Chapter 4

Fluid Mechanics
Asst. Prof. Krongkaew Laohalidanond (Dr.-Ing.)
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering
 Content
• Introduction
• Fluid static
• Open and closed system
• Conservation of mass for an open system
• Conservation of energy for an open system
• The Bernoulli equation
• Conservation of linear momentum
 Fluid Statics

Example 4-4: Force and moment on submerged flat

surface
A rectangular gate hinged at the bottom separates a tank into two compartments, one containing
water and the other containing oil. The depth of the water is 6.5 ft and the height of the gate is 6
in. The oil has a specific gravity of 0.77. Initially the water and the oil are at the same depth, and
the gate remains firmly closed, because the pressure due to the water is greater than that due to
the oil. The oil depth is then increased, and the force on the right side of the gate becomes larger
and more nearly counterbalances the force on the left, Find the height of the oil, h2, at which the
gate will just open and allow oil to bubble into the water.
Fluid Statics
 Fluid Mechanics

• Open and closed system

• Conservation of mass for an open system
• Conservation of energy for an open system
 Fluid Mechanics

Example 4-10: Conservation of Energy in a heating

pipe
Air flows in a pipe at a rate of 0.0064 m3/s. The air enters at 25°C and 101 kPa, A heating tape is
wound around the outside of the pipe, and the tape is covered with a thick layer of thermal
insulation. A voltage of 120 V is supplied to the tape, which has a resistance of 30 . Assuming
Assumptions:
constant specific heat, find the exit temperature of the air.
A1. Flow is steady.
A2. The pipe is perfectly insulated from the
surroundings.
A3. Kinetic energy is negligible.
A4. Potential energy is negligible.
A5. Air is an ideal gas under these conditions.
A6. Specific heat is constant.

T at the exit = 88.2 °C

 Bernoulli Equation

Assumption
 incompressible flows ( = const.)
Most common liquid flows are virtually incompressible.
Air and other gases are approximately incompressible.
 Isothermal
This simply means that the fluid does not change temperature.
 Inviscid (zero viscosity) fluid
Three forces that act on flowing fluids: gravity, pressure and friction.
Frictional effects are zero, occurs when the viscosity of the fluid is very low.
If the flow has a smooth route with rounded corners and no major flow
restrictions, it can often be approximated as inviscid.
 Steady flow, no heat transfer, no work
 Bernoulli Equation

Steady flow

Incompressible
No heat transfer no work Isothermal
 Bernoulli Equation

Example 4-12: Draining of a tank assuming

frictionless flow
Water drains at a steady rate from a very large tank through a pipe of diameter 4 cm. Assume
frictionless, incompressible flow. Because the area of the top surface of me water is large
compared to the outlet pipe diameter, we also assume that the velocity of the receding top
surface is negligible. Find the rate at which mass drains from the tank.
Assumptions:
A1. The flow is frictionless.
A2. The flow is incompressible.
A3. The tank is large, so the velocity of
receding water surface is very small.
A4. The water is at room temperature.

4.96 kg/s
 Bernoulli Equation

Example 4-13: Flow in a free jet

Water issues from a pipe into the atmosphere as a vertical free jet. If the velocity at the pipe exit is
6 m/s, calculate the jet height, P2. Assume fluid friction is negligible.

Assumptions:
A1. The flow is incompressible.
A2. The flow is frictionless.
A3. The flow is isothermal.

1.84 m
 Conservation of linear momentum

 Force due to fluid flow over and against the surface

 Momentum has both magnitude and direction.

In x-direction
 Conservation of linear momentum

 Conservation of momentum
 Bernoulli Equation

Example 4-15: Anchoring force

Oil with the density of 52 lbm/ft3 flow at a steady rate through a gradual pipe expansion shown in
the figure below. Using data on the figure, calculate the anchoring force needed to hold the pipe
expansion in place. Assume frictionless and incompressible flow and neglect the weight of the oil
and the pipe.
Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli Equation
Bernoulli Equation