weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

BDwbU
8 evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb I mykvmb

cvV-1: evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYqb

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

msweav‡bi msÁv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

msweavb cªYq‡bi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z ci‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡k msweavb cÖYq‡bi ‡cÖ¶vc‡U I c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

msweavb n‡”Q ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ, AvaywbK we‡k¦ msweavb Qvov †Kvb ivóªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv Zv †m
wjwLZ ev AwjwLZ hvB †nvK bv †Kb| ivóª‡K Rvbv hvq msweav‡bi Øviv| e¯‘Z msweavb n‡”Q iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK
Dbœqb I HKg‡Z¨i `wjj|
msweav‡bi msÁv
msweav‡bi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã n‡jv Constitution. kãwU Latin kã Constituere (Kbw÷wUDqvi) †_‡K G‡m‡Q| hvi
A_© cÖwZôv Kiv| myZivs ey¨rcwËMZ A‡_© m‡e©v”P ivóªxq KZ©„‡Z¡i Av‡`k cÖwZôv‡K msweavb e‡j|
e¨vcK A‡_© msweavb ej‡Z †Kv‡bv †`‡ki kvmb e¨e¯’v wbqš¿Y Kivi wjwLZ Ges AwjwLZ mKj cÖKvi
wbqgKvbyb‡KB †evSvq| wjwLZ wbqgKvbyb ej‡Z mvsweavwbK I mvaviY AvBb Ges AwjwLZ wbqgKvbyb ej‡Z
`xN©Kvj a‡i cÖPwjZ ixwZ I AvPvi AvPiY‡K †evSvq| Z‡e wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx wewfbœfv‡e msweavb‡K msÁvwqZ
K‡i‡Qb| †hgb-
GwióUj (Aristotle) Gi g‡Z, Òmsweavb iv‡óªi Rxebc×wZ hv ivóª ¯^qs †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q (A constitution is the way
of life that the state has chosen for itself.)|Ó

G. wm. dvBbv‡ii g‡Z, Òiv‡óªi †gŠwjK cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK m¤^ÜB msweavb|Ó

jW© eªvBm (Lord Bryce) e‡jb, Òmsweavb n‡jv Ggb KZ¸‡jv AvBb ev cÖ_vi mgwó hvi gva¨‡g ivóªxq Rxeb
cwiPvwjZ nq|Ó (Constitution is the aggregate of laws and costoms under which the life of the state goes on.)
myZivs †hme wbqgKvbyb I wewaweavb Øviv miKv‡ii MVb KvVv‡gv, miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I
¶gZv Ges RbM‡Yi AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ wbav©wiZ nq Zv‡`i mgwó‡K msweavb e‡j|
¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYqb
`xN© mgq civaxb _vKvi ci 1971 mv‡j i³¶qx gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i gvbwP‡Î GKwU ¯^vaxb †`k
wn‡m‡e Avwef~©Z n‡q‡Q| 1972 mv‡j 10 Rvbyqvwi RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMvi
†_‡K evsjv‡`‡k wd‡i G‡m m`¨ ¯^vaxb †`‡ki `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| ivó«cwZ wn‡m‡e wZwb 11 Rvbyqvwi 1972 mv‡j
evsjv‡`‡ki A¯’vqx MYcwil` Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib| G cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z MYcwil` evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYqb K‡i| G
Av‡`‡ki f~wgKvq ejv nq, 1971 mv‡j 10B GwcÖj evsjv‡`‡ki A¯’vqx ivRavbx gywRebMi †_‡K †NvwlZ ¯^vaxbZvi
Av‡`k MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Rb¨ wQj A¯’vqx e¨e¯’v gvÎ| G †NvlYv Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ wQ‡jb cÖkvmwbK
AvBbmsµvšÍ ¶gZvi AwaKvix| A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`‡ki ˆewkó¨mg~n wb‡gœ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv : (1) msm`xq
MYZš¿; (2) MYcwil` MVb; (3) wbqgZvwš¿K ivóªcÖavb; (4) k~b¨ c‡` ivóªcÖavb wb‡qvM; (5) nvB‡KvU© e¨e¯’v; (6)
cÖavb wePvicwZ|
MYcwil` Av‡`k
1972 mv‡j 23 gvP© MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ evsjv‡`k MYcwil` Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib| GB Av‡`k 1971
mv‡ji 26 gvP© †_‡K Kvh©Ki nq| GB Av‡`k Abymv‡i 1970 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i I 1971 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m
BDwbU-8 c„ôvÑ122
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

wbe©vwPZ cÖv‡`wkK I RvZxq cwil` m`m¨MY MYcwil‡`i m`m¨ e‡j cwiMwYZ n‡eb| g„Zz¨ Ges Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y
ev AvB‡b A‡hvM¨ e‡j †NvwlZ nIqvi d‡j me©‡gvU (169+300) 469 Rb m`‡m¨i ¯’‡j 404 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q
MYcwil` MwVZ nq| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GKwU ¯’vqx msweavb cÖYq‡bi ¸iy`vwqZ¡ MYcwil‡`i Ici b¨¯—
Kiv nq| cwil‡`i Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKRb w¯úKvi I †WcywU w¯úKvi wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ekb
¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi gvÎ 116 w`b ci 1972 mv‡ji 10 GwcÖj MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m| `yB w`be¨vcx GB
Awa‡ek‡bi cÖ_g w`b w¯úKvi Ges †WcywU w¯úKvi wbe©vPb Kiv nq| MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g w¯úKvi Ave`yj nvwg‡`i
g„Zz¨‡Z †gvnv¤§` Djøvn w¯úKvi wbe©vwPZ nb| wØZxq w`‡b AvBb I msm` welqKgš¿x W. Kvgvj †nv‡m‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ 34
m`m¨wewkó GKwU ÔLmov msweavb cÖYqb KwgwUÕ MUb Kiv nq| 1972 mv‡ji 10 Ry‡bi g‡a¨ KwgwU‡K wi‡cvU©
Ki‡Z ejv nq| KwgwU cÖ_g ˆeV‡K K‡i 1972 mv‡j 17 GwcÖj | me©‡gvU 74wU ‰eV‡K wgwjZ nq KwgwU | ÔLmov
msweavb cÖYqb KwgwUÕ wewfbœ gnj †_‡K msweavb m¤ú‡K© 98wU cÖ¯—ve I mycvwik jvf K‡i| GZ Kg mycvwi‡ki
KviY wQj, evsjv‡`‡ki fwelr msweav‡bi ‡gŠwjK welq¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡i Av‡M †_‡KB GK ai‡bi g‰ZK¨ we`¨gvb
wQj| ZvQvov msweav‡bi iƒc-KvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© e½eÜzi my¯úó wb‡`©kbv wQj| 1972 mv‡ji 10 Ryb KwgwUi †kl
ˆeV‡K msweav‡bi cÖv_wgK LmovwU Aby‡gv`b Kiv nq| KwgwUi mfvcwZ 11 Ryb cÖavbgš¿xi m‡½ mv¶vr K‡i Lmov
msweav‡bi wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| 1972 mv‡ji 11 A‡±vei KwgwU me©‡kl Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv
K‡i Ges †m w`bB msweav‡bi c~Y©v½ Lmov P~ovšÍfv‡e M„nxZ nq|
MYcwil‡`i wØZxq Awa‡ekb
evsjv‡`k MYcwil‡`i wØZxq Awa‡ekb e‡m 1972 mv‡ji 12 A‡±vei | GB Awa‡ek‡b Lmov msweavbwU wej
AvKv‡i †ck nq| MYcwil‡` mvsweavwbK wejwUi Ici e³e¨ ivL‡Z wM‡q cÖavbgš¿x e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
e‡jb, ÔGB msweavb knx‡`i i‡³ wjwLZ|Õ †m m‡½ wZwb e‡jb, G msweavb †`‡ki mgMÖ RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•¶vi
g~Z© cÖZxK wnmv‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| msweavb wejwU DÌvcbKv‡j AvBbgš¿x W. Kvgvj †nv‡mb e‡jb, GB msweavb
MYZvwš¿K Dcv‡q GK †kvlYgy³ mgvRZvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯’v cÖwZôvi cÖ¯Íve K‡i‡Q| G mgvRe¨e¯’vq AvB‡bi kvmb,
RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi, ¯^vaxbZv, mvg¨ Ges ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mgvwRK b¨vqwePvi wbwðZ n‡e|
Lmov msweav‡b P~ovšÍ Aby‡gv`b
wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `j I †Mvôx KZ©„K DÌvwcZ gZvgZ, Av‡jvPbv-mgv‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Lmov msweav‡b me©‡gvU
10wU ms‡kvabx MÖnY Kiv nq| 1972 mv‡j 4 b‡f¤^i MYcwil` m`m¨MY evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb‡K wewae× K‡ib|
‡m w`b †ejv 1Uv 30 wgwb‡U MYcwil` m`m¨‡`i Zzgyj KiZvwj I nl©aŸwbi ga¨ w`‡q msweavbwU P~ovšÍfv‡e M„nxZ
nq| †mB g‡n›`ª¶‡Y e½eÜz e‡jb, ÔGKwU RvwZ wn‡m‡e evOvwjiv BwZnv‡m GB cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Zv‡`i mve©‡fŠgZ¡
i¶v‡_© msweavb cÖYqb Ki‡jv|Õ 1972 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i msweavb Kvh©Ki nq|
mvi-ms‡¶c
cvwKšÍvb `xN© bq eQ‡iI msweavb cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| ‡mLv‡b gvÎ 10 gv‡mi g‡a¨ e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvIqvgx jxM
miKvi RvwZ‡K GKwU c~Y©v½ msweavb Dcnvi †`q hv mwZ¨B cÖksmvi `vwe iv‡L| K‡qKwU evg `j e¨ZxZ cÖvq me
ivR‰bwZK msMVbB evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb‡K ¯^vMZ Rvwb‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki KwgDwb÷ cvwU© (gwY wms), evsjv‡`k
QvÎ BDwbqb, AvIqvgx jxM I QvÎjxM msweavb‡K ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `wjj wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i‡Q| | g~jZ evsjv‡`‡ki
1972 mv‡j cÖYxZ msweav‡b ivR‰bwZK cÖ‡kœ RvZxq HKg‡Z¨i cÖwZdjb N‡UwQj| wÎk jvL knx‡`i i‡³ ¯^vaxb
evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY jvf Kij wb‡R‡`i Øviv iwPZ cÖ_g msweavb| ev½vwji nvRvi eQ‡ii BwZnv‡m Zv GK Abb¨
NUbv| ev¯ÍweKB GB msweavb n‡jv e½Üzi fvl¨ Abyhvqx knx‡`i i‡³ †jLv msweavb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 8.1

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. msweavb ej‡Z Kx eySvq? evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYq‡bi †cÖ¶vcU Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`k I MY-cwil` Av‡`k †K Rvix K‡iwQ‡jb? GB Av‡`‡ki gva¨‡g Kxfv‡e msweavb cÖYxZ
nq Zv e¨vL¨v Kiyb|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-123
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2: evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨mg~n

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi cÖavb ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`k msweav‡b D‡jøwLZ kvmb e¨e¯’v, bvMwiK AwaKvi, RvZxqZv cÖf„wZ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
iv‡óªi msweavb †Kej wKQz wewae× AvBb bq, Zv GKwU Rbmgwói cÖMwZi wb`k©b| msweavb GKwU AvBbMZ weavb,
†h weav‡bi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi wewfbœ wefvM I As‡ki g‡a¨ HK¨ mvwaZ nq| Gi gva¨‡g e¨w³i AwaKvi †NvwlZ nq,
†NvlYv _v‡K Zv ev¯—evq‡biI| msweav‡bi gva¨‡gB iv‡ó«i wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ ¶gZvi eÈb Kiv nq| we‡k¦i
cÖwZwU ivóªe¨e¯’v †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv msweavb Øviv cwiPvwjZ| †Kbbv msweavb n‡jv iv‡óªi Rxebc×wZ hv ivóª wb‡RB
†e‡Q wb‡q‡Q| Z‡e me iv‡ó«i msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨ GKB iKg bq| wb‡¤œ evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi cÖavb ˆewkó¨mg~n
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
1| cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖ¯Ívebv: evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 1 Aby‡”Q‡`i 1bs avivq cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖ¯Íve i‡q‡Q| G cÖ¯Ívebv Abyhvqx
evsjv‡`k GKwU GKK, ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg cÖRvZš¿, hv MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k bv‡g cwiwPZ|
2| ivóªxq g~jbxwZ: 1972 mv‡ji evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 8 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wQj PviwU|
G¸‡jv n‡jv : (K) RvZxqZvev`; (L)mgvRZš¿; (M) MYZš¿; I (N) ag©wbi‡c¶Zv| cieZ©xKv‡j ivóªcwZ ‡Rbv‡ij
wRqvDi ingvb msweav‡bi cÂg ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g GB g~jbxwZ¸‡jvi cwieZ©b Av‡bb| †m¸‡jv n‡jv-
(K) me©kw³gvb AvjøvnZvqvjvi Dci c~Y© Av¯’v I wek¦vm, (L) RvZxqZvev`, (M) MYZš¿ Ges (N) A_©‰bwZK I
mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi G A‡_© mgvRZš¿| Aek¨ mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i GK iv‡q G ms‡kvabx‡K A‰ea †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Gi d‡j 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi Pvi g~jbxwZB Avevi cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q|
3| †gŠwjK AwaKvi: msweav‡bi Z…Zxq avivq bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi wjwce× Av‡Q|
bvMwiK‡`i e¨w³Z¡ I AwaKvi weKv‡ki c_ Db¥y³ Kivi ZvwM‡` cÖMwZkxj msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvi wjwce×
_v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb †NvwlZ ‡gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q; mv‡g¨i AwaKvi, Pjv‡div, mfv, mwgwZ, wPšÍv
I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv; evK¯^vaxbZv; m¤úwËi AwaKvi; ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv cÖf„wZ |
4| bvMwiKZ¡: evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 6 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK Ôevsjv‡`kxÕ e‡j cwiwPZ n‡e
Ges Zv‡`i GB bvMwiKZ¡ AvBb Øviv wbav©wiZ n‡e|
5| msm`xq miKvi c×wZ : msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi ev msm`xq miKvi c×wZ cÖeZ©b
Kiv nq| G miKvi e¨e¯’vq ivóªcÖavb n‡eb wbqgZvwš¿K cÖavb Ges cÖavbgš¿xmn gwš¿cwil` n‡eb cÖK…Z †`‡ki
kvmK| gwš¿cwil` m`m¨MY GKK I †hŠ_fv‡e msm‡`i wbKU `vqx _vK‡eb| weª‡U‡b cÖPwjZ msm`xq ixwZbxwZ¸‡jv
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b my¯úófv‡e wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q|
6| msweav‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡: evsjv‡`k msweav‡b kvmbZ‡š¿i mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i weavb i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b msweavb ev
kvmbZš¿B n‡jv †`‡ki m‡e©v”P AvBb| ZvB msweav‡bi mv‡_ m½wZnxb †h †Kv‡bv AvBb evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
7| RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡: MYcÖRZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki mKj ivóªxq ¶gZvi gvwjK RbMY| RbM‡Yi c‡¶ msweavb
Abyhvqx wbw`©ó KZ…©c¶ KZ©„K GB ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
8| kvmbZš¿ ms‡kvabxi weavb: kvmbZ‡š¿i †h †Kv‡bv aviv ms‡kvab ev i` Kivi Rb¨ cvj©v‡g›Ui `yB-Z„Zxqvs‡ki
m¤§wZm~PK cÖ¯Íve ev †fvU MÖn‡Yi weavb msweav‡b i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov hy× †NvlYv ev AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ msm` m`m¨‡`i
m¤§wZ cÖ‡qvRb|
9| wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv i¶v: msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P Av`jZ ÔmywcÖg †KvUÕ© bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡e|
Avwcj wefvM Ges nvB‡Kv‡U© wefvM wb‡q MwVZ GB mywcÖg †KvU© kvmb wefvM †_‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e c„_K _vK‡e|
msweav‡bi 22 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx iv‡óªi wbe©vnx A_©vr cÖkvmwbK A½mg~n †_‡K wePvi wefv‡Mi c„_KxKiY ivóª KZ©„K
wbwðZ Kiv n‡e|

BDwbU-8 c„ôvÑ124
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

10| GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª: evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv cÖ‡`k †bB| †m Kvi‡Y GLv‡b miKv‡ii mKj ¶gZv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
nv‡Z b¨¯Í _vK‡e| msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmbe¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ|
11| `y®úwieZ©bxq msweavb : evsjv‡`k msweavb ms‡kvabMZ w`K †_‡K `y®úwieZ©bxq| A_©vr GwU mn‡R cwieZ©b
Kiv hvqbv| Z‡e G‡Kev‡i AwcieZ©bxq bq| Gi cweeZ©b Ki‡Z msm‡`i `yB-Z…Zxqvsk m`‡m¨i m¤§wZ `iKvi|
12| GK K¶wewkó AvBbmfv: evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfv GK K¶wewkó| Gi bvg ÔRvZxq msm`Õ| wek¦L¨vZ ¯’cwZ jyB
Kv‡bi wb‡`©kbvq †k‡i evsjv bM‡i GwU wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q|
13| bvix‡`i mgvwaKvi : msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki bvixiv cyiy‡li g‡ZvB bvMwiK AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡e|
G‡¶‡Î †Kvb ˆelg¨g~jK AvBb Kiv hv‡e bv| RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©Î bvix‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi wbðqZv evsjv‡`k
msweav‡b i‡q‡Q|
14| gvwjKvbv bxwZ: G msweav‡bi GKUv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K n‡”Q, GLv‡b wZb ai‡bi gvwjKvbv bxwZ ¯^xKvi Kiv
n‡q‡Q| msweav‡bi 13 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx G¸‡jv n‡”Q-1. ivóªxq gvwjKvbv, 2. mgevq gvwjKvbv Ges 3. e¨w³MZ
gvwjKvbv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 8.2

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi cÖavb ‰ewkó¨ mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-125
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-3: evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi g~jbxwZmg~n

D‡Ïk¨
GB cv‡V †k‡l Avcwb

evsjv‡`k msweav‡b D‡jøwLZ ivóªxq g~jbxwZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ivóªxq g~jbxwZ‡Z †Kvb cwieZ©b Avbv n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nevi ci wVK GK eQi ci evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb Kvh©Ki nq| 1972
mv‡ji msweav‡b ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e RvZxqZvev`, MYZš¿, mgvRZš¿ I ag©wbi‡c¶Zv‡K wjwce× Kiv
nq| wKš‘ msweav‡bi 5g ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g G g~jbxwZi wKQz wKQy avivq cwieZ©b K‡i Av‡b mvgwiK miKvi|
AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wjwLZ msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg AjsKvi n‡jv ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZi ms‡hvRb| †h †Kv‡bv
MYZvwš¿K miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg j¶¨ n‡jv RbmvaviY‡K me©vwaK bvMwiK †mev cÖ`vb Kiv| †h‡nZz iv‡óªi cywjwk f~wgKv
GLb Avi †bB, †m Kvi‡Y ivóª‰bwZK MYZ‡š¿i mv‡_ mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK MYZš¿‡K mw¤§wjZfv‡e ev¯Íevqb K‡i
MYZš¿‡K mdj KivB AvaywbK iv󪸇jvi cÖavb j¶¨| †m Kvi‡Y AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K iv󪸇jv Zv‡`i msweav‡b
†gŠwjK AwaKvi ms‡hvRb K‡i Avm‡Q| g~jbxwZ¸‡jvi mvgvwRK, ˆbwZK, wk¶vMZ Ges AvBbMZ ¸iyZ¡ i‡q‡Q| G
Kvi‡Y g~jbxwZ¸‡jv‡K National Manifesto, Highest Standard of Excellence Ges Decoration of Constitution
ejv n‡q _v‡K|
cUf~wg
BD‡iv‡ci †`k Avqvij¨v‡Ûi MYZvwš¿K miKvi 1937 mv‡j Zvi bZzb msweav‡b ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ ms‡hvRb
K‡i| weªwUk kvmb †_‡K †ei n‡q evg©v (eZ©gvb gvqvbgvi) 1948 mv‡j †h msweavb iPbv K‡i Zv‡ZI
ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ AšÍfy©³ K‡i| cvwK¯Ív‡bi MYcwil` m`m¨ivI Zv‡`i msweav‡b (1956, 1962)
ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ ms‡hvRb K‡i| evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 8g Aby‡”Q` †_‡K 25 Aby‡”Q` ch©š— ivóªcwiPvjbvi
g~jbxwZi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ ej‡Z Avgiv †mme bxwZ‡K eywS hv GKwU MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK, cÖkvmwbK
Ges ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ wba©vi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ‡K Avevi Kg©m~wPMZ AMÖvwaKviI ejv nq| KviY
G¸‡jv miKv‡ii wewea Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbvi Aby‡cÖiYv I w`K wb‡`©kbv †`q|
ivóªcwiPvjbvq g~jbxwZ Abymi‡Yi mvsweavwbK wbðqZv †bB| A_©vr †gŠwjK AwavK‡ii g‡Zv G¸‡jv‡K mvsweavwbK
wbðqZv †`qv nqwb| g~jbxwZ¸‡jvi ev¯Íevqb wbf©i K‡i GKwU iv‡óªi RvZxq m¤ú`, RbM‡Yi †gav Ges A_©‰bwZK
m”QjZvi Ici| miKvi Gme bxwZ ev¯Íevqb K‡i iv‡óªi RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY mvab Kivi Rb¨| miKvi Gme †¶‡Î
cvi`wk©Zv †`Lv‡Z bv cvi‡j miKv‡ii weiy‡× G¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ gvgjv Kiv hv‡e bv †hgbwU Kiv hvq †gŠwjK
AwaKv‡ii †¶‡Î| Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z mvaviYZ m¤ú‡`i Ach©vßZv Ges ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv †`Lv hvq|
†m Kvi‡Y miKvi ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ ev¯Íevq‡b †Póv K‡i wKš‘ ev¯Íevq‡bi M¨vivw›U †`q bv|
ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZi cÖ‡qvM‡¶Î
evsjv‡`k msweav‡b DwjøwLZ ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv Av‡jvPbvi Av‡M Gme bxwZ †Kvb& †Kvb& †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv
n‡e Zv Avgv‡`i Rvbv `iKvi|
msweav‡bi 8(2) Aby‡”Q‡` ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv †Kvb& †Kvb& †¶‡Î cª‡qvM Kiv n‡e Zv ejv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z ejv
n‡q‡Q;
K. †`k cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î †gŠwjK m~Î e‡j MY¨ n‡e;
L. AvBb cÖYqbKv‡j cª‡qvM n‡e;
M. msweavb I Ab¨vb¨ AvB‡bi †¶‡Î GB bxwZ¸‡jv w`kvix, wb‡`©kK Z_v gvb`Û wn‡m‡e
e¨eüZ n‡e; Ges
N. ivóª I bvMwiK†`i Kv‡h©i wfwË n‡e me bxwZ|
1972 mv‡j iwPZ g~j evsjv‡`k msweav‡b DwjøwLZ ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZmg~n
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 2q fv‡Mi 8g Aby‡”Q` †_‡K 25Zg Aby‡”Q` ch©šÍ ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ
m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v i‡q‡Q| RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, MYZš¿ Ges ag©wbi‡c¶Zv GB PviwU welq‡K iv‡óªi †gŠj¯Í¤¢ ev

BDwbU-8 c„ôvÑ126
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

Ô‡gŠwjK Av`k©Õ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv nq| G‡Z Av‡iv ejv nq, Ab¨vb¨ †gŠwjK bxwZ Dc‡iv³ PviwU Av`k© †_‡K
DrmvwiZ n‡e|
wb‡gœ ivó«xq Pvi g~jbxwZ m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß weeiY †`qv n‡jv:
1| RvZxqZev`: fvlvMZ Ges msw¶ß GKK mËvwewkó †h evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx HK¨e× msMÖvg I gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g
¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ AR©b K‡i‡Q, †mB Rb‡Mvôxi HK¨ evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwË (Abyt 9) |
2| mgvRZš¿: gvby‡li Ici gvby‡li †kvlY †_‡K gy³ b¨vqvbyM mgvRjvf wbwðZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ mgvRZvwš¿K
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v cÖwZôv Kiv n‡jv iv‡óªi j¶¨ (Abyt 10)|
3| MYZš¿: evsjv‡`k n‡e GKwU cÖRvZš¿| Gi ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v n‡e MYZvwš¿K| cÖkvm‡bi mKj ch©v‡q wbe©vwPZ
cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi Kvh©Ki AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv n‡e (Abyt 11)|
4| ag©wbi‡c¶Zv: ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi A_© n‡jv mKj cÖKvi mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi Aemvb, ivóª KZ©„K †Kv‡bv ag©‡K
ivR‰bwZK gh©v`v bv †`qv, ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨ ag©‡K e¨envi bv Kiv Ges a‡g©i wfwˇZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i cÖwZ
ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY ev wbcxo‡bi Aemvb (Abyt 12)|
ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZi †kªYxKiY
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b DwjøwLZ ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv‡K Avgiv Pvi fv‡M fvM K‡i Av‡jvPbvi cÖqvm cve|
wb‡P G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
K. A_©‰bwZK Av`k© m¤úwK©Z bxwZmg~n: msweav‡bi 2q fv‡Mi 9, 13, 15, 16, 19(2) Ges 20 Aby‡”Q‡`
A_©‰bwZK Av`k© m¤úwK©Z bxwZmg~n m¤ú‡K© eY©bv i‡q‡Q|
G¸‡jv n‡jv:
1. ivóª A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î ˆelg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ m‡Pó n‡e;
2. bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ m¤ú‡`i mylg e›Ub wbwðZ Ki‡e;
3. MÖvgv‡j ˆe`y¨wZKi‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡e;
4. KzwUi wkí I Ab¨vb¨ wk‡íi weKvk NUv‡bv n‡e;
5. wk¶v I ‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb;
6. Abœ, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v, wPwKrmvmn Rxebavi‡Yi †gŠwjK DcKi‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡e ivó« ;
7. A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ ivóª wZb ai‡bi gvwjKvbv e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡e;
(K) ivóªxq gvwjKvbv, (L) mgevqx gvwjKvbv Ges (M) e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv|
8. ‡hvM¨Zv I Kg©vbyhvqx cÖ‡Z¨‡K ¯^xq K‡g©i Rb¨ cvwikªwgK jvf Ki‡e|
L. mvgvwRK Av`k© m¤úwK©Z bxwZmg~n: 2q fv‡Mi 14, 17, 18 Aby‡”Q‡` mvgvwRK Av`k© m¤úwK©Z wel‡q wbgœiƒc
e¨vL¨v i‡q‡Q :
1. ivóª RbM‡Yi cywógvb Dbœqb I Rb¯^v¯’¨ i¶vi †Póv Ki‡e;
2. GKgvÎ Jla wn‡m‡e e¨envi Qvov Ab¨ me †¶‡Î ¯^v¯’¨nvwbKi D‡ËRK cvbxq gv`K`ªe¨ I †fl‡Ri e¨envi
wbwl×;
3. MYgyLx I me©Rbxb wk¶ve¨e¯’v cÖwZôvi Rb¨ evjK-evwjKv‡`i A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK wk¶v`v‡bi e¨e¯’v
MÖnY Kiv n‡e;
4. wbi¶Zv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡e;
5. ‡gnbwZ gvbyl‡K A_©vr K…lK-kªwgK Ges RbM‡Yi AbMÖmi Askmg~n‡K mKj cÖKvi †kvlY †_‡K gyw³ `vb;
Ges
6. mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ my‡hv‡Mi mgZv wbwðZ Kiv n‡e|
M. AvBb I kvmbe¨e¯’vi ms¯‹vig~jK bxwZ: 2q fv‡Mi 9, 10, 22, 23, I 24 Aby‡”Q‡` AvBb I kvmbe¨e¯’vi
ms¯‹vig~jK bxwZi e¨vL¨v i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv:
1. wbe©vnx wefvM ‡_‡K wePvi wefv‡Mi c„_KxKiY;
2. RbM‡Yi mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨ I DËivwaKvi msi¶Y;
3. fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I wkíKjvmg~‡ni cwi‡cvlY I Dbœqb;
4. RvZxq Rxe‡bi me©Î bvix‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZKiY|

N. ciivóªbxwZ m¤úwK©Z bxwZ: 25 Ay‡”Q‡`i ciivóªbxwZ msµvšÍ bxwZi D‡jøL j¶Yxq| G‡Z ‡RvU wbi‡c¶
Av‡›`vj‡bi cÂwkjv bxwZ Ges RvwZmsN mb‡`i K_v i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv:
1. Ab¨ iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY wel‡q n¯Í‡¶c bv Kiv;

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-127
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

2. AvšÍR©vwZK we‡iv‡ai kvwšÍc~Y© mgvavb;

3. AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î kw³cÖ‡qvM cwinvi Ges mvaviY I m¤ú~Y© wbi¯¿xKi‡Yi Rb¨ †Póv Kiv;
4. cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZi ¯^vaxb AwfcÖvq Abyhvqx wbR¯^ mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v wba©viY I MV‡bi
AwaKvi mg_©b Kiv;
5. Avš—R©vwZK AvB‡bi I RvwZmsN mb‡`i bxwZmg~‡ni cÖwZ kª×v cÖ`k©b Kiv;
6. mvgªvR¨ev`, JcwbwkKZvev` ev eY©‰elg¨ev‡`i weiy‡× we‡k¦i me©Î wbcxwoZ RbM‡Yi m¨vqm½Z msMÖvg‡K
mg_©b Ki‡e Ges
7. Bmjvgx msnwZi Kvi‡Y gymwjg †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ åvZ…Z¡ m¤úK© msnZ, msi¶Y Ges †Rv`vi Ki‡Z m‡Pó n‡e|
ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ‡Z ‡h cwieZ©b Avbv nq
1972 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i †_‡K 1979 mv‡ji †deªyqvwi gvm ch©š— ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZi PviwU ‡gŠwjK Av`‡k©
†Kv‡bv cwieZ©b Avbv nqwb| ‡cÖwm‡W›U ‡Rbv‡ij wRqvDi ingvb ¶gZvq Avmvi ci 1979 mv‡j PviwU †gŠwjK
Av`‡k©i wZbwU‡Z cwieZ©b Av‡bb| G wel‡q wZwb PZz_© digvb Rvwi K‡ib, hv cÂg ms‡kvabx‡Z cvm Kiv nq|
ms‡kvabx ev cwieZ©b¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:
1. RvZxqZvev`: ÔevOvwjÕ RvZxqZvev‡`i cwie‡Z© Ôevsjv‡`kxÕ RvZxqZvev` Kiv nq| Z‡e evsjv‡`kx
RvZxqZvev‡`i aib ev wfwË wK n‡e ms‡kvabx‡Z Zvi †Kv‡bv D‡jøL Kiv nqwb| d‡j ÔbZzb RvZxqZvev`Õ cª‡kœ
weZK© †_‡K hvq|
2. mgvRZš¿: mgvRZ‡š¿I cwieZ©b Avbv nq| G‡Z ejv nq mgvRZ‡š¿i ¯’v‡b n‡e A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK
b¨vqwePvi GB A‡_© mgvRZš¿|
3. ag©wbi‡c¶Zv: Ôag©wbi‡c¶ZvÕ kãwU cwieZ©Z n‡q Ôme©kw³gvb Avjøvni Dci c~Y© Av¯’v I wek¦vmÕ cÖwZ¯’vwcZ
nq| msweavb †_‡K ag©wbi‡c¶Zv ev` †`Iqv nq|
mvi-ms‡¶c
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k msweav‡b ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ‡Z iv‡óªi `vwq‡Z¡i cvkvcvwk bvMwiK‡`i KZ©‡e¨i K_vI ejv
n‡q‡Q| hw`I ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ¸‡jv iv‡óªi A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, cÖkvmwbK Ges ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© wbav©i‡Yi
mv‡_ m¤ú„³, ZeyI G¸‡jv‡K mvsweavwbK wbðqZv †`qv nqwb| Aek¨ G‡Kev‡i Ae‡njvI Kiv nqwb| RvZxq
msm`‡K G g~jbxwZ¸‡jv Kvh©Ki Kivi †¶‡Î h‡_ó ¯^vaxbZv †`qv n‡q‡Q| G wel‡q 47 Aby‡”Q‡` PgrKvi e¨vL¨v
i‡q‡Q| ‡mLv‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, †Kv‡bv m¤úwËi ivó«xqKiY, eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e MÖnY ev `Lj, Lwb m¤úwK©Z AwaKvi
we‡jvc ev wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` wel‡q msm` AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Z‡e GB AvBb cÖYqb wel‡q hw` D‡jøL _v‡K
†h, ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZmg~‡ni †Kv‡bv GKwU‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ AvBb cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q Z‡e D³ AvBb
†gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii cwicš’x n‡jI evwZj n‡e bv| myZivs 47 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx AvBbmfv‡K g~jbxwZ Kvh©Ki Kivi
¯^vaxbZv †`qv n‡q‡Q|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 8.3
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. ivóªxq g~jbxwZ ej‡Z wK eySvq? evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ivóªxq g~jbxwZ mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ivóªxq g~jbxwZ mg~‡n ‡hme cwieZ©b Avbv n‡qwQ‡jv Zv eY©bv Kiyb|

BDwbU-8 c„ôvÑ128
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

cvV-4: evsjv‡`k msweav‡b D†jøwLZ †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

†gŠwjK AwaKvi ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`k msweav‡b D‡jøwLZ bvMwiK‡`i †gŠwjK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mvaviY A‡_©, †gŠwjK AwaKvi ej‡Z Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wPwKrmv I wk¶v‡K eySvq| Z‡e ivóªxq Rxe‡b RbM‡Yi
†gŠwjK AwaKvi GZ msKxb© bq| wPšÍv I gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †_‡K ïiy K‡i e¨w³i Rxeb gvb Dbœqb I weKv‡k hv
wKQz Riywi Zvi meB †gŠwjK AwaKvi wnmv‡e ¯^xK…Z| Z‡e me ivóª I msweavb mgvbfv‡e ‡gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii cwiwa
we¯—„Z K‡ibv| wVK GKBfv‡e me msweavb †gŠwjK AwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi wbðqZv †`q bv|
c„w_exi †h †Kv‡bv msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvi‡K we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ †`qv nq| †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv GKw`‡K †hgb
RbM‡Yi wewea ¸iyZ¡c~Y© AwaKv‡ii mvsweavwbK wbðqZv †`q, Ab¨w`‡K G¸‡jv kvmK‡kªYx‡K ˆ¯^ivPvix nIqv †_‡KI
weiZ iv‡L| divwm wecøe (1789) Ges hy³iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi (1776) ci †_‡KB g~jZ wewfbœ †`‡ki
msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvi ev AwaKv‡ii mb` ivLvi GKUv ixwZ `vuwo‡q‡Q| Aek¨ †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv
cwieZ©b‡hvM¨| Z‡e AvBb cwil‡`i mvaviY msL¨vMwiôZvq G¸‡jv cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b
†gŠwjK AwaKvi i¶vi e¨vcv‡i ¯úó e³e¨ _v‡K| †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g ejer †hvM¨ e‡j miKvi
†hgb m‡PZb _v‡K, †Zgwb RbMY Gme AwaKvi ev¯Íevqb Kivi Rb¨ Av`vj‡Zi Avkªq wb‡Z cv‡i|
†gŠwjK AwaKvi ej‡Z Avgiv hv eywS
‡gŠwjK AwaKvi ej‡Z Avgiv †mme AwaKvi eywS, hv †Kv‡bv †`‡ki msweav‡b wjwce× Kiv nq Ges hv ev¯—evq‡bi
e¨vcv‡i mvsweavwbK wbðqZv _v‡K| †gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv meB gvbevwaKvi, Z‡e cv_©K¨ GB †h gvbevwaKvi¸‡jv‡K
ev¯—evq‡b mvsweavwbK wbðqZv †`qv nq bv|
myZivs ejv hvq †h, hLb KwZcq gvbevwaKvi‡K msweav‡b wjwce× K‡i Zv‡`i mvsweavwbK wbðqZv
(Constitutional Guarantee) †`qv nq ZLb G¸‡jv‡K †gŠwjK AwaKvi e‡j| mvsweavwbK wbðqZv ej‡Z GLv‡b
†evSv‡bv n‡”Q, Gme AwaKvi †_‡K †KD ewÂZ n‡j †mB ms¶zä e¨w³ Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g Hme AwaKvi wd‡i
cv‡e| Av`vjZ Zvi iv‡qi gva¨‡g miKvi‡K Hme AwaKvi wdwi‡q †`qvi ûKzg w`‡Z cv‡i|
cvwK¯Ívb mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i ZrKvjxb cÖavb wevPicwZ gywbi State vs Dosso gvgjvi iv‡q Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi mv‡_ †gŠwjK
AwaKv‡ii wel‡q e¨vL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| wePvicwZ gywb‡ii g‡Z, Ô‡gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii cÖK…Z Dcv`vb n‡jv, G¸‡jv Kg‡ewk
¯’vqx Ges †`‡ki mvaviY AvB‡bi g‡Zv cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ bq|Õ
evsjv‡`k msweav‡b mwbœ‡ewkZ †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖ‡YZvMY msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvi mwbœ‡e‡ki e¨vcv‡i AZ¨šÍ m‡PZb wQ‡jb| 1789 mv‡ji
gvwK©b msweavb Ges 1949 mv‡ji fviZ msweav‡b D‡jøwLZ †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii Av‡jv‡K gywRe miKv‡ii MYcwil`
evsjv‡`k msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvi mshyw³ K‡i| evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 2q fv‡M, 27 Aby‡”Q` †_‡K 44 Aby‡”Q`
ch©šÍ †gŠwjK AwaKvi m¤^‡Ü my¯úó e¨vL¨v i‡q‡Q| msweavb cÖ‡YZvMY ïay evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨B †gŠwjK
AwaKvi cÖYqb K‡ibwb, eis evsjv‡`‡k emevmKvix we‡`kx bvMwiK‡`i e¨vcv‡iI ¸iyZ¡c~Y© aviv ms‡hvRb
K‡i‡Qb| †gŠwjK AwaKvi †gvU 18wU|
mvims‡¶c
†gŠwjK AwaKvi¸‡jv n‡jv Ggb wKQz AwaKvi hv †Kv‡bv †`‡ki msweav‡b mwbœ‡ewkZ K‡i Zv ev¯—evq‡bi e¨vcv‡i
mvsweavwbK wbðqZv †`qv nq| MYZvwš¿K miKvi Zvi kvmbZvwš¿K DrKl© weKv‡ki Rb¨ †gŠwjK AwaKvi‡K AZ¨šÍ
hZœmnKv‡i jvjb K‡i Ges G¸‡jv ev¯—vevq‡bi e¨vcv‡i mva¨g‡Zv †Póv K‡i| e¯‘Z eZ©gvb we‡k¦ kvmK‡kªYxi
mdjZv wbY©‡qi Ab¨Zg gvcKvwV n‡jv Zviv KZUzKz †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv RbMY‡K w`‡Z ‡c‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`k
msweav‡bi 27 Aby‡”Q` †_‡K 44 Aby‡”Q` ch©šÍ †gŠwjK AwaKvi m¤^‡Ü my¯úó e¨vL¨v i‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 8.4

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. †gŠwjK AwaKvi ej‡Z Kx eySvq? evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b D‡jøwLZ †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. Ôevsjv‡`‡ki msweavb †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii GK Abb¨ `wjjÕ Dw³wU Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-129
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-5: evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ms‡kva‡bi c×wZ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ms‡kva‡bi wbqvgvejx I c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z ci‡eb|

msweavb ms‡kva‡b Ab¨vb¨ MYZvwš¿K †`‡k Abym„Z ixwZ m¤ú‡K©I Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
ivRbxwZi cwieZ©b GK k¦vmZ e¨vcvi| ivRbxwZi cwieZ©b AvaywbKZv I cÖMwZi j¶Y| cwieZ©bkxj mgv‡Ri mv‡_
ivRbxwZiI cwieZ©b N‡U| Avi ivRbxwZi cwieZ©b I cÖMwZi mv‡_ msweav‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©bI Avek¨K n‡q
hvq| ZvB cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki msweav‡b ms‡kvabxi weavb _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bI G e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ
mg‡q ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi †cÖ¶vc‡U evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi G ch©šÍ 15wU ms‡kvabx M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ evsjv‡`k
msweav‡bi ms‡kva‡bi c×wZ †ek RwUj| GwU mvaviY AvBb cÖYq‡bi g‡Zv cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| ZvB msweavb
ms‡kva‡bi cÖv°v‡j KwZcq c×wZ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq|
KvVv‡gvMZ fv‡e evsjv‡`k msweavb `y®úwieZ©bxq msweav‡bi (Rigid constitution) AšÍfy©³| Kv‡RB G‡K
cvj©v‡g‡›Ui mvaviY AvBb cÖYq‡bi g‡Zv mvaviY msL¨vMwiô †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| Gi cwieZ©‡bi
Rb¨ GK we‡kl c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq| AšÍZ `yB Z…Zxqvsk msm` m`‡m¨i m¤§wZ cÖ‡qvRb msweav‡bi †Kvb avivi
ms‡kvabx‡Z| wKš‘ ZvB e‡j evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ms‡kvab c×wZ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi msweav‡bi ms‡kvab c×wZi
b¨vq RwUj bq| G‡K hZ`yi m¤¢e ÔmycwieZ©bxqÕ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Zv e„‡U‡bi msweav‡bi ms‡kvabxi g‡Zv
mycwieZ©bxq bq| msweav‡bi 142 bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q †h, RvZxq msm‡`i (cvj©v‡g‡›Ui) AvBb Øviv msweav‡bi
†h †Kvb weavb ms‡kvwaZ ev iwnZ Kiv hv‡e|
hy³iv‡óª msweavb ms‡kvabxi Rb¨ wZb-PZz_©vsk A½iv‡R¨i m¤§wZ cÖ‡qvRb| wm‡b‡Ui Aby‡gv`‡bi ci Zv‡Z Avevi
‡cÖwm‡W‡›UiI Aby‡gv`b `iKvi| Ab¨w`‡K hy&³iv‡R¨ wjwLZ msewavb bv _vKvq Kvh©Z miKvix `j mvaviY
msL¨vMwióZvq msweavb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| fvi‡Z msweavb ms‡kva‡bi †¶‡Î wbgœK¶ †jvKmfv GKK ¶gZvi
AwaKvix| Z‡e Zv mvaviY msL¨vMwiôZvq Kiv hvq bv| e¯‘Z we‡k¦i †Kv_vI wjwLZ msweavb mvaviY msL¨v‡fv‡U
ms‡kvab Kiv hvq bv| msweavb A‡c¶vK…Z ¯’vqx I HKg‡Z¨i `wjj nIqvq cÖwZwU ivóªB msweavb ms‡kva‡bi †¶‡Î
we‡kl wKQz c`‡¶c I ixwZ AbymiY K‡i|
evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi ms‡kvab c×wZ
msweav‡bi `kg fv‡M 142 Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q, RvZxq msm` AvBb Øviv msweav‡bi †Kv‡bv weavb ms‡kvab ev
iwnZ Kivi ¶gZv iv‡L| Z‡e G Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ kZ©¸‡jv cvjb Ki‡Z nq :
1| wk‡ivbvg/welq wbav©iY: ms‡kvabx ev iwnZKi‡Yi Rb¨ AvbxZ †Kv‡bv we‡ji m¤úbœ wk‡ivbv‡gi D‡jøL _vK‡Z
n‡e| GQvov msweav‡bi †Kvb weavb ms‡kvab ev iwnZ Kiv n‡e, Zvi ¯úó D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq wejwU
we‡ePbvi Rb¨ MÖnY Kiv hv‡e bv|
2| msm` KZ©„K MÖnY: msm‡`i †gvU m`m¨msL¨vi b~¨bZg `yB-Z…Zxqvs‡ki †fv‡U M„nxZ bv n‡j Abyi~c †Kv‡bv wej
ivóªcwZi m¤§wZ`v‡bi Rb¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e bv|
3| iv‡óªcwZi Aby‡gv`b: wejwU msm` KZ©„K h_v wbq‡g M„nxZ nevi ci m¤§wZi Rb¨ ivóªcwZi wbKU Dc¯’vcb Kiv
n‡j ivóªcwZ mvZ w`‡bi g‡a¨ wejwU‡Z m¤§wZ †`‡eb| wKš‘ ivóªcwZ hw` D³ mvZ w`‡bi g‡a¨ wejwU‡Z m¤§wZ w`‡Z
Amg_© nb Z‡e D³ †gqv†`i Aemv‡b wZwb wejwU‡Z m¤§wZ w`‡q‡Qb e‡j MY¨ n‡e| Gi mnR A_© `vuovq msweavb
ms‡kvabx‡Z ivó«cwZi AvcwË †Zgb GKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| wbqgZvwš¿K cÖavb wn‡m‡e wZwb †Kej msm‡`i wm×všÍ
Aby‡gv`b Ki‡eb|
GQvovI ivlUªcwZi cÂg ms‡kvabx Av‡`k (1978) G ejv n‡q‡Q †h, msweav‡bi cÖ¯Ívebv, ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ
wbKU Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡j ivóªcwZ D³ we‡j m¤§wZ †`‡eb Kx bv Zv wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ mvZ w`‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU
MY‡fvU Abyôv‡bi e¨e¯’v Ki‡eb| MY‡fv‡U wejwU msL¨vMwiô Rbmg_©b Av`v‡q m¶g n‡j ivóªcwZ wejwU‡Z m¤§wZ
w`‡q‡Qb e‡j MY¨ n‡e, Ab¨w`‡K hw` wejwU msL¨vMwiô Rbmg_©b Av`v‡q e¨_© nq Zvn‡j wejwU‡Z ivóªcwZi m¤§wZ
†bB e‡j MY¨ n‡e| m`¨ mgvß 15 Zg ms‡kvabxi †¶‡Î Aek¨ MY‡fv‡Ui weavb evwZj Kiv n‡q‡Q| bZyb
ms‡kvabx AvBb Abyhvqx AwaKvi, ¶gZv, MÖnY, wbev©Pb, ag©wbi‡c¶Zv cÖf„wZ welq m¤úwK©Z aviv †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB
cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e bv e‡j w¯’i Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mvi-ms‡¶c
MYZvwš¿K †`‡k msweavb ms‡kvab c×wZ GKwU RwUj cÖwµqv| wKš‘ cwieZ©bkxj cwiw¯’wZi †cÖ¶vc‡U msweav‡bi
ms‡kvab GKwU Awbevh© welq| ZvB msweavb cÖYq‡bi mgqB we‡k¦i AwaKvsk ivóª Zv ms‡kva‡bi c×wZ wba©viY
K‡i †`q| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi †¶‡ÎI Gi e¨wZµg N‡Uwb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 8.5
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ms‡kvabxi wbqgvejx I c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ms‡kvabx c×wZ AZ¨šÍ RwUj bq, ms‡kva‡bi c×wZ Av‡jvPbv mv‡c‡¶ G gšÍe¨ we‡kølY
Kiyb|
BDwbU-8 c„ôvÑ130
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

cvV-6: evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi †kªôZ¡ wbiƒcY

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

DËg msweavb ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

DËg msweav‡bi ‰ewk‡ó¨i Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi mv`„k¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi †kªôZ¡ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

msweavb ivóª cwiPvjbvi †gŠwjK `wjj| Gi ØvivB Ôg~j¨‡ev‡ai KZ©„Z¡c~Y© eivÏ' (authoritative allocation of
values) wbwðZ n‡q _v‡K| msweavb ivR‰bwZK, cÖkvmwbK, mvgwiK mKj cÖwZôv‡bi ¶gZvi cwiwa wbw`©ó K‡i
†`q| Zv bvMwi‡Ki Rxeb weKv‡k cÖ‡qvRbxq AwaKvi mg~nI †NvlYv K‡i| Avevi msweavb GKwU Rb‡Mvôxi
cÖMwZkxjZvI aviY K‡i| msweavbnxb ivóª gnv mgy‡`ª K¤úvmwenxb Rvnv‡Ri m‡½ Zzjbxq| GRb¨B ivóªweÁv‡bi
RbK GwióUj e‡j‡Qb, ÔConstitution is the way of life that the state has chosen for itself.’ evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb‡K mvivwe‡k¦ Dbœqbkxj iv‡óªi g‡Wj msweavb wnmv‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| we‡k¦i L¨vwZg¨vb A‡bK AvBb I
ivRbxwZK AKc‡U e‡j‡Qb, evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg †kªô msweavb| Z‡e Zv‡`i G Dw³ KZUv mZ¨ Zv
Av‡jvPbvi `vex iv‡L| Avgiv eZ©gvb cv‡V DËg msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv mv‡c‡¶ evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi
†kªôZ¡ ev DËgZv hvPvB Ki‡ev|

DËg msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨

DËg msweavb ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZwK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœq‡bi ewjô nvwZqvi| wb‡P DËg
msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv-
1| my¯úóZv I mywbw`©óZv: DËg msweavb n‡e my¯úó I mywbw`©ó| GwUi cªavb bxwZmg~n my¯úó I mywbw`©óiƒ‡c
wjwLZ _v‡K| Gi A_© I e¨vL¨v wb‡q wØgZ †`Lv †`q bv| msweav‡bi fvlv I e¨vL¨vq †Kv‡bv A¯úóZv _vK‡e bv|
2| msw¶ßZv: msweav‡b bvMwiK Rxe‡bi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© †jLv _vK‡e|Z‡e Zv n‡e msw¶ß|Gme w`‡Ki hv wKQz
Acwinvh© ïay ZvB †jLv _vK‡e| K.C. Where (†K.wm. ûqvi) e‡jb, ÒAv`k© msweav‡bi GKwU Ri“wi ˆewkó¨ nj
GUv hZUv m¤¢e msw¶ß n‡e|Ó (One essential characteristics of the ideaslly best for of constitution that it
should be as short as possible.)
3| e¨vcKZv: mvgwMÖKfv‡e iv‡óªi wewfbœ As‡ki MVb I ivR‰bwZK ¶gZvi cª‡qvM c×wZ, kvmK I kvwm‡Zi
m¤ú‡K©i iƒc‡iLv cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K© msweav‡b D‡j- L _vKv DwPZ|
4| wjwLZ: DËg msweavb n‡e wjwLZ| †Kbbv wjwLZ msweavb A‡bK †ewk my®úó I mywbw`©ó nq| AwjwLZ
msweav‡bi e¨vL¨v wb‡q we‡iv‡ai my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| e¯‘Z e„‡Ub Qvov we‡k¦i †Kv_vI AwjwLZ msweav‡bi bwRi †bB|
Kv‡RB DËg msweavb wjwLZ nIqv DwPZ|
5| ¯’vwqZ¡: ¯’vwqZ¡ ev w¯’wZkxjZv DËg msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| msweavb ¯’vqx n‡j Zv cÖKvivš—‡i ivR‰bwZK
w¯’wZkxjZv G‡b †`q Ges A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZi mnvqK nq|
6| ‡gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii mwbœ‡ek: DËg msweav‡b Aek¨B RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi mwbœ‡ewkZ _vK‡e| msweav‡b
†gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii D‡j- L _vK‡j miKvi KLbI †m”QvPvix n‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi d‡j RbMY AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb
nq Ges kvmb wefvM RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi ¶zbœ Ki‡Z D`¨Z n‡j RbMY AwZ mn‡RB miKv‡ii weiy‡× AvBb
f‡½i Awf‡hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
7| hy‡Mvc‡hvwMZv: RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v I Avkv-AvKv•¶v c~i†Yi Rb¨ msweav‡b cÖ‡qvR‡b ms‡kvab, cwieZ©b I
cwiea©b Kivi weavb _vK‡Z n‡e| GwU DËg msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| msweavb‡K Aek¨B mvgvwRK I ivóªxq
Rxe‡bi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z nq| wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•¶v cÖwZwbqZ cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q| msweavb
cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ weavb Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j ivR‰bwZK Ø›Ø -msNvZ †`Lv †`q| G‡Z wec- ‡ei m~Pbv
n‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-131
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

8| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv e›Ub: msweavb Abyhvqx miKvi AvBbMZ mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i AaKvix Ges RbMY ivR‰bwZK
mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i AwaKvix| DËg msweav‡b miKvi Ges RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi g‡a¨ Ggbfv‡e fvimvg¨ i¶v Kiv
n‡e †hb Df‡qi g‡a¨ gayiZi m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ nq|
9| ga¨ cš’vi Abymvix : DËg msweavb Pig cÖK…wZi n‡e bv| GwU Ggb cÖK…wZi n‡e bv †h, mvavib msL¨v MwiôZvq
miKvi cÖav‡bi gwR© gvwdK Zv hb hb cwieZ©b n‡e| Avevi GgbwUI n‡e bv †h, weccøe ev i³cvZ Qvov Zv
cwieZ©b m¤¢e bq| Aa¨cK n¨viì jvw¯‹ (Harold Laski) e‡j‡Qb, DËg msweavb e„‡U‡bi g‡Zv mycwieZ©bxq n‡e
bv, Avevi hy³iv‡óªi msweav‡bi g‡Zv Kvh©Z AcwieZ©bxq cÖK…wZi n‡e bv eis G `y‡qi ga¨eZx© Ae¯’vq _vK‡e|
10| msweav‡bi fvimvg¨ msi¶Yt mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv e›U‡bi gva¨‡g wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ i¶vI DËg
msweav‡bi GKwU ˆewkó¨| miKv‡ii wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi ¶gZv Ggb †ewk nIqv DwPZ bq, hvi d‡j AvBb wefvM `ye©j
n‡Z cv‡i A_ev wePvi wefvMxq ch©‡e¶Y ¶gZv GZ †ewk nIqv DwPZ bq hv‡Z AvBb wefvM `vwqZ¡nxb n‡q c‡o|
DËg msweavb ZvB ¶gZvi mylg e›Ub Ges fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i Pj‡e|
11| msweavb cwieZ©b c×wZi mwbœ‡ekt Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b DËg msweavb‡K Aek¨B cwieZ©bkxj n‡Z n‡e Ges G
cwieZ©b Kxfv‡e mvwaZ n‡e ZvI msweav‡b my¯úófv‡e wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e| d‡j msweav‡bi †h‡Kvb ms‡kvab ev
cwigvR©‡b A‡nZzK wej¤^ ev RwUjZvi AeKvk _vK‡e bv|
12| RbM‡Yi a¨vb-aviYvi m‡½ mvgvÄm¨c~Y© msweavbt Rbvmvavi‡Yi weKv‡ki Rb¨B msweav‡bi AeZviYv| DËg
msweavb Ggbfv‡e msMwVZ n‡e, †hb Zv RbM‡Yi a¨vb-aviYvi m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© n‡q I‡V| Ab¨_vq RbMY Zv
cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| ewntkw³ KZ©„K Av‡ivwcZ msweavb ZvB †Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi wbKU DËg n‡Z cv‡i bv|
13| msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨t msweav‡b †Kej gyL‡ivPK wewagvjvi mwbœ‡ek n‡jB n‡e bv, ev¯—e †¶‡Î †m¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvM
_vK‡Z n‡e| DËg msweavb †njv‡djvi welq bq, mvsweavwbKfv‡eB msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
14| wePvi wefv‡Mi KZ…©Z¡t ivóªxq mKj cÖwZôv‡bi Ici wePvi wefv‡Mi wbi¼zk cÖvavb¨ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i GKgvÎ
DËg msweavbB| msweavb e¨vL¨v Kivi ev iv‡óªi †kl K_vwU ejvi AwaKvi _vK‡e Aek¨B wePvi wefv‡Mi| ‡Kbbv
msweavb e¨vL¨vi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q †Kej D”P Av`vj‡Zi| DËg msweavb wePvi wefv‡Mi GB †kªôZ¡ ev cÖvavb¨ cÖwZôv
Ki‡e|

evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb KZUv DËg

evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb KZUv DËg Zv Dc‡ii DwjøwLZ ˆewkó¨vewj KZUv aviY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q †m Av‡jv‡K hvPvB
Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb msweav‡bi KwZcq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ‰ewkó¨ GLv‡b Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv GKvšÍ Avek¨K|
cÖ_gZt evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªKvVv‡gvi ¯^xK…wZ msweav‡b my¯úófv‡e cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k †h‡nZz †Kvb A½ivR¨
ev cÖ‡`k ‡bB, †m‡nZz GLv‡b miKv‡ii mKj ¶gZv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z b¨¯Í n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK
Ae¯’vb I AvqZ‡bi ev¯ÍeZv‡K Kvh©Kfv‡eB aviY K‡i‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb|
wØZxqZt msweavbB evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P AvBb| †Kvb ms¯’v ev cÖwZôvb KZ©„K cÖYxZ AvBb msweav‡bi m‡½
AmvgÄm¨ n‡j Zv hZUzKz AmvgÄm¨ ZZUzKz evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e|| evsjv‡`‡ki f~L‡Û me©Î GB msweav‡bi
cÖvavb¨B ¯^xK…Z|
Z…ZxqZt miKv‡ii wefbœ A‡½i g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ cÖwZôvi †Póv i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b| AvBb, kvmb I wePvi
wefvM hv‡Z ¯^ ¯^ cwigÛ‡j wbR `vwqZ¡ h_vh_fv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i evsjv‡`k msweavb †mw`‡K we‡kl bRi
w`‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ ¶gZv mylgfv‡e ew›UZ n‡q‡Q msweav‡bi Av‡jv‡K|
PZy_©Zt wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨ e¨ZxZ RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii msi¶Y m¤¢e bq- GK_v †f‡eB evsjv‡`‡ki
msweav‡b wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨ ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb e¨vL¨v Kivi GKgvÎ AwaKvi i‡q‡Q wePvi
wefv‡Mi| wePvi wefv‡Mi i‡q‡Q ÔwePvi wefvMxq ch©v‡jvPbvÕ ¶gZv| msm` Ab¨vqfv‡e RbM‡Yi AwaKvi niY
Ki‡j wKsev ivó« Zvi GK‡Kw›`ªKZv nviv‡j wePvi wefvMxq ch©v‡jvPbv ¶gZvi gva¨‡g Av`vjZ Zv evwZj Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

BDwbU-8 c„ôvÑ132
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

cÂgZt we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi msweav‡bi b¨vq evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bI ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxxZ mg~n
wjwce× Kiv n‡q‡Q| RvZxqZvev`, MYZš¿, ag©wbi‡c¶Zv, mgvRZš¿ G 4wU †gŠj Av`k© evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb
ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q‡Q cÂ`k ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g|
lôZt †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii ¯úó †NvlYv evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb‡K wewkóZv `vb K‡i‡Q| RbM‡Yi mv‡g¨i AwaKvi,
Pjv‡div, mfv-mwgwZ, wPšÍv I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv, evK¯^vaxbZv, m¤úwËi ¯^vaxbZv, ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv, †ckv MÖn‡Yi
¯^vaxbZv, `j MV‡bi ¯^vaxbZv cÖf„wZ †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb wbwðZ K‡i‡Q| Riywi Ae¯’v e¨ZxZ
ivóª Rbmvavi‡Yi Gme AwaKvi msi¶‡Y eva¨|
mßgZt evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg ga¨cš’v AbymiYKvix msweavb| ejv n‡q _v‡K evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb
`y®úwieZ©bxq Ges wjwLZ| A_P cª‡qvRbxq g~n~‡Z© evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb‡K Abvqv‡mB ms‡kvab Kiv hvq, †Kvb
cÖKvi msNvZ-msN‡l©i c_ cwinvi K‡iB| cÖwZôvi 40 eQ‡i 15 evi ms‡kvab evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi G
bgbxqZv‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i|
AógZt evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb †Kvb ÔevYx wPišÍbxiÕ mgwó bq| RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•¶vi m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L cwiea©b-
cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g GwU hy‡Mvc‡hvMx nq|
begZt MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb GKwU we¯—vwiZ wjwLZ `wjj| msweavbwU 11wU fv‡M wef³ Ges Zv‡Z
153wU Aby‡”Q`, GKwU cÖ¯—vebv I Zv‡Z 4wU Zdwmj i‡q‡Q| GB msweavb `xN© Z‡e `xN©Zi bq| wjwLZiƒc
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb‡K wewkóZv `vb K‡i‡Q|
`kgZt wjwLZ I `y®úwieZ©bxq cÖK…wZi n‡jI evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb wKQzUv bgbxq cÖK…wZi| cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨
hy³iv‡ó«i g‡Zv AZ¨šÍ RwUj cš’v Aej¤^‡bi cª‡qvRb nq bv| RvZxq msm‡`i †gvU m`‡m¨i `y-Z„Zxqvs‡ki
Aby‡gv`‡b †h‡Kvb ms‡kvabx cÖ¯Íve M„nxZ nq| A_¨v©r GRb¨ †Kvb we‡kl cš’v Aej¤^‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
GKv`kZt evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b mKj Rb‡Mvôxi mg¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi cvkvcvwk mgv‡Ri AbMÖmi As‡ki ¯^v‡_©
we‡kl weav‡biI e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, AbMÖmi we‡ePbvq evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 65(3)
avivq we‡kl weavb¯^iƒc bvixi Rb¨ RvZxq msm‡`i Avmb msiw¶Z ivLv| G avivi Aax‡b ¯’vbxq kvmbmsµvšÍ
cÖwZôvbmg~‡n bvix cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mvims‡¶c
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ, kvmK-kvwm‡Zi m¤úK©,
AwaKv‡ii cÖkœ BZ¨vw` wel‡q e¨vL¨v i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i msi¶Y I RvZxq AMÖMwZ
wbwðZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g Rbmvavi‡Yi mvwe©K gyw³i evZ©v GB msweavb| GK‡Kw›`ªK iv‡óªi Rbmvavi‡Yi MYZvwš¿K
†PZbvi ewntcÖKvk N‡U‡Q GB wjwLZ `wj‡j| bgbxq cÖK…wZ evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb‡K K‡i‡Q hy‡Mvc‡hvMx| GKvwaK
ms‡kvabxi avivevwnKZvq me©‡kl cÂ`k ms‡kvabx GB msweavb‡K K‡i‡Q Av‡iv cyó Ges Kj¨vYKvgx| 1972
mv‡ji g~j msweav‡b cÖYxZ 4wU ivóªxq †gŠjbxwZi cybe©vi ¯^xK…wZ evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq e¨e¯’v‡K K‡i‡Q my¯úó| G¸‡jv
¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•¶vi evšÍe cÖwZ”Qwe| Avi ZvB G K_v ejv ‡gv‡UB AZz¨w³ n‡e
bv †h, evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg †kªô msweavb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 8.6

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. DËg msweavb ej‡Z wK †evSvq? DËg msweav‡bi ˆewk󨸇jv eY©bv Kiyb|
2. evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb wKiƒc? Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-133
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-7: evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb mgm¨v

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

mykvmb ej‡Z Kx eySvh Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

mykvm‡bi ‰ewkó¨ mg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi mgm¨v mg~n wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Dbœqb I kvmb cÖwµqvq mykvmb GK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© cÖc (phenomenon)| bvMwiK AwaKvi cÖwZôv,
miKv‡ii Revew`wnZv, bvixi ¶gZvqb, `ybx©wZ `~ixKiY, A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb, wkívqb me †¶‡ÎB mykvmb Riywi|
Z…Zxq we‡k¦ mykvm‡bi mgm¨v‡K me mgm¨vi g~j KviY wnmv‡e mbv³ K‡i‡Q `vZviv| Zv‡`i g‡Z, Gme iv‡óª
m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv i‡q‡Q| Z‡e Gi †_‡KI eo mgm¨v n‡jv m¤ú‡`i e¨e¯’vcbv I `ybx©wZ| GKwU eûgyLx aviYv wn‡m‡e
(Multi-dimentional) mykvm‡bi D™¢e nq g~jZ 1990 Gi `k‡K| ÔmeyR wecøeÕ Avi KvVv‡gvMZ mgš^q Kg©m~wPi
e¨_©Zvi ci wek¦e¨vsK I AvBGgGd Dbœq‡bi kZ© wnmv‡e G aviYvi AeZvibv K‡i| †gvUv `v‡M mykvm‡bi cÖavb
†¶‡Î mg~n n‡jv-
(K) ivR‰bwZKt MYZš¿ I Revew`wnZv wbwðZ KiY
(L) A_©‰bwZKt gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ I †emiKvixKiY
(M) mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK t cwðgv ms¯‹…wZi cÖmvi
(N) Z_¨ I cÖhyw³t †Møvevj wf‡jR wbgv©‡Yi †¯øvMv‡b wek¦Ry‡o Z_¨-cÖhyw³i cÖmvi|

mykvm‡bi msÁv I ˆewkó¨

ivóªxq kvmb KvVv‡gv‡K RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y Kv‡R jvMvevi Rb¨ beŸB `k‡K kvmbe¨e¯’vq GKwU bZyb aviYvi
AeZviYv n‡q‡Q| GB aviYvwU n‡jv bvbv ai‡bi G‡RwÝ I `vZvms¯’v cÖ`Ë ¸W Mf‡b©Ý ev mykvmb m¤úwK©Z aviYv|
mykvm‡bi me©RbMÖvn¨ msÁv bv _vK‡jI AemicÖvß weªwUk ¯’vqx mwPe Sir Kennth Stowe mykvm‡bi wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e
KZ¸‡jv wel‡qi K_v D‡j- L K‡i‡Qb| †hgb :
K. ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv, evK¯^vaxbZv Ges GKwU wbe©vwPZ AvBbmfv;
L. e¨w³mËvi AwaKvi msi¶‡Y msweavb Ges wePvi wefv‡Mi ¶gZv;
M. w¯’wZkxj gy`ªve¨e¯’v Ges A_©‰bwZK I mvgwRK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ c`‡¶c MÖnY;
N. wk¶v I ¯^v¯’¨‡mevi gva¨‡g mvwe©K mvgvwRK Dbœqb;
O. GKwU ¯^vaxb wbe©vwPZ AvBbmfvi Kv‡Q wbe©vnx KZ…©c‡¶i Revew`wnZv;
wek¦e¨vs‡Ki g‡Zv wb‡gœv³ welqmg~n mykvm‡bi Acwinvh© Dcv`vb;
K. miKvwi I A_©‰bwZK Kv‡R `¶Zv;
L. ¯^vaxb wePvi e¨e¯’v;
M. cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨e¯’vcbv;
N. Revew`wng~jK cÖkvmb;
O. ¯^vaxb miKvwi wbix¶K;
P. cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK AvBbmfvi Kv‡Q `vqe×Zv;
Q. AvBb I gvbevwaKvi msi¶Y;
R. eûgyLx mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv;
S. msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv;
Ab¨w`‡K cwðgv †`k¸‡jv mykvm‡bi PviwU w`‡Ki K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Q| Zv‡`i g‡Z-
K. mykvmb n‡jv RbM‡Yi wbev©wPZ cÖwZwbwa‡`i gva¨‡g kvmb e¨e¯’v cwiPvjbv|
L. mykvmb cÖwµqv Aek¨B AvB‡bi Ici cÖwZwôZ| A_©vr mevi Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ AvB‡bi gva¨g ivóªe¨e¯’v
wbqš¿Y|
M. mykvmb n‡jv ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK Revew`wnZvi wbwðZKiY|

BDwbU-8 c„ôvÑ134
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

N. cÖkvmwbK `¶Zv Ges MYZvwš¿K kvmb KvVv‡gvi kw³kvjxKiY|

evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv
evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb me©RbMÖvn¨ †¯øvMvb n‡jI Zv wbwðZ Kiv AZ¨šÍ KwVb e¨vcvi|| evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôv,
cÖkvm‡b ¯^”QZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z g~jZ cvuP cÖKvi mgm¨v cwijw¶Z nq hv wbgœiƒc :
1| Revew`wnZvi Afve: evsjv‡`‡k cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v Ges ivR‰bwZK KZ…©c‡¶i Revew`wnZvi Afve i‡q‡Q|
AwZgvÎvq AvgjvZvwš¿KZv, ¯^RbcÖxwZ I `ybx©wZi Rb¨ cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©viv Zv‡`i KvRK‡g©i Revew`wn K‡ibv|
ivR‰bwZK †bZviv Kvh©Z Revew`wnZvi D‡a©| ZvQvov wbgœgv‡bi ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ Revew`wnZvi †¶‡Î AšÍivq m„wó
K‡i‡Q| Revew`wnZvi Afve evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb AšÍivq|
2| Avgjv‡`i Abxnv: evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôv I cÖkvm‡b ¯^”QZv wbwðZKi‡Yi GKwU Ab¨Zg evav AvgjvZvwš¿K
RwUjZv| Gi d‡j mvaviY RbMY †mev †_‡K ewÂZ nq| ˆZix nq c‡` c‡` Nyl †`evi ms¯‹…wZ| cÖkvm‡bi A‡bK
RwUj I KwVb KvR Avgjviv AwZ mn‡R cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY cÖkvm‡bi dvuK-‡dvKi m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i
AwfÁZv AZ¨š— e¨vcK| GB AwfÁZv I Ávb K‡‡R jvwM‡q Avgjviv bxwZ cÖYqb I ev¯—evqb evavMÖ¯— K‡i|
evsjv‡`k mykvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡j Ges ¯^”Q Db¥y³ cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v Kv‡qg n‡j Avgjv‡`i ¶gZv K‡g hv‡e- GB
Avk¼vq Avgjviv KLbB Pvq bv †`‡k mykvmb cÖwZwôZ †nvK|
3| cyiv‡bv AvB‡bi ms¯‹vi bv nIqv : cyi‡bv, Ach©vß I AcÖvmw½K eû AvBb cÖkvmb cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î cÖPwjZ
_vKvq mvavi‡Yi c‡¶ GmKj AvB‡bi mwVK e¨vL¨v I h_v_© A_© wbiƒcY Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| Avi G Kvi‡Y Avgjviv
`ybx©wZ, ¯^RbcÖxwZ, AbvPvi e„w×i my‡hvM cvq, hv mykvm‡bi AšÍivq m„wó K‡i|
4| `ybx©wZ : cÖkvm‡b wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³eM© iv‡óªi me†P‡q `vwqZ¡kxj e¨w³| Zv‡`i Ici Awc©Z KvR iv‡óªi †KvwU
RbZvi fvM¨ wbav©iY K‡i| Zv‡`i ‰bwZK wk¶v wbgœgv‡bi n‡j †mevi gvbwmKZv, Z¨v‡Mi gvbwmKZv m„wó nq bv|
ivRbxwZwe` I Avgjviv hw` `ybx©wZ Ges ¯^RbcÖxwZi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq Z‡e mykvmb ev¯—evqb Am¤¢e e¨vcvi|
5| cÖkvmwbK `jxqKiY : evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvq Ab¨Zg Aš—ivq n‡jv cÖkvmwbK `jxqKiY| mKj
ivR‰bwZK `jB cÖkvmb‡K wb‡R‡`i AvZ¥i¶vi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvq| Avi Gi d‡j †hvM¨ †jvK
wb‡qvM cvqbv| A‡bK †¶‡Î Zviv wb‡qvM †c‡jI ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvqbv `jxq we‡ePbvq| Avi G Kvi‡Y ivó«
GKw`‡K †gavex cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v‡`i †mev †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q Ab¨w`‡K Zv `ybx©wZi Rš§ w`‡”Q|

mvi-ms‡¶c
bvMwiK AwaKvi cÖwZôv, miKv‡ii Revew`wnZv, bvixi ¶gZvqb, `ybx©wZ `~ixKiY, A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb, wkívqb,
AvaywbKxKiY, Rxeb gvb e„w× me †¶‡ÎB mykvmb Riywi| `ybx©wZ, AvgjvZvwš¿KZv, ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv, wbe©vPbx
we‡iva, ivóª cÖkvm‡b mvgwiK n¯Í‡¶c m‡ev©cwi cÖkvmwbK Ges ivR‰bwZK KZ…©c‡¶i Revew`wnZvi Afve evsjv‡`‡k
mykvmb cÖwZôvb eo evav|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 8.7

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. mykvmb ej‡Z wK eySvq? evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi mgm¨v mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-135
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8: evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb wbwðZ Kivi Dcvq

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi mgm¨v `~ixKi‡Yi w`K wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

mykvmb wbwðZ Kivi Dcvq

wb‡gœ mykvmb wbwðZ Kivi Dcvq ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
1| Revew`wnZv wbwðZKiY: Revew`wnZv ej‡Z Avgiv eywS wb‡Ri KvR m¤ú‡K© A‡b¨i Kv‡Q e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv|
evsjv‡`‡ki Revew`wnZvi Afve i‡q‡Q| AwZgvÎvq AvgjvZvwš¿KZv, ¯^RbcÖxwZ I `ybx©wZi Rb¨ cÖkvmwbK
Kg©KZ©viv Zv‡`i KvRK‡g©i Rb¨ Revew`wn K‡ibv| ZvQvovI wbgœgv‡bi ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ cÖkvm‡bi Revew`wnZvi
†¶‡Î AšÍivq m„wó K‡i‡Q| ZvB mykvmb cÖwZôvq cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v Ges ivR‰bwZK KZ…©c‡¶i Revew`wnZv cÖwZôv
Ki‡Z n‡e|
2| DbœZ cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb: mykvmb cÖwZôvi j‡¶ cÖwk¶Y cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Avgjv‡`i g‡a¨ †ckv`vwiZ¡ m„wó Ki‡Z
n‡e| ÔmZZv, ˆbwZKZv, `vwqZ¡kxjZv †Kvb D”P †kªYxi †ckv`vix msMV‡bi cªavb kZ© Õ-GB †eva RvMÖZKi‡Yi
gva‡g cÖkvmK‡`i Kv‡Ri ¯^”QZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi d‡j mykvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡e|
3| †gav I `¶Zvi wfwˇZ wb‡qvM: mwVK hvPvB-evQvB‡qi gva¨‡g †gavwfwËK I `¶ZvwfwËK wb‡qvM wbwðZKi‡Yi
Øviv cÖkvmb‡K Revew`wnZvm¤úbœ cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ Kiv m¤¢e hv mykvm‡b mnvqK n‡e|
4| ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvM cÖwZôv: c„w_exi A‡bK iv‡óªB wePvi wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g AvgjvZš¿‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| mvaviY
wePvi e¨e¯’vi AvIZvq A_ev we‡kl wePv‡ii AvIZvq AvgjvZ‡š¿i †Kvb Ab¨vq ev `ybx©wZi wePvi I kvw¯— cÖ`v‡bi
gva¨‡g AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kiv hvq| Avi Gi gva¨‡gB cÖwZôZ Kiv hv‡e mykvmb|
5| ch©‡e¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v: mykvmb cÖwZôvq Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ mgqgxgv, ¸YMZ gvb hvPvB Ges wbw`©ó mg‡q
Kg©m¤úv`‡bi cwigvYMZ w`K we‡ePbvi Rb¨ EaŸ©Zb KZ©„c‡¶i wbweo ch©‡e¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
6| ivR‰bwZK cÖvwZôvwbKxKiY: mykvm‡bi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK cÖvwZôvwbKKxKiY GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© kZ©| ivR‰bwZK
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv hw` Zv‡`i f~wgKv mwVKfv‡e cvjb K‡i, Z‡e evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv mnR n‡e|
7| AvBb k„•Ljvi¶vKvix evwnbxi Revew`wnZv : †`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvi Rb¨ AvBbk„•Ljv i¶vKvix cÖwZôvb, we‡kl
K‡i cywjk cÖkvm‡bi KvRK‡g©i Revew`wnZv I ¯^”QZv wbwðZ Kiv Avek¨K|
8| cÖPvigva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZv : ‡`‡ki RbMY‡K DØy×Ki‡Yi †¶‡Î cÖPvigva¨‡gi f~wgKv me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
cÖPvigva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Lye mn‡R Rbm‡PZbZv e„w× Kiv hvq| ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖn‡Y Zv‡`i†K DØy× Kiv
hvq| Dciš—y cÖPvigva¨g `ybx©wZ †iva I cÖkvm‡bi Revew`wnZv wbwðKi‡Y fzwgKv iv‡L| ZvB cªPvi gva¨‡gi
¯^vaxbZv cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g †`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e|
9| ivR‰bwZK mw`”Qv : †`‡k mykvm‡bi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK mw`”Qv me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq|| GKgvÎ ivR‰bwZK
`j¸‡jvi HKgZ¨B cv‡i †`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvi c_ Db¥y³ Ki‡Z|

mvi-ms‡¶c
mykvm‡bi eûwea A_© i‡q‡Q| GwU iv‡ó«i ev¯ÍeZv, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’vi Ici eûjvs‡k
wbf©ikxj| evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb wbwðZ Ki‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vmg~n ivR‰bwZK I AvgjvZvwš¿K Revew`wnZv, ¯^vaxb
I `¶ wePvi e¨e¯’v, kw³kvjx miKvwi cÖwZôvb, myôz wbe©vPb, ¯^”Q I `ybx©wZgy³ cÖkvm‡bi Ici ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc Ki‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb: 8.8

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
1. evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi mgm¨vmg~n wKfv‡e `yi Kiv hvq Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. evsjv‡`‡k wKfv‡e mykvmb wbwðZ Kiv hvq Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

BDwbU-8 c„ôvÑ136
 evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

cvV-9: evsjv‡`‡ki ciivó«bxwZi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ

ciivó«bxwZ wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡ki ciivó«bxwZi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evsjv‡`‡ki ciivó«bxwZi wba©viK mg~n m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M cÖwZwU ivóªB G‡K Ac‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj| cÖwZwU ivóªB A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK Ges
mvgwiK †¶‡Î mg„w× AR©‡bi Rb¨ Aci iv‡óªi mv‡_ Abyiƒc m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i| ivóª Aek¨ RvZxq ¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi
Rb¨B ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ cÖYqb K‡i| GRb¨ Rvg©vb ivó«bvqK I AvaywbK ciivó«bxwZi Ab¨Zg iƒcKvi wemgvK©
e‡j‡Qb, ÔAf¨šÍixY bxwZi m¤cÖmviYB n‡jv ciivóª bxwZ|Õ c„w_exi mKj iv‡óªi b¨vq evsjv‡`‡kiI wbR¯^ ˆe‡`wkK
bxwZ i‡q‡Q| i‡q‡Q AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© wewbg©v‡Yi †¶‡Î wbR¯^ `„wófw½|
ciivóªbxwZi msÁv
ciivóª bxwZi cÖavb j¶¨ RvZxq ¯^v_© (National interest) i¶v Kiv| ciivóªbxwZi Bs‡iwR cwifvlv n‡jv `Foreign
Policy' | g~jZ bxwZ n‡jv `a guideline for action'| Aa¨vcK c¨v‡Wj‡dvW©, wj¼b I Ajwfi gZvbymv‡i bxwZ n‡jv
†Kvb cÖwµqvi mg¨K dj, hvi gva¨‡g D‡Ïk¨vejx AR©b I ¯^v_©msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb ivóª Zvi we¯Í…Z j¶¨ I ¯^v_©‡K
mywbw`©ó Kv‡h© cwiYZ K‡i| Z‡e †h †Kvb iv‡óªi G bxwZ‡K `yfv‡M wef³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i- Af¨š—ixY bxwZ ev
`domestic Policy' Ges ciivóªbxwZ ev `Foreign Policy'|

evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZi wba©viKmg~n

†Kvb ivó«B †Lqvj-LywkgZ ciivóªbxwZ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ciivóª bxwZi cÖavb wba©viK RvZxq ¯^v_©| KZK¸‡jv
welq i‡q‡Q hv ciivóªbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| Gme welq‡K wba©viK ev Determinants ejv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki
ciivó«bxwZi wba©viK mg~n‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :
1. Af¨šÍixY wba©viKmg~n I
2. ewnt¯’ wba©viKmg~n
1. Af¨šÍixY wba©viKmg~n‡K Avevi `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v -
K. ¯’vqx wba©viK : f~-ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vb, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` cÖf„wZ| g~jZ G¸‡jvB evsjv‡`‡ki ciivó«bxwZi ¯’vqx
wba©viK| f~-ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v†bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki ciivó«bxwZ‡Z fviZ I Pxb LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
L. A¯’vqx wba©viK : ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ, RbgZ, ivR‰bwZK `j, msm`, wePvi wefvM, MYgva¨‡gi f~wgKv,
Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx, mvgwiK I A_©‰bwZK kw³mg~n, RvwZmsN, AvÂwjK ms¯’v BZ¨vw`| Gme welqvejx wewfbœfv‡e
evsjv‡`‡ki ciivó«bxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZi D‡Ïk¨
evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZi KZK¸‡jv mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv nj :
1. ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶v : evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q i³vwR©Z ¯^vaxbZv i¶v| †mB m‡½
†`‡ki mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Ges †fŠMwjK ALÛZv eRvq ivLv| G‡¶‡Î †Kvb kw³i Kv‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki Av‡cvl †bB|
2. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb : A_©‰bwZK gyw³ e¨ZxZ f~ÛMZ ¯^vaxbZv A_©nxb| g~jZ evwn¨K wbivcËv wbwðZKi‡Yi ciB
A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖkœwU Av‡m| GKwU AvZ¥gh©v`vkxj RvwZ wn‡m‡e wU‡K _vKvi R‡b¨ PvB A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb| ZvB
evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZi GwU GKwU AwZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq `ªyZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb|
3. AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv: eZ©gvb wek¦ n‡”Q mn‡hvwMZvi wek¦| cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv Qvov †Kvb ivóªB DbœwZ jvf
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| kvwšÍ, mg„w×, w¯’Zve¯’v I wbivcËvi R‡b¨I mn‡hvwMZv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZi
GwUI GKwU D‡Ïk¨|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv-137
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

4. Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK©: GKwU ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg ivóª wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡c~Y©
m¤úK© eRvq ivLvi AvMÖnx| Kv‡iv Af¨šÍixY Kv‡R n¯Í‡¶c Kiv evsjv‡`k Kvgbv K‡ibv|
5. mKj cÖKvi eY©ev`, Dcwb‡ekev` I m¤úªmviYev` `~ixKiY Ges G‡`i weiy‡× msMÖvg evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZi
Aci GKwU D‡Ïk¨|
6. evsjv‡`k Zvi ˆbwZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai msi¶Y I cª‡qv‡M AvMÖnx| we‡`‡k wbR iv‡óªi m¤§vb e„w× evsjv‡`‡ki
ciivó«bxwZi Av‡iKUv D‡Ïk¨|
7. A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM (GdwWAvi) AvK…óKiY, c‡Y¨i ïégy³ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi AR©b I
ga¨cÖvP¨mn wewfbœ iv‡ó« evsjv‡`‡ki kÖwgK‡`i Kg©‡¶Î m„wó eZ©gvb mg‡q evsjv‡`‡ki ciivó«bxwZi Ab¨Zg GKwU
D‡Ïk¨|

mvi ms‡¶c
Af¨šÍixY bxwZi m¤cÖmviYB iv‡óªi ciivóªbxwZ| wb‡Ri RvZxq ¯^v_© i¶v KivB evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZi cÖavb
j¶¨| f~-ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vb, A_©‰bwZK-mvgwiK ¯^v_©, RbgZ, miKv‡ii KvVv‡gv, wek¦ivRbxwZ cÖf…wZ evsjv‡`‡ki
ciivóª bxwZi wba©viK|

c‡Vv‡Ëvi g~j¨vqb: 8.9

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ t
2. evsjv‡`‡ki ciivó« bxwZi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Kiyb|
3. evsjv‡`‡ki ciivó« bxwZi wba©viK mg~n m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|

BDwbU-8 c„ôvÑ138