Hydraulic Structures Lecture Notes Prof. Dr. Cheleng A. Arslan

Hydraulic structures Lecture Notes
Prof. dr. Cheleng A. Arslan
Example :- check the stability of shown gravity dam if you knew that
there is an effect of earth quake with 𝑘𝑣 = 0.1,𝑘𝐻 = 0.12
The vertical acceleration is downward and the horizontal is toward
reservoir
𝜇 = 0.75,𝛾𝑤 = 1 (Ton/m3), 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛. = 2.4 (𝑇𝑜𝑛/𝑚^3)
𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡 = 1.36 (Ton/m3)
𝛾 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.925 (Ton/m3)

Wind velocity = 120 (km/hr)
With straight length of water. expanse = 35 km , ka=0.3,
The compressive strength of concrete =300Kg/cm2

The u/s slope is 1:0.3
𝛾𝑤 = 1𝑇𝑜𝑛/𝑚3, 𝛾𝑐 = 2.4𝑇𝑜𝑛/𝑚3
𝟏 ∗ 𝜸𝒔 81.6 → 6.67 544

∗ 𝒉𝟐𝒔 𝑭𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟑 ∗
𝟐
𝒑𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝜸𝒘𝒌𝒉𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟐 1368.57 → 61.146 83683.26
𝒉𝒘 𝐹 > 32
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐 ∗ √𝟏𝟐𝟎 ∗ 𝟑𝟓
= 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝒎
𝒑𝒘 = 𝟐𝜸𝒘 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟐 8.5698 → 144.37 1237.26
Σ𝑯 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟏.𝟑𝟕 𝑻 Σ𝑽 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟑𝟑.𝟔𝟕 𝑻 ↓ Σ𝑴𝑹 Σ𝑴𝟎

→ = 𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟓𝟗𝟕.𝟔𝟕 = 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟏.𝟓𝟓
(T.M) )T.M)
Σ𝑴𝑹
F. O. S Overturning = = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝑲
Σ𝑴𝟎
μΣ𝑽
F. O. S Sliding = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟗 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝑲 Σ𝑯
𝜎𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥. ; 𝜎𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛.
′
= Σ𝑴 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 𝒎
𝑿
ΣV
𝑩 ′ 𝟏𝟒𝟑
𝒆= − 𝑿′ = − 𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟗 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟏 𝒎
𝟐 𝟐
𝑩′ 𝟏𝟒𝟑 𝑩′
= = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟖𝟑 𝒎,, , , , , , , , , , 𝒆 < 𝒏𝒐 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟔 𝟔 𝟔
𝚺𝐯 𝟔𝒆 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟒 𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟏
𝜎𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐁′ (𝟏 + 𝑩′) = 𝟏𝟒𝟑 (𝟏 + 𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟒𝟑 )
= 𝟐𝟑𝟏.𝟒𝟑 𝒕𝒐𝒏/𝒎𝟐
𝟐
𝚺𝐯 𝟔𝒆
𝜎𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐁′ (𝟏 − 𝑩′) = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟑𝟗 𝒕𝒐𝒏/𝒎
Compressive strength allowable =300 Kg/cm2=3000 ton/m2> 4 ∗ 𝜎𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥

No failure for compression or tension, so the failure is just for sliding and
overturning.
Example : Check the stability for all combinations

The Figure shows the u/s and d/s water levels at normal condition.
The flood level at u/s =89.0 m and at d/s=7m .
V=110 km/hr,,,,,Kv=0.1,,Kh=0.1,,F=30 km,,,,,𝜇 = 0.65

For combination B
H1=87.5 m,,,,,,H2=6 m,,,with D.G no earthquake, with silt
force Ver.(T) Hor.(T) arm( 𝑴𝑹 𝑴𝟎

m) (T.M) )T.M)
𝑯 𝟐𝟏 3828.12 → 29.167 111653.5

𝑭𝟏 = 𝜸𝒘. ∗
𝟐
𝑯𝟐𝟐 18 ← 2 36
𝑭𝟏𝟐 = 𝜸𝒘. ∗
𝟐
𝒌𝒂𝜸𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒔 Note ka=1.13 371.905 → 7.333 2726.06
𝑭𝒔𝒉 = 𝜸𝒔=1.36 T/m 3
𝟐
𝒘𝟏 268.8 ↓ 67.767 18215.68
𝒘𝟐 1512 ↓ 61.6 93139.2
𝒘𝟑 5786.76 ↓ 38.73 224140.504

𝒘𝟓 476 ↓ 69.1 32891.6
𝒘𝟒 112 ↓ 70.4 7888.533
𝑭𝒔𝒗𝐣𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐭 𝜸𝒔 63.899 ↓ 71 4536.8

= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐𝟓
𝒘𝟔 12.6 ↓ 1.4 17.64

𝑼𝟏 438.6 ↑ 36.55 16030.83
𝑼𝟐 407.505 ↓ 65.6 26732.32
𝑼𝟑 407.505 68.1 27750.75
𝑼𝟒 789.19 ↓ 38.733 30567.95

𝒉𝒘 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐 . 𝟕𝟔𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟒 . 𝟖𝟑𝟖 + 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟑 − 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟕𝒎
𝒑𝒘 7.738 → 88.23 682.78

𝜮 6189.225 ↑ 4189.763 → 380865.95 216144.19
Σ𝑴𝑹
F. O. S overturning = = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟔, , , 𝟐 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝑲, , , 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒐𝑲
Σ𝑴𝟎
μΣ𝑽
F. O. S sliding = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔 𝑵𝑶𝑻 𝒔𝒂𝒇𝒆
Σ𝑯
Weight must be increased
′
= Σ𝑴 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟔 𝒎
𝑿
ΣV
𝑩
𝒆 = ′ ′ = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟓𝒎
−𝑿
𝟐
𝑩′
𝒆< 𝒏𝒐 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟔
𝚺𝐯 𝟔𝒆 𝑩
𝜎𝑧 = (𝟏 ± ) , , , 𝒆 < 𝒏𝒐 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝐁 𝑩 𝟔
𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒕𝒐𝒏
𝜎𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟖𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝟐 , , , 𝜎𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 15.52 𝒎𝟐
When we solve it for load combination E we should add

force Ver.(T) Hor.(T) arm( 𝑴𝟎
m) )T.M)
𝒌𝒗𝒘𝟏 26.8 67.76 1821.56

𝒌𝒗𝒘𝟐 151.2 61.6 9313.92
𝒌𝒗𝒘𝟑 578.67 38.73 22414.05
𝒌𝒉𝒘𝟏 26.8 9.33 250.133

𝒌𝒉𝒘𝟐 151.2 45 6804
𝒌𝒉𝒘𝟑 578.67 27.667 16009.87

𝑷𝒆 412.09 37.15 15645.59
𝛴𝑣 = 5432.56 𝑇,,,,X'=17.02M
𝛴𝐻 = 5367.523𝑻,,,,e=19.53M
𝑩′
𝛴𝑀𝑅 = 380865.95 𝑻.𝑴, , , , , 𝒆 > 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟔
𝛴𝑀0 = 288403.312 𝑇. 𝑀 ,,,, F.O.O=1.32 not safe,,,,F.O.S=0.657 not safe
𝜎𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟒𝟒 𝑻/𝑴𝟐, , , , 𝜎𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −44.8

The stress diagram for this combination
σZ min
σZ max
Combination of loading for design

a) U.S.B.R. recommendations.
b) Indian standard recommendations.
Gravity dam design should be based on the most adverse load condition
(A, B.C.D.E.F.G) given below using safety factor prescribed.
Depending on the scope and details of the various project component ,site
condition and construction programmed .
i. Load combination A(construction condition):~
Dam completed but no water in the reservoir and no tail water.
ii. Load combination B(normal operating condition ):~ Full
reservoir elevation ,normal dry weather tail water, normal uplift
,ice and silt(if applicable).
iii. Load combination C(flood discharge condition):~
Reservoir of maximum flood pool elevation ,all gates are opened
,tail water at flood elevation ,normal uplift and silt(if applicable).
iv. Load combination D:~
Combination A with earthquake.
v. Load combination E:~
Combination B with earthquake but no ice.
vi. Load combination F:~
Combination C but with extreme uplift (drainage gallery
inoperative).
vii. Load combination G:~
Combination E but with extreme uplift (drainage gallery
inoperative).
Gravity dam profile

1. Elementary profile
Base width
The base width of the elementary profile is to bee found under two
criteria: ~
A. Stress criterion.
𝐻1 𝐻1
𝑏= , , , , 𝑜𝑟 𝑏 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜 𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡
√𝐺 − 1 √𝐺
B. For sliding
𝐻1 𝐻1
𝑏= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜 𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 , , , 𝑜𝑟𝑏 =
𝜇∗𝐺 𝜇 ∗ (𝐺 − 1)
The width provided for elementary profile should be greater
than the width given by the two above equations A&B. H1:is
the water height at U/S.
2. Practical profile of gravity dam

Free board: the free board distance provided between the top of dam and
high flood level in the reservoir = 32 ℎ𝑤 hw: height of wave which is
defined before.
Top width =14% H , H: is the height of the dam .
***This recommendation is for low gravity dams only .
Limiting height of a gravity dam: ~

High and low gravity dams can be distinguished by :
𝑓
𝐻=
𝛾(𝐺 + 1)
f: allowable stress for the material .
**if the height of the dam is more than that given by eq above then the
dam is considered as high dam.
Ex: design a practical profile of a gravity dam of masonry with following

data. Water level at the reservoir =1480.5 m. The level of dam base
=1450 m , G=2.4 , hw=1m, assume safe compressive stress of masonry
=120 ton/m2
Solution :
Free board =1.5hw=1.5 m
The level of dam top =1480.5+1.5=1482 m
Height of the dam =1482-1450=32 m
Limiting height of dam m

𝛾(𝐺+1) 1000∗3.4
The dam is low gravity dam

1482
1480.5
Depth of water =1480.5-1450=30.5 m

a=14% h=4.5 m
Base width 𝑚
Upstream offset =a/16=0.3 m
Total base =19.7+0.3=20 m
The distance 𝑚
3. 𝑚
We can now start stability analysis.

Principle and shear stress

Principle stress: considering that the face of the dam is a principle plane
as water pressure acts on in the perpendicular direction with no
accompanying shear stress ,then the general equation for principle stress
for u/s and d/s face will be as following :
See fig. below
=principle stresses on u/s or d/s face𝜎𝑝
𝜎𝑧= normal stresses at toe or heel 𝜙=for u/s

and d/s as shown in figure above .
P=water pressure intensity == 𝛾𝐻1𝑜𝑟 𝛾𝐻2 at u/s or d/s

Computing principle stresses will be as
𝜎𝑝 = 𝜎𝑧𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜙 − 𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜙 for u/s or d/s
It’s known that for the d/s side the worst condition when there is no tail
water there for the eq above for d/s will be
𝜎𝑝 = 𝜎𝑧𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜙 … since .p=0

For the u/s when there is a hydrodynamic pressure ⃗𝑝⃗𝑒 ,the eq will be
𝜎𝑝 = 𝜎𝑧𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜙 − (𝑝 + 𝑝′𝑒)𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜙
𝑝′𝑒𝑒 = 0.55 𝑘ℎ𝛾𝑤𝐻 Shear
stresses
General eq for d/s face
𝜏 = [𝜎𝑧 − (𝑝)]𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
For u/s
𝜏 = −[𝜎𝑧 − (𝑝)]𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
If there is no tail water
𝜏 𝑑/𝑠 = [𝜎𝑧]𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
By considering hydrodynamic pressure
𝜏 𝑢/𝑠 = −[𝜎𝑧 − (𝑝 + 𝑝𝑒′)]𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
Additional notes on the gravity dams: ~

It is considered that a low gravity dam should be safe against sliding
considering friction alone however in large dams shear strength of joints
should also be considered for an economical design .The factor of safety
in that case is commonly known as the shear friction factor S.F.F
𝜇ΣV + b ∗ q
𝑆. 𝑆. 𝐹 =
Σ𝐻
q=shear strength of the joint (14 kg/cm2) usually =140 ton/m2 b=
width of the joint or section
Permissible S.F.F varies due to variation of load combinations (1.5-4) it

is safe to take it as (4).
Ex : For 1st example find the principle stress on u/s and d/s face
shear stress ,S.S.F.
𝜇ΣV + b ∗ q 0.75 ∗ 17433.64 + 143 ∗ 140
𝑆.
< 4 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒
Principle stress on the u/s face

𝜎𝑝 𝜎𝑧𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜙
𝜊
𝜙 ,𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 𝛾𝐻1 = 144 ∗ 1 = 144 2

𝑡
𝑝𝑚
𝑡
′
𝑝 = 0.55𝑘ℎ𝛾𝐻 = 7.92 𝑚
𝑒 2
𝑡 𝜎𝑝
∗ 11.11 = 4490.4 2
𝑚
for d/s there is tail water
𝜎𝑧𝑠𝑒𝑐 , 𝑠𝑒𝑐 ,, 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝜎𝑝 𝑡𝑜𝑛/𝑚2
Shear stress for u/s

𝜏
𝑡
= −265.02 2
𝑚
Shear stress for d/s
𝜏 = (𝜎𝑧 − 𝑝)𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙 𝑡𝑎𝑛73.3 = 7.966 𝑡/𝑚2
Earth dam: ~
Earth dams for the storage of water for irrigation have been built since the
earliest times . These dams were however, limited in height but not
necessary in extent . It’s built of locally available material.
Examples
Hight dams in the world : (Examples).
1. Earth /rock fill dam Roguni U.S.S.R.(335m).. 2.
Earth /rock fill dam Nureek U.S.S.R(300 m)
3. Mica, Tehri, Indian (260m).
4. Orville, USA(235m).
5. Canada, Canada (244m).
It is difficult to establish mathematical solution to the problems of earth
dams design since many of earth dams components are still guided by
experience or judgment for a realistic design of an earth dam , it is
necessary that the foundation condition and materials of construction are
investigated . it is also necessary that the earth dams are used to achieve
necessary compacting at pre-determined moisture .
Types of earth dams

There are two types of earth dams
1. Rolled fill dams
2. Hydraulic fill dams.
The classification above is due to method of construction.
1.Rolled fill dam:-

In this type of construction the major portion of embankment is
constructed in successive mechanically compacted layers of 150mm to
220 mm thickness.
Rolled fill dams can be subdivided into:-
a. Homogenous embankment type.
b. Zoned embankment type.
c. Diaphragm type.
a. homogenous embankment type it is the simplest type of
embankment which consist a single homogenous material.
1) Purely homogenous
2) Modified homogenous type

The drainage of water is checked by horizontal filter or rock toe so
it is not fast and not easy .
Horizontal filter or rock toe is provided to keep the path of
phreatic line within the body of dam.
b. Zoned embankment type.

This type is provided with central impervious core covered by
transition zone which finally is surrounded by pervious zone .A
drainage system is provided by a horizontal filter or rock toe.
Central zone :~protects dam from seepage through the body .
Transition zone:~prevents piping through cracks.
Outer zone:~to give stability to the dam (good load distribution on large
area).
c. Diaphragm type:
A thin impervious core is provided to prevent seepage which is
surrounded by earth or rock fill made from concrete and called diaphragm
acts as a barrier to prevent seepage , may be placed at u/s face or at the
center.
*Foundation of earth dams:~

The essential requirement of a foundation for an earth dam are:-
1) That it provides stable support for the embankment under all
conditions of saturation and loading.
2) Provides sufficient resistance to seepage to prevent piping

excessive loss of water.
In general foundation may be grouped into three classes according to their
characteristic: ~
A. Rock foundation
B. Previous foundation.
C. Impervious foundation.
*rock foundation: ~
a) In general do not present any problem of bearing strength.
b) Excessive loss of water through joints
**grouting is usually done to treat this type of the foundation.
**previous foundation: ~
There are two basic problems with this type of foundation :
• Seepage through the foundation.
• Piping.
The thickness of this foundation (pervious layer) is the most effective
parameter in treating these problem (piling ,blankets,……etc.
**impervious foundation :~
The problem of this type is the stability of slope (u/s and d/s) sides.
Cases of failure of earth dams:-
1. Hydraulic failure 40%.
2. Seepage failure 30%.
3. Structure failure 30%.
**Hydraulic failure
a. Over topping :-
The water may over top the dam if the design flood is under
estimated or the spillway has insufficient capacity or spillway gates
are not properly opened or insufficient free board .
b. Wave erosion :-
The effect of wave on u/s side may be prevented by slope
protection , the wave developed near the water surface may case
slip of u/s side.
c. Toe erosion:-
This type of failure may be occur due to
1. Tail water (d/s)
2. Cross-current that may come from spillway buckets.
Can be prevented by using RIP-RAP at d/s side .

d. Erosion of d/s face due to heavy down water.
may be prevented using i)
Proper material .
ii) Good drainage system should be provided.
**Seepage failure:-
Seepage of water through the foundation or embankment (body of dam)if
it is uncontrolled may however cause erosion within the dam body under
the dam causing :-
a. Piping through foundation which cause foundation material washing
out.
b. Piping through the dam

c. Sloughing
**Structural failure :-
a. Foundation sliding
When the foundation material is from soft or fine soil the dam may
slides over this foundation , the top of embankment get cracked as :-
b. Sliding of embankment :-
When the slopes are too steep , this may cause dam failure.
Design criteria of earth dam

Based on the experience of failures, the following main design criteria
may laid down for the safety of an earth dam.
1) To prevent hydraulic failure the dam must be so designed that erosion
of embankment is prevented . This implies that the following
condition are satisfied.
a) Spillway capacity is sufficient to pass peak flow .
b) Over topping by wave action at maximum water level is prevented.
c) The original height of structure is sufficient to maintain safe free
board after settlement has occurred.
d) Erosion of the embankment due to wave action does not occur.
e) The crest should be wide enough to withstand wave action and
earthquake shock.
2) To prevent the seepage failure , the flow of water through the body of
the dam and it’s foundation must not be large in quantities to be feat
the purpose of the structure nor at a pressure sufficiently high to cause
piping. This implies that:-
a) Quality of seepage through the dam section and foundation should be
limited.
b) The seepage line should be well within the down stream face of the
dam to prevent sloughing .
c) Seepage water through the dam or foundation should not remove any
particle or in other ward causing piping.
d) There should not be any leakage of water from u/s to d/s face(high
amount of water).such leakage may occur through joint between earth
and concrete parts.
3) To prevent structure failure , the embankment and its foundation must
be stable under all conditions.
This implies:-
a) u/s & d/s slope should be under all loading condition (including
earth quake).
b) The foundation shear stress should be within the permissible limits
of shear strength of material.
Mathematical criteria for earth dams:~

1. Top width
let
b: to be the top width z:
height of the dam.
𝑧
𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑑𝑎𝑚
𝑏 𝑚
𝑏 𝑚
𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡

2. The free board FB
The following table is recommended for provision of safe free
board
Nature of spillway Z(height of the dam) F.B
Free(spillway) Any height 2𝑚 < 𝐹𝐵 < 3𝑚
above flood level
Controlled 𝑚 2.5 m above the top of
gates
Controlled > 60 𝑚 3m above the top of
gate
OR
FB.=FB.1+FB.2+FB.3
FB.1=free board due to wave action =1.5hw
FB.2=free board due to settlement caused by earthquake=1%Z(height of

the dam).
FB.3=free board due to settlement of foundation & embankment=2%Z
So, the total FB.=1.5hw+1%Z+2%Z
** hw is calculated as in gravity dam.
3. u/s and d/s slope :- the following table is given by
Terzaghi as tentative section depending on dam
material.
Type of material u/s slope (h:v) d/s slope
(h:v)
homogenous well graded 2:1 2:1
homogenous coarse silt 3:1 2.5:1
homogenous silty clay or clay 2.5:1 2:1

3:1 2.5:1
a. 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 ≤ 𝟏𝟓 𝐦
b. 𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 > 𝟏𝟓 𝐦
Sand or (Sand + gravel)

a. with clay core 3:1 2.5:1
b. with R.C. core 2.5:1 2:1
4. central impervious core top width of the core=3m

as minimum value.
The top level of core should be at least 1m above maximum water
level to prevent seepage through the dam (make it as minimum as
possible).

Hydraulic Structures Lecture Notes Prof. Dr. Cheleng A. Arslan

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Hydraulic Structures Lecture Notes Prof. Dr. Cheleng A. Arslan

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Hydraulic structures Lecture Notes

Prof. dr. Cheleng A. Arslan

𝜇 = 0.75,𝛾𝑤 = 1 (Ton/m3), 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛. = 2.4 (𝑇𝑜𝑛/𝑚^3)

𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡 = 1.36 (Ton/m3)

𝛾 𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.925 (Ton/m3)

The compressive strength of concrete =300Kg/cm2

The u/s slope is 1:0.3

𝟏 ∗ 𝜸𝒔 81.6 → 6.67 544

𝒑𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝜸𝒘𝒌𝒉𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟐 1368.57 → 61.146 83683.26

𝒑𝒘 = 𝟐𝜸𝒘 ∗ 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟐 8.5698 → 144.37 1237.26

Σ𝑯 = 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟏.𝟑𝟕 𝑻 Σ𝑽 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒𝟑𝟑.𝟔𝟕 𝑻 ↓ Σ𝑴𝑹 Σ𝑴𝟎

Compressive strength allowable =300 Kg/cm2=3000 ton/m2> 4 ∗ 𝜎𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥

Example : Check the stability for all combinations

V=110 km/hr,,,,,Kv=0.1,,Kh=0.1,,F=30 km,,,,,𝜇 = 0.65

force Ver.(T) Hor.(T) arm( 𝑴𝑹 𝑴𝟎

𝑯 𝟐𝟏 3828.12 → 29.167 111653.5

𝒘𝟑 5786.76 ↓ 38.73 224140.504

𝑭𝒔𝒗𝐣𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐥𝐭 𝜸𝒔 63.899 ↓ 71 4536.8

𝒘𝟔 12.6 ↓ 1.4 17.64

𝑼𝟒 789.19 ↓ 38.733 30567.95

𝒑𝒘 7.738 → 88.23 682.78

When we solve it for load combination E we should add

𝒌𝒗𝒘𝟏 26.8 67.76 1821.56

𝒌𝒉𝒘𝟏 26.8 9.33 250.133

𝒌𝒉𝒘𝟑 578.67 27.667 16009.87

𝛴𝑀0 = 288403.312 𝑇. 𝑀 ,,,, F.O.O=1.32 not safe,,,,F.O.S=0.657 not safe

𝜎𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟒𝟒 𝑻/𝑴𝟐, , , , 𝜎𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −44.8

The stress diagram for this combination

Combination of loading for design

Gravity dam profile

2. Practical profile of gravity dam

high flood level in the reservoir = 32 ℎ𝑤 hw: height of wave which is

Top width =14% H , H: is the height of the dam .

***This recommendation is for low gravity dams only .

Limiting height of a gravity dam: ~

Ex: design a practical profile of a gravity dam of masonry with following

Limiting height of dam m

The dam is low gravity dam

Depth of water =1480.5-1450=30.5 m

We can now start stability analysis.

Principle and shear stress

See fig. below

=principle stresses on u/s or d/s face𝜎𝑝

𝜎𝑧= normal stresses at toe or heel 𝜙=for u/s

P=water pressure intensity == 𝛾𝐻1𝑜𝑟 𝛾𝐻2 at u/s or d/s

𝜎𝑝 = 𝜎𝑧𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜙 − 𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜙 for u/s or d/s

𝜎𝑝 = 𝜎𝑧𝑠𝑒𝑐2𝜙 … since .p=0

Additional notes on the gravity dams: ~

Permissible S.F.F varies due to variation of load combinations (1.5-4) it

Principle stress on the u/s face

= 𝛾𝐻1 = 144 ∗ 1 = 144 2

Shear stress for u/s

Types of earth dams

1.Rolled fill dam:-

2) Modified homogenous type

b. Zoned embankment type.

*Foundation of earth dams:~

2) Provides sufficient resistance to seepage to prevent piping

Can be prevented by using RIP-RAP at d/s side .

b. Piping through the dam

Design criteria of earth dam

Mathematical criteria for earth dams:~

𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡