Coil Spring Formula Dm = the mean diameter

1. Stress for Round Wire d = the wire diameter

Do = the outside diameter
6KF D m
S= C = the spring index
π d3
6. Spring Rate
Where:

F = the applied force F F1 F 2

k= = =
Dm = the mean diameter δ δ1 δ2
D = the wire diameter
Where:
S = the stress
k = the spring rate
K = the Wahl factor
δ = the elongation
2. Stress for Square Wire F = the load or force

2.4KF Dm 7. Deflection for Round Wire

S=
b3 8F D 3m n
δ=
Where: d4 G
F = the applied force Where:
Dm = the mean diameter
B = the width δ = the deflection
S = the stress n = the effective number of
K = the Wahl factor coil
8F C3 n
δ=
3. Stress for Rectangular Wire Gd
KFD m (3b+1.8t) G = the modulus of rigidity
S= 2 2 F = the applied load
2b t D = the wire diameter
Where: C = the spring index
Dm = the mean diameter
F = the applied force
Dm = the mean diameter 8. Deflection for Rectangular Wire
b = the width
S = the stress 2.45F D 3m n
δ= 3
K = the Wahl factor G t (b-0.56t)
t = the thickness
Where:
4. Wahl Factor
δ = the deflection
4C - 1 0.615 n = the effective number of
K= + coil
4C - 4 C
G = the modulus of rigidity
Where: F = the applied load
b = the width
K = the Wahl factor t = the thickness
C = the spring index Dm = the mean diameter

5. Spring Index 9. Deflection for Square Wire

Dm Do - d 5.575F D 3m n
C= = δ= 4
d d b G
Where: Where:

1
δ = the deflection Dm = the mean diameter
n = the effective number of t = the thickness
coil a = the moment arm
G = the modulus of rigidity E = the modulus of elasticity
F = the applied load δ = the deflection
b = the width n = the number of active
Dm = the mean diameter coils
b = the width

10. Torsional Stress in Spring 13. Deflection for Spiral torsion

Spring of Round Wire
KF D m (3b+1.8t)
S=
2 b2 t 2 64FL a2
δ=
πEd 4
Where:
Where:
F = the applied force
Dm = the mean diameter F = the applied force
b = the width a = the moment arm
S = the stress L = the length
E = the modulus of elasticity
32M 32FL δ = the deflection
S= k 1 3
= k1 3 d = the wire diameter
πd πd
K = the Wahl factor
t = the thickness 14. Deflection for Spiral torsion
M = the bending moment Spring of Rectangular Wire
L = the length
D = the wire diameter 12FL a2
δ=
k1 = the curvature factor E b t3
Where:
11. Deflection for Helical Torsion
Spring of Round Wire F = the applied force
a = the moment arm
64F Dm a 2 n L = the length
δ=
Ed 4 E = the modulus of elasticity
δ = the deflection
Where: b = the width
t = the thickness
F = the applied force
Dm = the mean diameter 15. Length of Wire
d = the wire diameter
a = the moment arm L = π Dm n
E = the modulus of elasticity
δ = the deflection Where:
n = the number of active
coils L = the length
n = the number of active coil
12.Deflection for Helical Torsion Dm = the mean diameter
Spring of Rectangular Wire
16. Free length
2
12πF D m a n
δ= FL=SL+ δ
Eb t 3
Where:
Where:
FL = the Free length
F = the applied force SL = the Solid Length

2
F = the force F = the applied force
δ = the elongation S = the stress
L = the length
b = the width

t = the thickness
17. Impact Load on Spring E = the modulus of elasticity
δ = the deflection
F
W ( h+ δ ) = (δ)
2 21. Deflection of Leaf Spring
(Multiple Leaves)
Where:
12FL3
δ = the deflection δ= 3
b t E ( 2 ng + 3 n f )
F = the applied force
Where:
h = the height or distance
F = the applied force
W = the weight ng = the number of graduated
leaves
18. Stresses in Leaf Spring
(Single Leaf) nf = the number of full length
leaves
6FL L = the length
S= b = the width
b t2 t = the thickness
Where: E = the modulus of elasticity
δ = the deflection
F = the applied force
S = the stress 22. Spring System
L = the length a. Series System
b = the width
t = the thickness

19. Stresses in Leaf Spring F1 F F2 F

δ 1= = δ 2= =
(Multiple Leaf) k1 K k2 K
F3 F
18FL δ3= = F= F1 =F2 =F3
S= ¿ k3 K
b t 2 (2 n g +3 n f ¿
1
Where: k= F
1 1 1 k= δ = δ1 + δ2 + δ3
+ + δ
F = the applied force k1 k2 k3
S = the stress
L = the length
b = the width
t = the thickness b. Parallel System
ng = the number of graduated
leaves
nf = the number of full length F= F1 +F2 +F3 δ = δ1 = δ2 = δ3
leaves
k= k1 + k 2 + k 3
20. Deflection of Leaf Spring
(Single Leaf)
23. Intermediate Springs
2S L2 4F L2
δ= = 3 a. Outer spring longer than
3tE bt E
inner spring
Where:

3
 δ0 = δ1

δ0 = the deflection on
outsidespring
δ = the deflection
e = the distance from outer
spring to the inside
spring without application of
force

8 FC3 n
8 FC3 n δ=
δ 0 = e+ δ 1 δ= Gd
Gd
F = F0 + F 1 C = the spring index
n = the number of effective
coil
G = the modulus of rigidity
F = F0 + F 1 δ 0 = e+ δ 1 d = the wire diameter
8 FC3 n
δ=
Gd

b. Inner spring longer than

outer spring

c. Inner and outer springs are

of the same height

F = F0 + F 1

Where:

F = the applied force

F0 = the force on applied
spring
F1 = the force on inside
spring
δ1 = the deflection on inside
spring