝑦
= 13 636 𝑔 × = 307. 26 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑟 307 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
44.38 𝑔
Softener:

Basis: 3 gpm reverse osmosis capacity (1 gal/min = 1 440 gal/day)

33% recovery
Calcium = 20 mg/L
Magnesium = 10 mg/L

1
Feed Water flowrate = 3 𝑔𝑎𝑙
× 8.57𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.785 𝐿 𝐿
𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.35 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 × 𝑔𝑎𝑙 = 32.44 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
Raw Water hardness = 2.5 (20 ) + 4.12 (10 ) = 91.2
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝐿 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 𝑔
Total Hardness Input into the softener = 32.44 × 91.2 = 2 958.53 ≈ 2.96
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐿 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Operation Time Before Required Regeneration:
1 700 𝑔
For 30M 9-INCH Model: = 𝑔
= 574.32 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 ≈ 9.57ℎ𝑟𝑠
2.96
𝑚𝑖𝑛
2 340 𝑔
For 45M 12-INCH Model: = = 790.54 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 ≈ 13.24 ℎ𝑟𝑠
2.96 𝑔
𝑚𝑖𝑛
3 174 𝑔
For 60M 16-INCH Model: = = 1 072.30 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 ≈ 17.87 ℎ𝑟𝑠
2.96 𝑔
𝑚𝑖𝑛

Reverse Osmosis:

Molecular
Concentration
Component Weight
(mg/L)
(g/mol)
Chloride 3 35.45
Sulfate 1 96.06
Bicarbonate 2 61.02
Calcium 3 40.08
Magnesium 1 24.31
Sodium 2 22.99

Computing for the molarity (M):

𝑚𝑔 1𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝐶𝑙− = 3 𝐿 × × = 8.46 × 10 −5
1000 𝑚𝑔 35.45 𝑔

𝑀𝑆𝑂 2− = 1 𝑚𝑔 1𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
× × = 1.04 × 10−5
4 𝐿 1000 96.06 𝑔
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −5
× 1 𝑔 ×
𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑂 3− = 2 = 3.28 × 10
1000 𝑚𝑔 61.02 𝑔
𝐿𝑚𝑔
1𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝐶𝑎2+ = 3 𝐿 × × = 7.49 × 10 −5
1000 𝑚𝑔 40.08 𝑔
𝑚𝑔 1𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑀𝑔2+ = 1 𝐿 × × = 4.11 × 10 −5
1000 𝑚𝑔 24.31 𝑔
𝑚𝑔 1𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −5
𝑀𝑁𝑎2+ = 2 𝐿 × 1000 𝑚𝑔 × 22.99 𝑔 = 8.70 × 10

∑ 𝑀 = 3.31 × 10−4 𝑀

Computing for the Osmotic Pressure (OP or Π):

𝑂𝑃 = 1.12𝑇 × ∑ 𝑀 + 14.7 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑂𝑃 = 1.12 × 298.16 × (3.31 × 10−4) + 14.7
𝑂𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 14.81 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
𝑂𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 3 × 𝑂𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 Storage Tank:
𝑂𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 3 × 14.81 Theoretical Volume
𝑂𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 44.43 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑎
 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 3 𝑔𝑝𝑚 ≈ 681.374

𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 @ 25⁰𝐶 = 997.07 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

𝑘𝑔
681.374
𝑉= 𝑘𝑔ℎ
997.07
𝑚3
𝑚3
𝑚3
ℎ
𝑉 = 0.6834
ℎ

Assume 1-day Holding time

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 16.401𝑚3

@ filling capacity 𝜀 = 0.8

16.4010 𝑚3
𝑉= = 20.50 𝑚3
0.80
Assume Volume allowance of 20%:
𝑉𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 1.20 × 𝑉

𝑉𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 1.20 × 20.50 𝑚3

𝑉𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 24.60 𝑚3

Solving for D using torispherical head:

𝑉𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 0.0809 𝐷3
𝜋 2 3
𝑉𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 4 𝐷 𝐻 + 2(0.0809𝐷 )

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒:

𝐷 = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐻 = 2𝐷 (𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑦’𝑠 𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑔’𝑔. 𝐻𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑏𝑜𝑜𝑘, 7𝑡ℎ 𝐸𝑑. 𝑝. 10 − 139)

Solving for diameter:

𝜋 2 3
𝑉𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 4 𝐷 𝐻 + 2(0.0809𝐷 )
 𝜋
24.60 𝑚3 = 𝐷2𝐻 + 2(0.0809𝐷3)
4
𝐷 = 2.96 𝑚

Tank Height:
𝐻𝑇 = 2𝐷
𝐻𝑇 = 2(2.96 𝑚) = 5.92 𝑚

Working Pressure:

𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔𝐻

Since tank is vented, 𝑃𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 = 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑘𝑔 𝑚
1 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = (101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 + 997.07 × 9.81 × 5.92) ×
𝑚3 𝑠2 1000 𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑊 = 58.006 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Design Pressure:
𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 10% 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 58.006 𝑘𝑃𝑎 × 1.10

𝑃𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 = 63.8066 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ≈ 0.0638066 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Shell Thickness:
𝑁
𝐶𝑠(𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙), 𝑆 = 88.9 ≈ 88 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑚𝑚2
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2𝑚𝑚
𝑃𝐷
𝑡𝑠 = +𝐶
2𝑆𝑐 − 𝑃
0.0638066 𝑀𝑃𝑎 × 2.96 𝑚
𝑡𝑠 = + 0.002 𝑚
2(88.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎)(0.8) − (0.0638066 𝑀𝑃𝑎)

𝑡𝑠 = 3.35 𝑚𝑚

Shell Outside Diameter:

𝑡𝑠 = 𝐷𝑜 − 𝐷𝑖
𝐷𝑜 = 0.0033 𝑚𝑚 + 2.96 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑜 = 2.9663 𝑚
Pump 2:
𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑄=3
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 = 1 𝑖𝑛. 𝑆𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 40
𝐼𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 40 𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 997.07
𝑚3
𝑛 = 80%
3
𝑔𝑎𝑙 0.00378541𝑚 1𝑚𝑖𝑛 3
𝑄=3 × × = 1.89 × 10−4 𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1𝑔𝑎𝑙 60𝑠 𝑠
𝑔𝑎𝑙
𝑚̇ = 3 × 0.00378541 𝑚3 1000 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑖𝑛 × × = 0.1893
1 𝑔𝑎𝑙 1 𝑚3 60 𝑠 𝑠
0.0254 𝑚
𝐻 = 40 𝑖𝑛 × = 1.016 𝑚
1 𝑖𝑛
1000 𝑃𝑎
𝑃1 = 63.8066 𝑘𝑃𝑎 × = 63 806.6 𝑃𝑎
1 𝑘𝑃𝑎
6894.76
𝑃2 = 50𝑝𝑠𝑖 × = 344 738 𝑃𝑎
1𝑝𝑠𝑖
0.0254𝑛
𝐷𝑖 = 1.049𝑖𝑛 × = 0.0266446𝑚
1𝑖𝑛
𝑃1
𝜌 + 𝑃𝐸1 + 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝑊𝑃 =
𝑃2 + 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝐹𝑓
𝜌
𝑃1 63 806.6 𝑃𝑎 𝑃2 344 738 𝑃𝑎
𝜌 = 997.07
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 997.07
𝑘𝑔
𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑃𝐸 = 0 𝑚

1 𝑃𝐸2 = 1.016 𝑚 (9.8 2)

𝑠
𝐾𝐸1 = 0 𝐾𝐸2 = 0
𝑊𝑃 = ? 𝐹𝑓= ?
Solving for 𝐹𝑓:
∆𝐿 𝑣
𝐹 (𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 4𝑓 2 𝑄
;𝑣=
𝑠 𝐷 2 𝐴
3
−4 𝑚
𝑣= 1.89 × 10 𝑠 = 0.3396 𝑚
𝜋 𝑠
× (0.026446 𝑚)2
4
From Table 6-1 (Page 6-10 Perry’s Chemical Eng’g. Handbook)
𝜀 = 0.0457𝑚𝑚 (𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
 ε 1𝑚
0 1000 𝑚𝑚
= .0457 𝑚𝑚 × = 1.72 × 10−3
𝐷 0.026646 𝑚
Using Figure 6-9 - Moody’s Diagram (Page 6-10 Perry’s Chemical Eng’g. Handbook)
𝑓 = 0.0057 (𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)

Before the pump:

0.5 𝑚 𝑚2 𝑚 𝐽
𝐹 = 4(0.0057) × (0.3396 𝑠 ) = 0.0247 2 𝑜𝑟 0.0247
𝑠 0.026646 𝑚 × 2 𝑠2 𝑘𝑔

From fittings and valves: 2-90⁰ ell (standard) & 1 gate valve (open)
𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 0.75 𝑘𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 = 0.17
𝑚2 𝑚 𝐽
𝐹 = 2(0.75) × (0.3396 𝑠 ) = 0.0865 2 𝑜𝑟 0.0865
𝑒𝑙𝑙 2 𝑘𝑔
𝑠2
𝑚 2
(0.3396 ) 𝑚2 𝐽
𝐹𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑒 = 1(0.17) × 𝑠 = 9.80 × 10−3 𝑜𝑟 9.80 × 10−3
2 𝑠2 𝑘𝑔

After the pump:

(0.5) 𝑚 𝑚2 𝑚 𝐽
𝐹 = 4(0.0057) × (0.3396 𝑠 ) = 0.0247 2 𝑜𝑟 0.0247
𝑠 0.026646 𝑚 × 2 𝑠2 𝑘𝑔

From fittings: 1-90⁰ ell (standard)

𝑘𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 0.75
𝑚2
𝐹 = 1(0.75) × (0.3396 𝑚 𝐽
𝑠
) = 0.0432 2 𝑜𝑟 0.0432
𝑒𝑙𝑙 2 𝑠2 𝑘𝑔
𝐽
−3
𝐹𝑓 = 0.0247 + 0.0865 + 9.80 × 10 + 0.0247 + 0.0432 = 0.1889
𝑘𝑔
Power Required:

𝑃
1
+ 𝑃𝐸1 + 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝑊𝑃 + 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝐹𝑓
𝑃
=2
𝜌 𝜌
63 806.6 𝑃𝑎
344 738 𝑃𝑎 𝑚 𝐽
𝑘𝑔 + 0 + 0 + 𝑊𝑃= + 1.016 𝑚 (9.8 ) + 0.1889
997.07 𝑘𝑔
997.07 3 𝑠2 𝑘𝑔
𝑚3 𝑚
𝐽
𝑊𝑝 = 291.903
𝑘𝑔
𝐽
291.903
𝑘𝑔 𝐽
𝑊𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝 = = 364.88
0.80 𝑘𝑔
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚̇ 𝑊𝑝 � 𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 0 1893
� = .
 364.88

𝑘𝑔 𝐽 1 𝑘𝐽
× × = 0.06907 𝑘𝑊 = 0.09262 ℎ𝑝
𝑠 𝑘𝑔 1000 𝐽
∴ 𝑈𝑠𝑒 0.1 ℎ𝑝 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑢𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝

Cation Exchange:

Cation mg/L mg/L mg/L MW mmol/L meq/L

removed remaining removed removed
Ca2+ 3 2.85 0.15 40 0.0713 0.1426

Mg2+ 1 0.95 0.05 24 0.0396 0.0792

Na+ 2 1.9 0.1 23 0.0826 0.0826
Total 0.3044

Cation exchange capacity: Dowex C-600

𝑒𝑞 𝑚𝑒𝑞
= 2.0 𝑥1000
𝐿 𝑒𝑞
𝑚𝑒𝑞
= 2000
𝐿

Volume of cation resin required per month based on 3gpm treated water:
𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.785 60𝑚𝑖𝑛 12ℎ𝑟 30𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 1
𝑉 = 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑔𝑎𝑙
)( ℎ𝑟
) ( 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ) (𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ ) (0.3044 𝑚𝑒𝑞
𝐿
)( 𝑚𝑒𝑞 )
2000
𝐿
𝑉 = 37.33 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑉 (𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 5% 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) = 39.20𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

*50L or 2 bags of 25L resin are to be used.

Volume of FRP Tank: 1 x (12”x40”)

𝜋
𝑉=( 12 2 40
4)()( )
12 12 1𝑚
𝑉 = 2.618𝑓𝑡3 ( 3 1000𝐿
)
)(
(3.28)3𝑓𝑡 3 1𝑚3
𝑉 = 74𝐿

50
%𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 = 100 − (
74) (100)
%𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 = 33%
Anion Exchange:

Anion mg/L mg/L mg/L MW mmol/L meq/L

removed remaining removed removed
HCO3- 2 1.9 0.1 61 0.0311 0.0311
Cl -
3 2.85 0.15 35 0.0814 0.0814
SO42- 1 0.95 0.05 96 9.896x10-3 0.0198
Total 0.1323

Anion exchange capacity: Dowex MONO A-500

𝑒𝑞 𝑚𝑒𝑞
= 1.3 𝑥1000
𝐿 𝑒𝑞
𝑚𝑒𝑞
= 1300
𝐿

Volume of cation resin required per month based on 3gpm treated water:
𝑔𝑎𝑙 3.785 60𝑚𝑖𝑛 12ℎ𝑟 30𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 1
𝑉 = 3 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑔𝑎𝑙
)( ℎ𝑟
) ( 𝑑𝑎𝑦 ) (𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ ) (0.1323 𝑚𝑒𝑞
𝐿
)( 𝑚𝑒𝑞 )
1300
𝐿
𝑉 = 24.96 𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ
𝑉 (𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 5% 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟) = 26.21𝐿/𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ

*50L or 2 bags of 25L resin are to be used.

Volume of FRP Tank: 1 x (12”x40”)

𝜋
𝑉=( 12 2 40
4)()( )
12 3 12 1𝑚
𝑉 = 2.618𝑓𝑡 ( 3 1000𝐿
)
)(
(3.28)3𝑓𝑡 3 1𝑚3
𝑉 = 74𝐿

50
%𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 = 100 − (
74) (100)
%𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑑 = 33%
 MASS BALANCE

Multimedia Filter:

INPUT:
𝑘𝑔 𝐿
Feed 3 gpm = 23 358.86 𝑜𝑟
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
pH 7.6
Color 0 TCU
Turbidity 0 NTU
𝐶𝑙− 40 mg/L
𝑆𝑂42−− 10 mg/L
𝐻𝐶𝑂3 20 mg/L
𝐶𝑎2+ 20 mg/L
𝑀𝑔2+ 10 mg/L
𝑆𝑖𝑂2 35 mg/L
Conductivity 𝜇𝑆
150 ⁄𝑐𝑚
Residual Cl 0.4 mg/L
TOC 1500 ppb = 1.5 mg/L

Removal of solid 𝑆𝑖𝑂2:

𝑚𝑔 𝐿
𝑆𝑖𝑂 in Water = 35 𝑥 23 358.86
1𝑔 1 𝑘𝑔
2 𝑥 𝑥 = 0.82 𝐾𝑔/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐿 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1000 𝑚𝑔 1000 𝑔

Carbon Adsorption:

INPUT: At 35% Recovery

Feed 23 358.86 − 0.82 = 23358.04 𝑘𝑔/𝑑𝑎𝑦
pH 7.6
Color 0 TCU
Turbidity 0 NTU
𝐶𝑙− 40 mg/L
𝑆𝑂42−− 10 mg/L
𝐻𝐶𝑂3 20 mg/L
𝐶𝑎2+ 20 mg/L
 𝑀𝑔2+ 10 mg/L
𝑆𝑖𝑂2 0
Residual Cl 0.4 mg/L
TOC 1500 ppb = 1.5 mg/L

Contaminants adsorbed = TOC + Residual Cl

23 358.04 𝐿 0.40 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
Residual Cl: × = 9 343.22

𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝐿 𝑑𝑎𝑦
23 358.04 𝐿 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔
1𝐿
TOC: × 1500 𝑝𝑝𝑏 × = 35 037.06
𝑑𝑎𝑦 1000 𝑝𝑝𝑏 𝑑𝑎𝑦
Contaminants removed = 9343.22 + 35037.06 = 44380.28 mg/day = 0.04 kg/day

Softener:
INPUT: At 35% Recovery, Resin = 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
Feed 23358.04 − 0.04 = 23358 𝑘𝑔/𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 3 gpm
pH 7.6
Color 0 TCU
Turbidity 0 NTU
𝐶𝑙− 40 mg/L
10 mg/L
𝑆𝑂42−−
𝐻𝐶𝑂3 20 mg/L
𝐶𝑎2+ 20 mg/L
𝑀𝑔2+ 10 mg/L
𝑆𝑖𝑂2 0
Residual Cl 0
TOC 0

Feed = 23358 𝐾𝑔/𝑑𝑎𝑦

2 𝐶𝑎2+ + 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 2 𝑁𝑎+ + 𝐶𝑎2+

2 𝑀𝑔2+ + 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑂3 + 2 𝑁𝑎+ + 𝑀𝑔2+

𝑚𝑔 23
Sodium converted from Ca & Mg: (20 𝑋 𝑥 2 2
) + (10 𝑚𝑔 23 ) 22 mg/L 𝑁𝑎+
𝑥 𝑥
=
𝐿 40 2 𝐿 24 2
𝑚𝑔 40 1 𝑚𝑔
Calcium Remained: 20 𝑥 𝑥 = 10
𝐿 40 2 𝐿
𝑚𝑔 24 1 𝑚𝑔
Magnesium remained: 10 𝑥 𝑥 =5
𝐿 24 2 𝐿

Ca & Mg Removed: 10 + 5 = 15 mg/L

𝑚𝑔 𝐿
Ca Removed: 10 𝑥 23358 𝑚𝑔 𝑘𝑔
= 233580 ≈ 0.23
𝐿 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑚𝑔 𝐿
Mg Removed: 5 𝑥 23358 𝑚𝑔 𝑘𝑔
= 116790 ≈ 0.12
𝐿 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Total removed in kg/day: 0.35 kg/day

Reverse Osmosis:

INPUT:
Feed 23358 − 0.35 = 23357.65𝑘𝑔/𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 3 gpm
pH 6.4
Color 0 TCU
Turbidity 0 NTU
𝐶𝑙− 40 mg/L
𝑆𝑂42−− 10 mg/L
𝐻𝐶𝑂3 20 mg/L
𝐶𝑎2+ 10 mg/L
𝑀𝑔2+ 5 mg/L
𝑁𝑎+ 22 mg/L
𝑆𝑖𝑂2 0
Residual Cl 0
TOC 0

Reverse Osmotic Pressure Solved in Design = 44.43 psia

𝑚𝑔
1𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝐶𝑙− = 40 𝐿 × × = 1.14 × 10 −3
1000 𝑚𝑔 35.45 𝑔

𝑀𝑆𝑂 2− = 10 𝑚𝑔 1𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
× × = 1.04 × 10−4
4 𝐿 1000 96.06 𝑔
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −4
× 1 𝑔 ×
𝑀𝐻𝐶𝑂 3− = 20 = 3.28 × 10
1000 𝑚𝑔 61.02 𝑔
𝐿𝑚𝑔
1𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝐶𝑎2+ = 10 𝐿 × × = 2.5 × 10 −4
1000 𝑚𝑔 40.08 𝑔
𝑚𝑔 1𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑀𝑔2+ = 5 𝐿 × × = 2.08 × 10 −4
1000 𝑚𝑔 24.31 𝑔
𝑚𝑔 1𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑁𝑎2+ = 22 𝐿 × × = 9.57 × 10−4
1000 𝑚𝑔 22.99 𝑔

OP = 1.12T (M)
𝑂𝑃 𝐶𝑙− = 1.12 × 298.16 × (1.14 × 10−3) + 14.7 = 15
𝑂𝑃 𝑆𝑂42− = 1.12 × 298.16 × (1.04 × 10−4) + 14.7 = 15
𝑂𝑃 𝐻𝐶𝑂 3− = 1.12 × 298.16 × (3.28 × 10−4) + 14.7 = 15
𝑂𝑃 𝐶𝑎2+ = 1.12 × 298.16 × (2.5 × 10−4) + 14.7 = 15
𝑂𝑃 𝑀𝑔2+ = 1.12 × 298.16 × (2.08 × 10−4) + 14.7 = 15
 𝑂𝑃 𝑁𝑎2+ = 1.12 × 298.16 × (9.57 × 10−4) + 14.7 = 15
OP ( individually) = 15 psia
ROP= 3 x 15 =approximately 45 psia
*Matches with computed ROP in Design*

Ion Exchange:

INPUT:
Feed 23357.65 𝑘𝑔/𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 3gpm
pH 6.4
Color 0 TCU
Turbidity 0 NTU
𝐶𝑙− 3 mg/L
1 mg/L
𝑆𝑂42−−
𝐻𝐶𝑂3 2 mg/L
𝐶𝑎2+ 3 mg/L
𝑀𝑔2+ 1 mg/L
𝑁𝑎+ 2 mg/L
𝑆𝑖𝑂2 0
Residual Cl 0
TOC 0

Cation:

2 𝐶𝑎2+ + 2𝑅𝐻 = 𝑅2𝐶𝑎 + 2𝐻+ + 𝐶𝑎2+

2 𝑀𝑔2+ + 2𝑅𝐻 = 𝑅2𝑀𝑔 + 2 𝐻+ + 𝑀𝑔2+
2 𝑁𝑎+ + 𝑅𝐻 = 𝑅𝑁𝑎 + 𝐻+ + 𝑁𝑎+
𝑚𝑔 1
H+ converted from Ca, Mg and Na: (3 𝑥 2 1
2) + (1 𝑚𝑔 1 )+ 𝑚𝑔 1 𝑥 ) = 0.16
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(2
mg/L 𝐿 40 2 𝐿 24 2 𝐿 23 2

𝑚𝑔 40 1 𝑚𝑔
Calcium Remained: 3 𝑥 𝑥 = 1.5
𝐿 40 2 𝐿
𝑚𝑔 24 1 𝑚𝑔
Magnesium remained: 1 𝑥 𝑥 = 0.5
𝐿 24 2 𝐿
𝑚𝑔 23 1 𝑚𝑔
Sodium remained: 2 𝑥 𝑥 =1
𝐿 23 2 𝐿

Ca, Mg & Na Removed: 1.5+ 0.5 + 1= 3 mg/L

𝑚𝑔 𝐿
Ca Removed: 1.5 𝑥 23357.65 𝑚𝑔 𝑘𝑔
= 35036.48 ≈ 0.035
𝐿 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑚𝑔 𝐿
Mg Removed: 0.5 𝑥 23357.65 𝑚𝑔 𝑘𝑔
= 11678.83 ≈ 0.012
𝐿 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑚𝑔 𝐿 𝑚𝑔 𝑘𝑔
Mg Removed: 1 𝑥 23357.65 = 23357.65 ≈ 0.023
𝐿 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Anions:
 −
2 𝐻𝐶𝑂3 + 𝑅𝑂𝐻 = 𝐻𝐶𝑂3𝑅 + 𝑂𝐻− + 𝐻𝐶𝑂−
3
2 𝐶𝑙− + 𝑅𝑂𝐻 = 𝑅𝐶𝑙 + 𝑂𝐻− + 𝐶𝑙−
− −
2𝑆𝑂2 + + 2𝑅𝑂𝐻 = 𝑅 𝑆𝑂 + 2𝑂𝐻− + 𝑆𝑂 2
4 2 4 4
𝑚𝑔 17
OH- converted from HCO3, Cl and SO4: (2 𝑥 𝑥 1 1 2
) + (3 𝑚𝑔 17 )+ 𝑚𝑔 17 ) 1.18
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(1 𝑥 =
mg/L 𝐿 61 2 𝐿 35 2 𝐿 96 2

𝑚𝑔 61 1 𝑚𝑔
HCO3 Remained: 2 𝑥 𝑥 =1
𝐿 61 2 𝐿
𝑚𝑔 35 1 𝑚𝑔
Cl remained: 3 𝑥 𝑥 = 1.5
𝐿 35 2 𝐿
𝑚𝑔 96 1 𝑚𝑔
SO4 remained: 1 𝑥 𝑥 = 0.5
𝐿 96 2 𝐿

HCO3, Cl and SO4 Removed: 1+ 1.5 + 0.5= 3 mg/L

𝑚𝑔 𝐿
HCO3 Removed: 1 𝑥 23357.65 𝑚𝑔 𝑘𝑔
= 23357.65 ≈ 0.023
𝐿 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑚𝑔 𝐿
Cl Removed: 1.5 𝑥 23357.65 𝑚𝑔 𝑘𝑔
= 35036.48 ≈ 0.035
𝐿 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑚𝑔 𝐿
SO4 Removed: 0.5 𝑥 23357.65 𝑚𝑔 𝑘𝑔
= 11678.83 ≈ 0.012
𝐿 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Total ions removed in kg/day: 0.14 kg/day

OUTPUT:
Feed 23357.65 − 0.14 𝑘𝑔/𝑑𝑎𝑦 = 23357.51 = 3gpm
pH 6.0
Color 0 TCU
Turbidity 0 NTU
𝐶𝑙− 1.5 mg/L
𝑆𝑂42−− 0.5 mg/L
𝐻𝐶𝑂3 1 mg/L
𝐶𝑎2+ 1.5 mg/L
𝑀𝑔2+ 0.5 mg/L
𝑁𝑎+ 1 mg/L
𝑆𝑖𝑂2 0
Residual Cl 0
TOC 0

OZONATOR/PURIST:
Reactions:
−
2 𝐶𝑙− + 𝑂3 = 𝐶𝑙𝑂3 + 𝐶𝑙−
𝑚𝑔 1 𝑚𝑔
𝐶𝑙− 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 1.5 𝑥 = 0.75
𝐿 2 𝐿
OUTPUT:

Feed 23357.51 = 3gpm

pH 6.0
Color 0 TCU
Turbidity 0 NTU
𝐶𝑙− 0.75 mg/L
𝑆𝑂42−− 0.5 mg/L
𝐻𝐶𝑂3 1 mg/L
𝐶𝑎2+ 1.5 mg/L
𝑀𝑔2+ 0.5 mg/L
𝑁𝑎+ 1 mg/L
𝑆𝑖𝑂2 0
Residual Cl 0
TOC 0