Preparation of Standard Drawing of Pedestrian Bridge

Span: 25 m

Load Calculations
Dead Load Calculation
Taking a concrete slab of 125 mm,
UDL on a cross-beam = 1.25*0.125*25 = 3.91 kN/m

Pedestrian Live Load Calculation

Taking an intensity of 5 kN/m2 all over the slab,
UDL on a cross-beam = 1.25*5 = 6.25 kN/m

Wind Load Calculation

Wind pressure = 2 kN/m2 (Refer IRC 6 Cl. 209.2 Note 6)

Area and Wind Load Calculation

Nodal Loads kN
End Points No. Depth Length Area
Upper Lower
Chord Members
U 1 150 25106.5 3.77 7.53
L 1 200 25000 5.00 10.00
Vertical Members
U1 L1 2 150 1500 0.45 0.45 0.45
U2 L2 2 150 1690 0.51 0.51 0.51
U3 L3 2 150 1860 0.56 0.56 0.56
U4 L4 2 150 2011 0.60 0.60 0.60
U5 L5 2 150 2041 0.61 0.61 0.61
U6 L6 2 150 2251 0.68 0.68 0.68
U7 L7 2 150 2340 0.70 0.70 0.70
U8 L8 2 150 2410 0.72 0.72 0.72
U9 L9 2 150 2460 0.74 0.74 0.74
U10 L10 2 150 2490 0.75 0.75 0.75
U11 L11 1 150 2500 0.38 0.38 0.38
Diagonals
U1 L2 2 150 1952 0.59 0.59 0.59
U2 L3 2 150 2102 0.63 0.63 0.63
U3 L4 2 150 2242 0.67 0.67 0.67
U4 L5 2 150 2368 0.71 0.71 0.71
U5 L6 2 150 2480 0.74 0.74 0.74
U6 L7 2 150 2575 0.77 0.77 0.77
U7 L8 2 150 2653 0.80 0.80 0.80
U8 L9 2 150 2715 0.81 0.81 0.81
U9 L10 2 150 2760 0.83 0.83 0.83
U10 L11 2 150 2786 0.84 0.84 0.84
Gusset Plates (take 20%) 4.57 4.57 4.57
Slab Elevation 1 125 25000 3.13 3.13

Pedestrian Truss Span 25m 1

 Total 30.54 26.18 31.78

Also,
Frontal Area = 54.19
Solidity ratio = 0.56
Then, Drag Cofficient (Refer IRC 6 Annex C) = 1.8
Gust Factor = 2
Shielding Factor = 0.5
Therefore,
For Windward truss,
Load on each upper node = 4.71 kN
Load on each lower node = 5.72 kN
And,
For Leeward truss,
Load on each upper node = 2.36 kN
Load on each lower node = 2.58 kN

Pedestrian Truss Span 25m 2

 Preparation of Standard Drawing of Pedestrian Bridge
Span: 25 m
Member Loads for Connection Design
Member DL Plive Wy+ Wy-
Upper Chord
U 1 - U 2 -53.294 -62.189 - -
U 2 - U 3 -91.463 -106.821 - -
U 3 - U 4 -119.572 -139.755 - -
U 4 - U 5 -140.585 -164.434 - -
U 5 - U 6 -156.347 -182.996 - -
U 6 - U 7 -168.043 -196.822 - -
U 7 - U 8 -176.491 -206.82 - -
U 8 - U 9 -182.194 -213.585 - -
U 9 - U 10 -185.489 -217.495 - -
U 10 - U 11 -186.551 -218.757 - -
Lower Chord (DL+LL+0.6WL)
L 1 - L 2 - - -704.594 705.295 423.2
L 2 - L 3 52.666 61.483 -634.192 634.893 495.1
L 3 - L 4 90.608 105.847 -567.496 568.196 537.4
L 4 - L 5 118.702 138.759 -504.504 505.205 560.6
L 5 - L 6 139.815 163.551 -445.219 445.92 570.9
L 6 - L 7 155.732 182.292 -389.638 390.339 572.2
L 7 - L 8 167.598 196.314 -337.763 338.464 567.0
L 8 - L 9 176.206 206.496 -289.594 290.295 556.9
L 9 - L 10 182.042 213.415 -245.129 245.83 543.0
L 10 - L 11 185.432 217.432 -204.371 205.071 525.9
Verticals
U 1 - L 1 -71.648 -83.125 - -
U 2 - L 2 -56.147 -65.03 - -
U 3 - L 3 -44.275 -51.23 - -
U 4 - L 4 -34.775 -40.224 - -
U 5 - L 5 -26.955 -31.116 - -
U 6 - L 6 -20.252 -23.333 - -
U 7 - L 7 -14.379 -16.49 - -
U 8 - L 8 -9.134 -10.311 - -
U 9 - L 9 -4.192 -4.588 - -
U 10 - L 10 0.311 0.843 - -
U 11 - L 11 2.597 3.5 - -
Diagonals
U 1 - L 2 82.354 96.039 - -
U 2 - L 3 63.873 74.604 - -
U 3 - L 4 50.442 59.006 - -
U 4 - L 5 40.028 46.946 - -
U 5 - L 6 31.61 37.156 - -
U 6 - L 7 24.469 28.874 - -
U 7 - L 8 18.307 21.61 - -
U 8 - L 9 12.714 15.026 - -
U 9 - L 10 7.522 8.869 - -

Pedestrian Truss Span 25m 3

 U 10 - L 11 2.518 2.937 - -

Pedestrian Truss Span 25m 4

 Preparation of Standard Drawing of Pedestrian Bridge
Span: 25

Maximum Axial Load on each Truss Member

Load Combinations

End Points DL+LL DL+WL(+) DL+WL(-)

Chord Members
U -422.0685 -422.0685 -422.0685
L 419.517 572.23 386.361
Vertical Members
U1 L1 -160.671 -160.671 -160.671
U2 L2 -125.8635 -125.8635 -125.8635
U3 L3 -99.3615 -99.3615 -99.3615
U4 L4 -78.141 -78.141 -78.141
U5 L5 -60.564 -60.564 -60.564
U6 L6 -45.4755 -45.4755 -45.4755
U7 L7 -32.214 -32.214 -32.214
U8 L8 -20.16 -20.16 -20.16
U9 L9 -9.1875 -9.1875 -9.1875
U10 L10 0.483 0.483 0.483
U11 L11 3.675 3.675 3.675
Diagonals
U1 L2 185.304 185.304 185.304
U2 L3 144.0495 144.0495 144.0495
U3 L4 114.03 114.03 114.03
U4 L5 90.7725 90.7725 90.7725
U5 L6 71.778 71.778 71.778
U6 L7 55.692 55.692 55.692
U7 L8 41.6955 41.6955 41.6955
U8 L9 28.9695 28.9695 28.9695
U9 L10 17.2515 17.2515 17.2515
U10 L11 5.691 5.691 5.691

Pedestrian Truss Span 25m 4

 Preparation of Standard Drawing of Pedestrian Bridge
Span: 25 m

Design of RC Slab
Span between Cross-beams = 1.25 m
Thickness of Slab = 125 mm

Design of Section:
Basic Permissible Stresses of Concrete as per IRC : 21-2000:
Concrete Grade = M25
Reinforcement Used = Fe500
Characteristics Strengthof Concrete fck = 25 MPa
Permissible direct compressive stress, sc = 6.25 MPa
Permissible flexural compressive stress, scbc = 8.33 MPa
Maximum Permissible shear stress, tmax ( 0.07*fck) = 1.9 MPa

Basic Permissible Stresses of Reinforcing Bars as per IRC : 21-2000:

Permissible Flexural Tensile stress, sst = 240 MPa
Permissible direct compressive stress, sco = 205 MPa
Then,
Modular Ratio = 280 = 10.00
3 cbc
m σ cbc
Neutral Axis Factor = = 0.258
m σ cbc  σ st
Lever Arm Factor = k = 0.914
1 
3

Moment of Resistance coefficient =

1
 k  j   cb c
= 0.981
2

Total Design Bending Moments,

B.M. = = 2.54 kN-m
Total Design Shear force,
S.F. = = 5.08 kN
Effective depth required,

M
d=  50.9 mm
Rb

Use 40 mm Clear cover & 10 mm dia

Effective depth available = 80 mm OK
Area of steel required

Ast =
M = 145 mm2
 st  j  d

Pedestrian Truss Span 25m 5

 Check for minimum area of steel:
Min. area of steel @ 0 0.12% = 150 mm2
Provide ø 10 mm bars@ 200 mm c/c at both top and bottom
giving an area of steel = 392.5 mm2 OK

Check for shear:

Nominal shear stress, tv = Vu = 0.063 N/mm2

b  d
Provided percentage area of tensile steel = 0.49 %

Permissible shear stress, K´tc

= 1.3 x 0.307 = 0.399 N/mm2 OK

Pedestrian Truss Span 25m 6

 Preparation of Standard Drawing of Pedestrian Bridge
Span: 25 m

Design of Cross-beam
Design moment = 9.95 kNm
Design shear = 14.22 kN

Design of Section
Modulus of Section, Zreqd = M/σb
Where, σb - Permissible stress in bending = 0.66*fy= 165 N/mm2

Hence, Zreqd = 60.322 cm3

Provide ISMB175
ISMB 150 giving Z = 95.7 cm3
h = 150 mm
b = 75 mm
tf = 8.0 mm
tw = 5.0 mm
Ixx = 718.0 cm4
Iyy = 46.8 cm4
a = 19.1 cm2
wt. per m of I section = 0.191 kN

Shear Force Design

Shear stress = 18.958 N/mm2
Permissible Shear Stress = 0.38*fy= = 100.000 N/mm2 OK

Check for Stresses

Max. Bending stress = 103.967 N/mm2 OK

Check for Deflection

Max. permissible Deflection = 2.083 mm
Max. Deflection for Dead Load = 1.000 mm

Pedestrian Truss Span 25m 7

 Design of Connections
Using HSFG bolts of property class 8.8
Dia. of bolt (ɸ) = 16 mm
Hole Dia. of bolt (d) = 17.5 mm
Bolt Grade = 8.8
Proof load for given dia. of bolt (P) = 94.5 kN
Max. Shear force = 14.22 kN
(i) Connection of Angles with the web of Cross-beams
Strength of HSFG Bolt =  *P*n
F .S .

Coefficient of friction (μ) = 0.45

Factor of Safety (F.S.) = 1.4
No. of Interface (n) = 2
Strength of HSFG Bolt = 60.75 kN
No. of bolts required = 0.23
Provide 2 no. of Bolts of 16 mm dia.

(ii) Connection of Angles with the gusset plate

No. of Interface (n) = 1
Strength of HSFG Bolt = 30.4 kN
No. of bolts required = 0.468
Provide 2 no. of Bolts of 16 mm dia. in each angle,
i.e. 4 nos.

The size of angle section should be sufficient to resist the maximum shear stress τv
τv = 1 .5 * R < 0.45 fy
2 * t * d

Where, R = Shear Force (N) = 14219 N

t = thickness of angle legs (mm)
d = length of angle (mm)

Assume an angle section of ISA 75x 75 x 8 having

t = 8 mm
d = 100 mm
Hence,
τv = 13.330 N/mm2 < 107.5 N/mm2 OK

Pedestrian Truss Span 25m 8

Preparation of Standard Drawing of Pedestrian Bridge
Span: 25 m

Design of Top Chord (Compression Member)

Design Data
Length of member = 1.264 m
Effective length of member = 1.264 m
Design Axial Force on member = 422.07 kN
B.M. is considered to be neglected
Assuming the permissible direct compression stress
σac = 141.00 N/mm2
Sectional area required = 2993.39 mm2
Let us take a double channel section with 2-ISMC150.
a = 2088 mm2
h = 150 mm
bf = 75 mm
Cy = 2.2 mm
Ixx = 779.4 cm4
Iyy = 102.3 cm4
For double channel separated 25 mm back to back,
A = 4176 mm2
Ixx = 1558.8 cm4
Iyy = 248.9 cm4
So,
rmin = 34.53 mm
Slenderness ratio = 36.61
From IS 800, Table 5.1 σac = 141 N/mm2
Then,
Compressive Strength of the member = 588.82 kN OK

Calculating the rivet value of bolt(minimum strength of bolt)

Bolt Type = HSFG
Bolt Grade = 8.8
Bolt Dia = 20 mm
Gross Dia = 22 mm
No. of friction interface = = 1
Pretension class= = 147 kN
Shear capacity (0.29TNs) = 42.63 kN
No. of bolt reqd = 9.90
No. of bolt provided = 12
Minimum Pitch = 56 mm
Maximum Pitch = 300 mm
Edge distance = 34 mm
Design of Battens
𝐶/𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛≤50
Spacing of Battens C should be such that or 0.7 x 36.61
= 800 mm
𝑡>𝑙𝑏/50
Minimum Thickness of Battens = 0.41 mm

Adopt thickness = 6 mm OK
Again,
Transverse shear force, V = 2.5% of Axial Load = 10.55 kN

Bending Moment in the battens = 𝑉𝐶/2𝑁= 2.110 kNm

Shear Force in the battens = 𝑉𝐶/𝑁𝑆 = 204.89 kN

Using 6 mm thick battens, depth of battens based on moment d

≥ 96.36 mm
Also, d >(3/4)𝑎 = 15.45 mm

Adopt d = 100 mm

Minimum Overlap of Battens = 24 mm

Then,
Full Length of batten = 73 mm
Thus,
Use intermediate battens of size 73x100x6 mm.
And,
Depth of end battens = 30 mm
Use end battens of size 73x30x6 mm.
 Preparation of Standard Drawing of Pedestrian Bridge
Span: 25 m

Design of Bottom Chord (Tension Member)

Design Data
Length of member = 1.25 m
Effective length of member = 1.25 m
Design Axial Force on member = 572.23 kN
B.M. is considered to be neglected
Assuming the permissible direct tensile stress
σac = 150.00 N/mm2
Sectional area required = 3814.85 mm2
Let us take a double channel of ISMC200
Area of one channel a = 2821 mm2
tw = 6.2 mm
Then,
Total Area = 5642 mm2
Tensile Strength of the member = 846.30 kN OK

Calculating the rivet value of bolt(minimum strength of bolt)

Bolt Type = HSFG
Bolt Grade = 8.8
Bolt Dia = 20 mm
Gross Dia = 21.5 mm
No. of friction interface = = 1
Pretension class= = 147 kN
Shear capacity (0.29TNs) = 42.63 kN
No. of bolt reqd = 13.42
No. of bolt provided = 12
Minimum Pitch = 54 mm
Maximum Pitch = 300 mm
Edge distance = 34 mm

Calculating the net area of the section

Total area= 5642 mm2
Deducting hole area for 4 bolt
Net area = 5108.8 mm2 o.k.

Pedestrian Truss Span 25m 9

 Preparation of Standard Drawing of Pedestrian Bridge
Span: 25 m

Check for Deflection

Dead Pedestrian Live

Deflection (mm) 14.7 15.3

For dead and pedestrian live load,

Total Deflection = 30 mm
Permissible mid-span deflection (Refer IRC24 Cl. 507.5.1)

= 𝐿/600 = 42 mm OK

Also, for pedestrian live load only,

Permissible mid-span deflection (Refer IRC24 Cl. 507.5.1)

= 31 mm OK
= 𝐿/800

Pedestrian Truss Span 25m 10