STOICHIOMETRY:

the calculation of reactants and

products in chemical reactions

Stoichiometry
 STOICHIOMETRY
• Based on the law of conservation of mass
• The law implies that mass can neither be created
nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged.
• In a chemical reaction the total mass of the
reactants equals the total mass of the products
• The relation among quantities of reactants and
products in a reaction form a ratio of positive
integers

Stoichiometry
THE MOLECULAR FORMULA
The molecular formula states the actual
number of each kind of atom found in one
molecule of a compound.
Phosphorus oxide
Molecular formula
P4 O10

https://ibchem.com/IB/ibnotes/13.1.htm

Stoichiometry
 THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA
The empirical formula is a chemical formula
showing the simplest whole-number ratio of
the elements in a compound rather than the
total number of atoms.

Phosphorous oxide molecular formula - P4O10

Empirical formula - P2O5

Stoichiometry
 Calculating Empirical Formulas
We can calculate the empirical formula from
the percentage compositions of elements in
a compound.

Stoichiometry
Calculating Empirical Formulas
Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a
component in sunscreen, is composed of
• 61.31% carbon
• 5.14% hydrogen
• 10.21% nitrogen C?H?N?O?
• 23.33% oxygen
Find the empirical formula (subscripts)?

Stoichiometry
Calculating Empirical Formulas

Assume 100 g of PABA

61.31% carbon 61.31 g carbon
5.14% hydrogen 5.14 g hydrogen
10.21% nitrogen 10.21 g nitrogen
23.33% oxygen 23.33 g oxygen

Stoichiometry
 Calculating Empirical Formulas

61.31 g
61.31 g Carbon = 5.105 mol 12.01 g
5.14 g
g Hydrogen = 5.09 mol 1.01 g
10,21 g
1 g Nitrogen = 0.7288 mol
14.01 g
3 g Oxygen = 1.456 mol 23.33 g
16.00 g
Stoichiometry
 Calculating Empirical Formulas

C 5.105 mol ≈ 7
= 7.005
Calculate the mole 0.7288 mol
Empirical formula
ratio by dividing all
quantities by the H 5.09 mol ≈ 7 C?H?N?O?
= 6.984
smallest value: 0.7288 mol
C7H7NO2
N 0.7288 mol
= 1.000
0.7288 mol

O 1.458 mol ≈ 2
= 2.001
0.7288 mol Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometric Calculations
The coefficients in the balanced equation give
the ratio of moles of reactants and products

Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometric Calculations
If we know the mass of substance A, we can use the
ratio of the coefficients of A and B to calculate the
mass of substance B.

Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometric Calculations
10 g of glucose (C6H12O6) react in a combustion reaction.

C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

10 g ? + ?

How many grams of each product are produced?

Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometric calculations
1. Find the molar mass of reactants and products.
2. Calculate the moles of C6H12O6 in the reaction, then use
….the equation ratio to find the moles of H2O & CO2.
3. Calculate the grams of the products.
1C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
10 g ?g + ?g
1. mw: 180g/mol 44 g/mol 18g/mol

2. #mol: 10 g = 60.056
x 0.056
mol= 0.34mol 6 x 0.056 = 0.34 mol
180g/mol (0.056 mol) 6 (0.056 mol)
0.34 mol 0.34 mol
3. #grams: 0.34 mol x 44g/mol 0.34 mol x 18g/mol
15 g 6g
Stoichiometry
 Limiting Reactants
The limiting reactant is the reactant which is not in
excess. It will be the smallest stoichiometric amount

Stoichiometry
 Limiting Reactants
H2 is the limiting reagent

H2 + O2 --------> H 2O + O 2
#moles 10 7 10 2
Used 10 5 - -
Left 0 2 - -
Stoichiometry
 Limiting Reactants
• In a reaction, determine which compound
is limiting, by dividing the number of moles of
each reactant by the coefficient on that
reactant (use the balanced equation), and
look for the smallest value.

Stoichiometry
 Limiting Reactants
Soda fizz comes from sodium bicarbonate and citric acid (H3C6H5O7)
reacting to make carbon dioxide, sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7) and
water.
If 1.0 g of sodium bicarbonate and 1.0g citric acid are reacted, which
is limiting? How much carbon dioxide is produced?

Stoichiometry
 Theoretical Yield
• The theoretical yield is the amount of
product that can be made
– In other words its the possible amount
of product from the“perfect reaction”.

• This is different from the actual yield, the

amount actually produced and measured.

Stoichiometry
 Percent Yield
A comparison of the amount of substance
actually obtained in the reaction to the
amount it is theoretically possible to make.

Actual Yield
Percent Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield

Stoichiometry
 Percent Yield
• Benzene (C6H6) reacts with Bromine (Br) to produce
bromo-benzene (C6H6Br) and hydrobromic acid (HBr).
• If 30 g of C6H6 reacts with 65 g of Br and produces 56.7 g
of C6H6Br, what is the percent yield of the reaction?

C6H6 + Br2 ----------> C6H5Br + HBr

30 g 65 g 56.7 g (actual yield)

78 g/mol 160 g/mol 157 g/mol

30 g / 78g 65 g /160g
= 0.38 mol = 0.41 mol
0.38 mol x 157g = 60 g (theoretical
yield)

Percentage yield = (56.7g / 60.g) x 100 = 94.5%

Stoichiometry