PARASK

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HYDROS
PHERE
Ge
ogr
aph
y

PARASK
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Me
diaan
dC o
mmu n
ica
tionStu
die
s
Uni
versi
tyOfSindh
1
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I
nde
x

1
. Th
eHy
dro
sph
ere 3

2
.Te
mpe
rat
urea
ndS
ali
nit
yofs
easa
ndo
cea
ns 3
Wa
terCy
cleEv
apo
rat
ion 3
Hy
dro
log
ica
lCy
cle 3
Co
nde
nsa
tio
n 4
Pr
eci
pit
ati
on 4

3
.Oc
eanCi
rcu
lat
ion 4
Gl
oba
lOc
ean
icCi
rcu
lat
ion 4

4.Oc
eanWa
vesa
ndCu
rre
nts 5

5
.Ti
des 5

6
.Co
ncl
usi
on 5

2
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Hy
dro
sph
ere
Theh yd
rosphereisfromGr eekwo r
d“ Hydro”meanswa t
e rand“Sphaira”meansspher
e.Al ltypeof
waterincl
udingsurfac
ewa te
r( waterintooceans,l
akesa n
drivers),g
roundwa t
er(wate rinsoil
)and
beneaththeearthsurface,snow,cov
e r,ic
ea ndwaterinthea t
mo sphereincl
udi
ngwate rv ap
our.It
ha
sb eenestimatedthatt her
ea re135 6mill
io
nc u
bickmo fwate ronea r
th.Thi
sinc
ludeswa terin
l
iquidandfrozenformsi ngro
und water,oceans,
lak
esa ndstreams.Saltwateracco
untsf or97.
5 %of
th
isa mount
.Freshwa t
e raccountsforo n
ly2.5%ofthisfreshwa ter,6
8 .
9%isinfor
mo fic eand
permanentsnowco v
eringArctic,Antarcticandmountai
ng l
aciers.
Ab out30.
8%isinthef ormof
fr
e shgrou
ndwa ter,
only0 .
3%oft hefre s
hwa teronearthisinea s
ilyacces
s i
bl
elakes,
re servi
ors
an
dr iversys
t ems.
Th
eHy
dro
sph
ere
:
Wa t
eronea r
t hisauni
quefeat
u r
et h
atclea
rlydi
sti
nguis
hesour“bl
uepla
net”fromother
sinthe
s
o l
arsyste
m. Notasing
ledropofwatercanbefoun
da ny
wh e
ree l
sei
nthesolarsys
tem.Eart
hhas
theri
ghtma s
s ,t
herig
htchemic
a l
composi
tio
n,th
erightatmosph
ereasintherig
htdis
tancefro
m
theSunthatpe r
mitswatertoexis
tma i
nl
ya sal
iqui
d.Wateristheuni
vers
a l
solv
entandthebasi
s
ofourli
feono urpl
anet.
Te
mpe
rat
urea
ndS
ali
nit
yofs
easa
ndo
cea
ns:
Wa
terCy
cleEv
apo
rat
ion
:
Evapor
ationcanbedef
inedastheproc
essbywhi
chli
qui
dwa terisco
nver
tedintogas
eousstate.
It
canonl
yoccurwhenwaterisava
ilab
le,
ital
soreq
uire
sthatthehumidi
tyoftheatmospher
es h
oul
d
bele
sst h
ant heeva
porati
ngsur
face(t
hereisn
omoreevapor
at i
onat100
%r el
ativehumid
ity)
.The
evapo
rationproc
essre
q u
iresl
argeamoun
tofenerg
y,fo
re xa
mp l
et h
isevap
oratio
nofo n
eg r
amof
wateratat empera
tureof100degr
eeCelsi
usr
equir
es540calor
iesofhea
te n
ergy(600cal
ori
esat
0degreeCelsi
us)
.
Hy
dro
log
ica
lCy
cle
:
I
tisaconceptualmodelt
hatd esc
ribesthestor
agea ndmovementofwa terbetweenb i
ospher
e ,
a
tmosphere,
li
t h
osphereandh y
drosphere.
Itreferstothetransf
ero fwaterf ro
mo nestateon
r
eser
voiroranother.Watermovesf romonereser
voirtoanoth
erbyt hewa yofp r
ocessli
ke
e
vapora
t i
on,preci
pitat
ion,d
e pos
itionrun
off,i
nfil
tration
,sub
li
ma ti
on,tr
a nspi
rati
o n
,melti
ngand
g
roun
dwa terflow.Theoceanssupplymostoftheevaporatedwaterfoundint h
ea tmosp
here.Onl
y
9
1%ofth i
sevaporatedwat e
rr etur
n stoth
eoceanba si
nsbywayo fpreci
p i
tation
.Therema i
nin
g9%
i
stra
nsportedtoo c
eansoverlandma ss
eswherecl
imat o
logi
calf
actorsind
u cetheformati
onof
p
reci
pitati
on.Theresul
tingimbal
anc ebet
we e
nr a
t e
so fevapor
ationandpre c
ipi
tationoverl
and
a
ndoceaniscorr
e ct
edbyr un
o f
fa ndg r
ound
waterf l
owt otheoc
eans.
Wateriscon
tinuo
usl
ycycl
edbetwe
enitsvar
iou
srese
rvo
irs
.Thi
scycl
in
gocc
ursthr
oughthep
roc
ess
ofeva
po r
atio
n,con
densa
tio
n,pr
eci
pit
atio
n,dep
osi
tio
nrun
off,
infi
lt
rati
on,
subl
imat
ions
,
tra
nspi
ratio
ns,mel
tin
gandgro
undwaterfl
ow.

3
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C
ond
ens
ati
on:
Watervapourinthea i
rgetscol
dandchang
esbac
ki n
toli
qui
df o
rmingclo
uds,t
hisiscal
led
co
ndensat
ion.Youcanseet h
esames o
rtofthi
ngathome,
pouraglassofcol
dwa t
ero nahotdayand
watchwhathap p
en s
,waterformsontheou
tsi
deoftheglas
s.Thatwaterdid
n’tle
a kthr
oughthe
gl
asssomeho
w. Itactual
lycamefro
mt heai
r.Wat
e rvap
ourinthewa r
ma i
r,tu
rnsba c
kintol
iq
u i
d
whenitto
uche sthecol
dg l
ass.
Pr
eci
pit
ati
on:
I
toc
cur
swhe
nsomuc
hwate
rhasc
onde
nsedtha
ttheai
rcan’
thol
ditan
ymor
ean
dth
ecl
oud
sge
t
h
eav
yandwa
terf
all
sba
cktot
heear
thinth
ef o
rmofrai
n,h
ail
,sl
eeto
rsn
ow.
Oc
eanCi
rcu
lat
ion
:
I
tisakeyregul
atorofcli
ma t
ebystori
ngandtra
nsport
inghea
t,ca
rbon,n
utri
entsa
ndfres
hwate
r
a
llar
oundtheworl
d.Complexanddi
versemech
anis
minterac
twithoneanoth
ertopro
duc
ethis
c
irc
ula
tionandde
fineitsproper
tie
s.Oceanc
irc
ulat
ioncanbeco
nceptu
all
ydivi
dedin
totwomai
n
c
omponents
:

 Af
asta
nde
ner
get
icwi
ndd
riv
ens
urf
acec
irc
ula
tio
n,

 As
lowa
ndl
arg
ede
nsi
tyd
riv
enc
irc
ula
tio
nwh
ichd
omi
nat
est
hed
eeps
ea.
Gl
oba
lOc
eanC
irc
ula
tio
n:
Oceancir
culatio
ni sthelar
gesca l
emo vementofwa terintheoceanbasin
s .
Wi ndsdriv
ec ir
cul
a ti
on
andtheloadi
nga ndsinki
ngofwa tersint h
ep o
lar-r
egion
sd ri
ved eepcir
culati
on.Surfacecir
culati
on
carr
iesthewa rmu pperwa t
erp ol
ewa rdfromthet r
opic
s .
Heatisd i
sbursedalongthewa yfromt h
e
waterisfurtherco l
dduri
ngwi nterandskinstothedeepo c
ea n
.Thisisespeci
a l
lytrueintheNo r
th
Atlanti
candal ongAntarcti
ca.Dee poceanwatergraduall
yreturnstothes ur
f a
c enearl
y
everywhereintheo cean
.Onceatt hesurfaceitiscarr
iedbacktot hetropic
sa ndthecyclebegin
s
agai
n.Themo reeff i
cien
tt h
ec ycl
e, t
hemo reheatustransferr
eda ndthewa rmerthec l
imate.Due
totherotati
ono fe ar
thcurrentsandd efl
ectedtotherightinthenorthernhemisphereandtot he
l
e f
tint h
es outhernhemisphe
re.Th i
sa ffec
tisnowa sthe“Cario
lsForce”
.Thed eflec
tionleadsto
hig
ha ndl
owso fse aleve
lisdirectl
yp ropor
tio
n a
l t
ot h
es peedofthes u
rfa c
ec urre
nts.Thechanges
insealeve
l d
uet oc ur
rentsaretheo ceantopo
g r
aphical
lythatisobservedbyTOPEX/Po s
eidon.
Oc
eanwa
vesa
ndc
urr
ent
s:
Th
ewa teri
nt h
eo c
eaniscon
stan
tlymovi
ng.Onthes
urfaceweseewate
rmovin
ginthefor
mo f
wave
s.Belo
wt hesur
fa c
ethewatermove
si ngr
eatcu
r r
ents
.Oneoft
hethi
ngsmanypeo
plelo
ve
ab
outtheoceanisth
ewa ves
.Peopl
elo
vet opl
ayinthewaves,
sur
fthewaves
,andth
esoundof
wave
s,andthesoun
do fthewav
escras
hingonthebe
ac h
.
F
act
s:

 Th
eta
ll
estwa
vee
verme
asu
rewa
s17
19f
eeta
tLi
tuy
aBa
y,Al
ask
a.

4
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 Th
eta
ll
estwa
ver
eco
rde
dint
heo
peno
cea
nwa
s95f
eetd
uri
ngas
tor
mne
arS
cot
lan
d.

 S
urf
acecur
ren
tsar
eimport
anttosh
ipsast
heyc
anma
kei
tea
syo
rdi
ffi
cul
ttot
rav
el
d
epend
ingo
nthed
irec
tio
nofthecu
rrent
.

 S
omemari
neani
mal
sta
kea
dva
nta
geo
fcu
rre
ntst
omi
gra
tet
hou
san
dso
fmi
lesa
ndf
rom
b
ree
din
ggrou
nds.

 Be
nFr
ank
li
npu
bli
she
dama
poft
heGu
lfS
tre
ami
n17
69.
Ti
des
:
Tidesa rea ct
uall
ywa ves
,thebigg
estwa vesonthep lan
et,andt h
eyc ausethes e atoriseandf al
l
alongthes horearoun
dthewo r
ldtidesexis
t ,
thankst othegravita
t i
o n
al p
ulloft hemo o
na ndthesun,
butv a
r yd epend
ingonwherethemo o
na ndsunareinr el
ationtotheo ceansast hee a
rthr ota
teso n
itsaxis.Themo onandthesun’
spullc
a u
setwob ul
ge sorhightidesint h
eo ceano noppositesi
de sof
thee arth.Themoonbeingsomuchcl
oser,hasmorepo wertop ull
thet idesthant hesunandt herefo
re
isthep rimaryforcecreat
ingthetid
e s
.Howe v
erwh ent h
es unandmo onr ei
nforcee achother’
s
gravit
a tionalpul
ls
,theycreat
elargerthannormaltidescalle
dS pri
n gtides.
Th ishappenswh enthe
mo o
na sint heli
newiththesunandea r
thast h
es u
no nd i
rectlyontheo pposi
tes i
deoft heearth.
Sma l
lerth anusual
tidalra
ngesoccu
rwh enthegravitatio
n a
l for
ceo fthes u
ni sa tarightangl
et o
thep u
llf romthemo o
n.Thetwof o
rcesofthesunan dmo o
nc anceleachotherou ta n
dcr e
a teane a
p
tide.
C
onc
lus
ion
:

 Hydr
osphere:
TheHydro
spher
ei sthewate
rs ph
ereonthepla
netearthaditcon
tinuesto
ch
angeit
ss h
apeandevol
vesinthecycl
esofthesol
id,
li
qui
da n
dg a
s.Itses
timatedtobe
33
3,0
00,000cub
icmil
esonear
t h
,outofwhichth
es a
ltwateri
s97%a ndfres
hwaterlock
edin
th
eglaci
ers,
andinl
akesther
eis2 .
5%andthatofthegrou
ndwa t
eris30.
8%o fvol
umethe
to
talmasoftheeart
hhydros
p h
e r
eismeasure
dt obeabo
ut0.02
3%o ftheearth
’stotal
mass
.

 Watercyc
le:Thehydro
log
ica
lcycl
eist
heproces
sbywhic
hwa t
ercir
cul
ate
sar
oun
dthe
ea
rth,t
heHyd r
olog
ical
cycl
eisi
mp o
rta
ntbecaus
eoftherol
ewaterpla
ysi
nbi
ol
ogi
cal
pr
oce
s s
es,c
li
ma teandoth
erele
me n
tcycl
es,
someimp
ortantpr
oce
ss.

 Evapora
tio
nandtra
nspi
rat
ion
:Wate
reva
por
atesfro
mb o
ththel
anda
ndtheo
ceanth
roug
h
tr
an s
pir
ati
on,
pla
ntstak
eupwate
rfromt
heso
ilan
de mi
tita
swatervap
ourt
hro
ughthe
ir
l
eaves.

 Prec
ipi
tati
on:
Wat
erv
apo
uri
ntr
ans
por
tedi
ntot
hea
tmo
sph
ereb
yev
apo
rat
inga
nd
tr
anspi
rat
ion

 Hydrol
ogi
calCycl
e:I
tisth
ep r
ocessb
ywhic
hwa t
ercir
cul
atesar
oundtheear
t h
.Itis
impor
tantbecau
seofthero
lewaterpl
aysi
nnbio
log
ica
lpro
cesse
s,cl
imateandothe
r
ele
mentalcyc
les.
90%ofthi
swa t
ervapo
urret
urnstoth
eoceanand10%ret
urnstothel
and
aspreci
pit
ation
.

5
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 Ocea
nicCir
cul
ati
on:Thee
ffectso
fthewindsstr
essont h
es u
rfac
eoftheoc
eanisp
assed
do
wnt hr
oughe
ddyvisc
osi
tyandener
gyistr
a n
sferr
edo ntotehwate
rcol
umn.
Theproc
esse
s
th
atdriveaci
rcu
lat
ionpatt
ernth
rough
outtheAtla
nticOceanal
sooper
atei
ntheocea
nof
th
ewo rl
ds.

 Waves:
Awa vecanbedescr
ibedasadi
sturba
ncethattra
velsthr
oughamedi
um,
tr
anspo
rtin
genergyfro
mo neloc
ati
on(
itssou
rce)
toa n
otherlo
cati
onwith
outtra
nspor
tin
g
matt
er.Eac
hindi
vidu
alparti
cleoft
heme d
iumistempor
aril
ydispl
aceda
ndthenret
urnto
i
tsori
gina
lequi
li
briu
mp os
itio
n.

 Cu
rre
nts
:Ifrad
iat
ionf
romthesu
nhasana
ppro
pri
ateamou
nto
fen
erg
ytoe
jec
tel
ect
ron
s
fr
omamater
ial
,th
ananel
ect
ric
alcu
rre
ntcanb
egener
ate
d.

 Ti
des
:Iti
speri
odi
cri
sea
ndful
lofo
cea
nwa
ter
.Du
etog
rav
ita
tio
nal
pul
lofmo
on.
Suna
nd
Ce
ntr
ifug
alf
orceo
ftheea
rth
.