PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi

Course Title & Code:

ANAT-102 (Assignment# 02)

Student Name, Arid no. & Class:

Bisma Aslam
20-ARID-3222
DVM (A) 2nd Semester
Submitted To:
Sir Saad Hassan

Submission Date:
10-05-2021

For Official Use:

Total Marks: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Obtained Marks: -------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Comaprative anatomy of urinary system

UROGENITAL SYSTEM

The Urogenital apparatus includes two groups of organs, the urinary and the genital. The
urinary organs are the kidneys. uroers, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Distinct Features

Horse Ox
Kidneys Weight (each) 24-25 ounces/700gm 20-25 ounces/550-700gm
Renal pelvis Present Absent
Calyces major Absent Present
Calyces minor Absent Present
Renal papilla opens into..... Renal pelvis Calyces minor
Ureter is continuation of ..... Renal pelvis Calyces major

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY

Each kidney present for description two surfaces: i) dorsal ii) ventral, two borders
i) medial border ii) lateral border. and two extremities: i) anterior extremity ii) posterior
extremity. Internally as well as externally it presents the following features:
1) Renal Capsule
2) Hilus
3) Renal Pelvis (in case of ox, it is absent)
4) Renal Crest
5) Renal Sinus
6) Renal Pyramids
7) Renal Papillae
8) Arcuate Branches
9) Cortex
10) Medulla
Right Kidney

Horse Ox
General outline heart shaped elongated elliptical
Polygonal lobes absent present
Dorsal surface strongly convex just rounded
Dorsal surface is chiefly In diaphragm sublumber muscles
contact with….
Ventral surface slightly concave slightly convex
Medial border convex and rounded nearly straight

Left Kidney

General outline bean shaped having three faces

Polygonal lobes absent present
Hilus of the kidney nearly at medial side at antero-lateral side

These apparent look with margins are polygonal lobes and its only structural
difference.are only present only in ox's kidney, because in case of dog/ human surface is
smooth, no cuttings/ lobes externally.

URETERS

The ureter is the narrow part of the excretory duct of the kidney. Each begins
of the kidney. Each begins at the renal pelvis and terminates at the bladder. It is about 28
inches in length and 6-8 mm in diameter. h posses two parts: abdominal and pelvic part.
In the male, the pelvic part enters the genital fold and crosses the ductus deferens. In the
female. the ureter is situated in most of its course in the dorsal part of the broad ligament
or uterus.

URINARY BLADDER

The urinary bladder is dense, inform mass. about the cue of a fist.
lies on the ventral wall of the pelvic is a cavity. It mainly consists of three parts as
following:
I) Vertex.. ... anterior rounded blind end
II) Body ..... the middle part
III) Neck ..... that joins the urethra

• It is longer and narrower in Ox than that of the Horse.

• It also extends further forward on the abdominal floor in Ox.

Ligaments of Urinary Bladder

Displacement of bladder is limited chiefly by three peritoneal folds called

ligaments.
i. Middle ligament
ii. Lateral ligament
iii. Round ligament.
Renel Calyces

The renal calyces are chambers of the kidney through which urine passes.
The minor calyces surround the apex of the renal pyramids. Urine formed in the kidney
passes through a renal papilla at the apex into the minor calyx; two or three minor
calyces converge to form a major calyx, through which urine passes before continuing
through the renal pelvis into the ureter.
Calyces are the channels/ routes from which urine passes. Each pyramid open into minor
calyces. Two or three calyces originating from different pyramids unite to form major
calyces. Many major calyces unite to form renal pelvis in which all urine is collected and
transfered to Ureter.
 Comaprative anatomy of integumentry system

INTEGUMENTRY SYSTEM

Integumentary system consists of the skin or cutaneous membrane, skin glands, hooves,
claws, digital pads, horns and accessory organs including hairs, arrector pillar muscle,
skin glands (sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands), nails and mammary glands.

Skin\ Integument:
Integument come from a Latin word that means “to cover”. It is use as
alternative name for skin. skin is the largest organ of integumentary system whish covers
the whole body. Depending upon species and age, skin represents about 12%-24% of an
animal’s body weight.

Anatomy of skin

Skin consists of three layers.

 Epidermis
o Epidermis is the most superficial and outer layer of skin. it is ectodermal derived.
o It is continuously renewing. Cells continue to remove from the skin by a process
called shiff of skin.
o No blood vessels and lymphatic vessels are present in the epidermis.
o Epidermal cells take nutrients from dermis by the process of diffusion.
o Epidermis is further divided into five layers which are: (from deep to superficial)
o Stratum Basale\ stratum germinativum: It is the innermost layer of epidermis.
Cells actively divide in it.
o Stratum Spinosum: It is superficial to stratum Basale; keratinocytes produce
 lamellar bodies.
o Stratum Granulosum: In this layer the cytoplasm of keratinocytes appears
granular.
o Stratum Lucidum: It is the fourth layer superficial to stratum granulosum and is
found in palm and sole. The areas where the skin is exposed to hard usage e.g.,
footpads of the dogs the epidermal layers are the thickest and most clearly
differentiated. The main reason for this difference is the presence of stratum
lucidum.
o Stratum Corneum: It is the outermost layer. It provides protection against
abrasion desiccation on land. It produces keratin which makes the epidermis
stronger and water prove.

The specialization of stratum Corneum includes:

 Epidermal scales:
These are repetitious, overlapping and thick rings of stratum corneum.
In birds: scales are on featherless area. i.e., legs and feet.
In small mammals: legs and tails. e.g., rats.

 Hair:
Thick haircoat is present in mammals except natural openings and surfaces of digits.
Primarily a hair consists of alpha keratin of epidermis.
It consists of a base or root and a shaft or the remaining length of stand.

Horse Dog Ox
Fine hair, shedding and Arranged in a group of Extremely variable, frontal
replacing continously three to a large extent region is somewhat curly
 and tail from bush
Function:
When the temperature is low, hairs erect causing trapping of air which improve
body insulation. Also, in the threatening state of animal hair erects and cause fight or
flight reaction.

Types of hairs:
Following are some types of hairs:

 Guard hair: straight, stiff, outer coat in all animals. Absent in sheep and pigs.
 Wool hair: fine, wavy, short, inner coat e.g., fleece\coat of sheep.
 Tactile hair: sensory hair on lips, chin, cheek and around. e.g., in dogs and cats
 Hoof\nail\claw:
Encloses the distal phalanx, strongly modified part of common integument. In ungulates
(sheep, cow, horses), hoofs are present.
Hoofs of bovine and equine are almost similar

Features Ox Horse
Interdigital cleft Present Absent
Frog, bars, secondary Absent (frog replaced by Present
laminae bulbs)

 Horns and antlers:

 True horns are made of keratin while antlers are not formed in the epidermis and
don’t consist of keratin but are entirely made up of bones.
 True horns are never branched and are grown once. While antlers are shed each
year and are often branched.
 True horns consist a core of bone arise from dermis and fuse with skull while
growing antlers are covered in skin called velvet that form bone.
 True horns are present in bovine while antlers are present in deer family.
  Dermis:
The thick layer of skin composed of living cells. Dermis is made up of fibrous (elastic)
connective tissues. Dermis consists of:

o Hair follicles which develop into hair at the surface.

o Arrector pillar muscle: It is a minute muscle found in the
o Dermal layer of skin: It is attached at the root of the hair, inside the hair’s
follicle.
Under the control of autonomic nervous system these tiny muscles aid the body
in temperature regulation.
o Dermis consists of some glands including

 Sebaceous glands
These glands are present at the root of hair. These are associated with hair follicles.
They lubricate and protect the skin by secreting sebum. Sebum is a permeability barrier
and emollient – defense against microorganisms and skin softening.

 Sweat glands
They secrete sweat by the process of perspiration which helps regulate the body
temperature and maintain homeostasis. These glands are of two types:
 Apocrine:
 Associated with hair follicles.
 Albuminous secretion.
 Provide individual odor.
 Eccrine:
 Associated with hairless\nearly airless skin.
 Watery secretion
o It also consists of sensory nerve endings
 Meissner’s corpuscle: These are the nerve ending which are involved in the
detection of touch, pain and pressure stimulus.
 Pacinian corpuscle: there are also sensory receptors that are involved in the
detection of pressure. It also contains very minute arteries and veins.
o Dermis which serves as a location for the appendages of skin.

 Hypodermis \subcutaneous:
o This hypodermis is nit a pert of skin and lies below the dermis.
o It is made up of adipose tissue and loose connective tissue and elastin.
o The main type of cells are fibroblast, macrophages and adipocytes.
o The hypodermis contains about 50% of body fat.
o Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body.
o Its purpose is to allow the skin to be bound with the underlying tissue of muscles
and bones.
o It is thin or even absent where movement is undesirable. (e.g., over the lips,
eyelids and teats).
o Clinical significance: effects of dehydration or edema.
o It is ample in dogs and cats.
SKIN---Species Specific associated structure:

 Small, knob-like projections are found in all species, which serves as tactile
receptors.

 In sheep, cats and dogs specialized skin pouches are present in which the
secretion of skin glands and sloughed surface cell combine to form a strong
smelling, mixture that is use for marking.

 In sheep, these skin pouches are infraorbital pouch, inguinal pouch and
interdigital pouches.

 In dog and cat, skin pouches are circumanal.

Functions of skin:
The skin has many functions including serving as an enclosing barrier
and providing environmental protection, regulating temperature, producing pigments and
vitamin D. some of the functions of skin include:

 Protection:
Skin works as a first line of defense against toxins, radiation and harmful pollutants.
Sebum and oily secretions that are produced from the sebaceous glands located in the
dermis layer are acidic in nature which prohibit bacterial colonization on the skin surface.
 Sweat production:
Sweat is produced from the sudoriferous glands and produced in high quantity which
ultimately flush of bacteria.

 Excretion:
Skin acts as a largest waste removal system. Waste material of the body such as
ammonia, urea, toxins and excessive salts are removed through sweat glands and pores.
 Absorption:
The pores in the skin absorb vitamins, acids, drugs and water.
 Melanin:
Melanin is a skin pigment produced from the cell melanocytes which are present in the
epidermis ad dermis and protect skin from the ultraviolet radiation radiations which
cause cancer.
Keratinized cells of stratum corneum provide physical barrier against any object.
 Body thermoregulation:
Skin regulates the body temperature. To maintain body internal temperature, there must
be a balance in internal and external environment. When water is evaporated in the form
of sweat. This removes excessive heat from the body and produce cooling effect.
 Cutaneous sensation:
Nerve receptors are present in dermis layer which detects sensation such as heat, cold,
pressure, pain and touch.
 Vitamin D synthesis:
Ultraviolet radiations in the sunlight activates chemical reactions which ultimately
synthesize vitamin D.

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