Unit 1:

EX F/6:

1. A high-resistance voltmeter and a low-resistance ammeter a used.

2. R1 is connected across AB.
3. The switch is closed and the rheostat is adjusted until both meters show
almost full scale deflection.
4.
5. R1 is calculated by the formula R=V/I.
6. This is repeated for R2.
7. R1 and R2 are connected in series across AB.
8. The total resistance is calculated by using the same formula as before.
9. The results is tabulated.

EX J/7:

1. The coil is connected in series with a resistor which has value of 240 ohms.
2. The supply which is reduced to 415V in the distribution substation.
3.
4. Manganin is a metal which has a comparatively high resistance.
5. The signal which is rectified by the detector passes to the detector.
6. A milliammeter is an instrument which is used for measuring small currents.
7. Workers which assemble heavy mechanical require illumination of 300 lux.
8. Armoured cables are used in places where is a risk of mechanical damage.

EX K/8:

1. Soft iron is used in electromagnets because it can be magnetized easily.

2. The voltage is 250V and the current 5A, therefore the resistance is 50 ohm.
3. PVC is used to cover cables because it is a good insulator.
4. Transistors can be damaged be heat, therefore care must be taken when
soldering transistors.
5. Capacitance is usually measured in microfarads or picofarads because the
farad is too large.
6. Output transistors are mounted on a heat sink because it generate heat.
 7. It is easy to control the speed of DC motor, therefore DC motors are used
when variable speeds are required.
8. A cathode-ray tube screen glows when an electron beam strikes it because
the screen is coated with a phosphor.

IV/11:

STAGE 1:

1. Circuits can be protected from excessive currents by a fuse or circuit

breaker.
2. A fuse is the simplest and cheapest protection. However, for accurate and
repetitive operation a circuit breaker is used.
3. A simple circuit breaker consists of a solenoid and a switch with contacts
which are held closed by a latch.
4. The current from the supply line flows through the switch and solenoid coil
thus energizing the solenoid.
5. At normal currents the pull of the solenoid on the latch will not overcome
the tension of the spring which holds the latch in place, therefore the switch
remains closed.
6. If the current rises to a dangerous level, the pull of the solenoid.
7. The increased pull overcomes the latch spring tension and pulls the latch
towards the solenoid.
8. This releases the switch contacts which are pulled apart by a spring.
9. As the circuit is now broken, the unit is protected.
10.The fault in the supply or unit is put right when the latch can be reset.

Unit 2:

EX E/17:

1. A voltmeter
It is used for measuring voltage
It is used to measure voltage
We measure voltage with a voltmeter
We measure voltage using on ammeter
2. A soldering iron
It is used for using is soldering
It is used to use in soldering
…
…
3. Amiliammeter
It is used for measuring current
It is used to measure current
We measure current with a ammeter
We measure current using a ammeter
4. An oscilloscope
It is used for testing and displaying voltage signal as a wavefrom
It is used to test and display voltage signal as a waveform
We test and display voltage signal as waveform with an oscilloscope
We test and display voltage signal using and oscilloscope
5. A heat sink
It is used for decreasing the heat of devices
It is used to decrease the heat of devices
We decrease the heat of device with a heat sink
We decrease the heat of device using a heat sink
6. Wire- clippers
It is used for cutting the wire
It is used to cut the wire
We cut the wire with wire-clippers
We cut the wire using wire-clippers
7. A megger
It is used for measuring the resistance of the insulation
It is used to measure the resistance of the insulation
We measure the resistance of the insulation with a megger
We measure the resistance of the insulation using a megger
8. An ohmmeter
It is used for measuring the resistance of the circuit
It is used to measure the resistance of the circuit
We measure the resistance of the circuit with an ohmmeter
We measure the resistance of the circuit using an ohmmeter
 9. A signal generator
It is used for producing various patterns of voltage at a variety of frequencies
and amplitudes
It is used to produce various patterns of voltage at a variety of frequencies
and amplitudes
We produce various patterns of voltage at a variety of frequencies and
amplitudes with a signal generator
We produce various patterns of voltage at a variety of frequencies and
amplitudes using a signal generator
10. A battery charger
It is used for charging the battery
It is used to charger the battery
We charger the battery with a battery charger
We charger the battery using a battery charger

EX D/17:

1. The function of resistor is to add resistance to a circuit

2. The function of capacitor is to add capacitance to a circuit
3. The function of variable resistor is to varies the current in a circuit
4. The function of variable capacitor is to select a frequency
5. The function of transformers is to transform AC Voltage
6. The function of fuse is to protect a circuit
7. The function of switch is to break a circuilt
8. The function of miliammeter is to measure very small current
9. The function of diode is to rectify alternating currents
10.The function of antenna is to receive signals.

EX H/19:

1. A generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical

energy.
2. An insulator is a material which does not readily release electrons.
3. An alternating current is a current which flows first in one direction, then in
the other.
4. A direct current is a current which flows in one direction only.
 5. A resistor is a device which impedes the flow of current in a circuit
6. A conductor is a material which readily releases electrons.
7. A light meter is a device which measures light
8. An ammeter is a device which measure current

EX I/20:

1. A voltmeter is a device which measures voltage.

2. An electric motor is an instrument which converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
3. A receiver is an instrument which receives the signal.
4. A transmitter is an instrument which transmits the signal.
5. An electric cell is a device which supply electricity for device.

EX K/21:

1. The unit of capacitance is the farad but capacitance is usually measured in

microfarads or picofarads.
The unit of capacitance is the farad, however capacitance is usually
measured in microfarads or picofarads.
Although the unit of capacitance is the farad, capacitance is usually
measured in microfarads or picofarads.
2. In an ideal transformer there would be no less but in practice there is always
some less.
In an ideal transformer there would be no less, however in practice there is
always some less.
Although in an ideal transformer there would be no less, in practice there is
always some less.
3. Moving-iron meters can measure as voltage without a rectifier but moving-
coil meters with rectifiers are preferred.
Moving-iron meters can measure as voltage without a rectifier, however
moving-coil meters with rectifiers are preferred.
Although moving-rion meters can measure as voltage without a rectifier,
moving-coil meters with rectifier are preferred.
4. Resistors usually have a tolerance of 5 or 10% but for high grade work a
tolerance of 1 or 2% is required.
 Resistors usually have a tolerance of 5 or 10%, however for high grade work
a tolerance of 1 or 2% is required.
Although resistors usually have a tolerance of 5 or 10%, for high grade work
a tolerance of 1 or 2% is required.
5. Semiconductors have replaced valves in most applications, but valves are
still used in large transmitters.
Semiconductors have replaced valves in most applications. However valves
are still used in large transmitters.
Although semiconductors have replaced valves in most applications, valves
are still used in large transmitters.

IV/24:

STAGE 1:

1. A resistor is a device which is used to add resistance to a circuit.

2. Many types of resistors are made. Fixed and variable resistor both type of
them are made.
3. Most resistors are made from two materials. Either resistance wire or
compressed graphite are used.
4. Wirewound resistors consists of a coil of resistance wire such as nichrome is
a resistance wire which is wound on a former.
5. A ceramic coating is applied over the winding to insulate the winding.
6. For small currents, carbon resistors are used, for example there are usual in
radio work.
7. Carbon resistors are made of compressed graphite which is formed into
small tubes.
8. Connection are made with wire which are attached to the ends of resistor.
9. Variable resistors may have either a coil of resistance of a carbon track.
10.The wire track is mounted so that a sliding contract can rub over it to select
the resistance required.
Unit 3:

EX F/32:

1. When soldering, heat shunts must be used.

2. Transistors must be connected or disconnected with the parameter.
3. An ohmmeter should not be used for checking transistors unless a safe
voltage or current range is used.
4. The sharp bends in the leads should be kept at leads 1.5mm away from the
transistor body.
5. The reverse breakdown voltage must be exceeded.

EX H/33:

1. The range over which the meter operate is 0-1000.

2. A battery is a device which charges chemical energy into electrical energy.
3. Power supplies which use thyristor rectifiers are used to drive DC motors.
4. The capacitor through which the signal is passed has a value of 27uF
5. The telephone is a device which uses the magnetic effect of a current.
6. The receiver can only be used with headphones which have a high
impedance.
7. The plates between which the bean passes are known as X and Y.
8. The rotor contains a commutator which acts as switch.

EX I/34:

1. Conventional current flow is from positive to negative, however in fact

electrons flow from negative to positive.
2. Alternators are preferred to dynamos for cars since alternators give higher
outputs at low speeds.
3. Dirty and dust reduce effective light hence lamps must be kept clean.
4. For the reason that squirrel-cage motors are simples, cheap and strong,
squirrel-cage motors are used for many general duties.
5. It is convenient to describe magnetic lines of force but in reality magnetic
lines of force do not exist.
6. For the reason that transistors can operate from battery voltage,
transistorized equipment is easily portable.
 7. Ultrasonic welding is better than heat welding. Consequently the material
are not distorted.
8. Watchmakers work with very small parts hence they require a lot of light.

IV/37:

STAGE 1:

1. A zinc case which is used as the negative electrode is used as a container for
the cell.
2. A carbon rod which is in the centre of the cell forms the positive electrode.
3. The space between the zinc case and the carbon rod is filled with a paste of
ammonium chloride which is used as an electrolyte.
4. The electrolyte is a paste and not a liquid so this type of cell is called a dry
cell.
5. The paste also contain manganese dioxide which prevent gas being formed.
6. The cell is scaled with a cap which is made of metal or plastic. Consequently
the cap is to prevent the paste coming out.
7. Gas formed by the cell can collect in the space which is left below the cap.
8. Dry cells are usually enclosed in a cardboard case and an additional metal
jacket may be added.
9. Leakpoof cells are often preferred because the electrolyte cannot leak out
and the cell ages.
10.Leaking electrolyte may damage the equipment when the cell are installed in
the equipment.

Unit 4:

EX D/42:

1. The leads are bent and inserted through the correct holes in the PCB.
2. The resistor is pulled flat against the board and the leads are bent back.
3. The first lead is heated with a soldering iron and solder is applied to the
heated lead.
4. Solder is heated and applied to the second lead.
5. The soldered joints are allowed to cool.
6. The leads are trimmed by using wire clippers.
EX H/45:

1. In Britain electrical energy generated in power station is fed to the National

Grid.
2. The energy passes through a transformer which steps up the voltage to 132,
275, or 400kW.
3. The transmission lines carrying the supply are usually arranged in groups of
three overhead conductions suspended from porcelain insulators.
4. Energy from power station located in built-up areas may be fed to the Grid
by underground cables.
5. For voltage up to 400kV cables containing oil under low pressure.

EX I/46:

1. Semiconductors are used in preference to valves because they are cheaper

than valves, in addition, semicondutors are much smaller and lighter.
2. DC motor are preferred for cranes because they permit powerful dynamic
braking. In addition, DC motors allow a wide range of speed variation.
3. Dielectric heating rather than conduction heating is used in plywood
production because it is even. In addition, dielectric heating is faster and
cheaper.
4. Fluorescent lamps are better than filament lamps because the heat from
fluorescent lamp is much less than filament lamps. In addition, the light is
closer to daylight.