Eliana Jara Morante

Junio, 19 de 2019
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 Contenido
• Tablas de vapor de agua:
– Lectura de propiedades termodinámicas del agua.
• Ejemplos de cálculo del Balance de Energía a procesos en
estado estacionario.
• Evaporadores

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 Problema 1
• Una turbina se instala entre una línea de alimentación a 1800 psia y 250°F y la línea de
salida a 800 psia y 80°F, debido al pobre aislamiento la turbina pierde 25 BTU/lb de
calor.
• Las condiciones termodinámicas de la línea de salida de la turbina y de la válvula de
estrangulamiento se pueden encontrar en un diagrama de fase para el CO2
• Determine el trabajo útil generado en la turbina
• La salida de la turbina entra a la válvula (no perfectamente aislada) y sale a 140 psia y
30% líquido. Hallar la temperatura

Q= -25 BTU/lb

CO2 CO2 CO2

T1= 250°F T12= 80°F 30% líquido
P1= 1800 psia P12= 800 psia P2= 140 psia
 Problema 2
• A process involving catalytic dehydrogenation in the presence of hydrogen is known as
hydroforming. Toluene, benzene, and othr aromatic materials can be economically produced from
naptha feed stocks in this way. After the toluene separated from the other components. It is
condensed and cooled.
• For every 100 kg of stock charged into the system, 27.5 kg of toluene and water mixture (9.1% of
water) are produced as overhead vapor and condensed by the charge stream
– The temperatura of the charge stream after it leaves the condenser
– The kilograms of cooling water required per hour

H2O
T= ?
T= 60°C
F1
27.5 kg vapor Líquido
100 kg stock T= 40°C
9.1% H2O
150 °C H2O
50000 kg/dia stock
T= 20°C
20 °C
 Problem 3
• A food company is making a liquid baby formula in aluminum cans. In
order to ensure sterility the product and the container are autoclaved.
There are 500 cans, at 100 grams each, each containing 0.75 kg of
formula. The specific heat capacities for the can and formula,
assumed to be the around the same as milk, are 0.91 kJ/kg -ºC and
3.77 kJ/kg-ºC respectively. Steam enters the autoclave at
atmospheric pressure and 100ºC. From the steam, the cans and
formula were heated to 120ºC, and then cooled to 35ºC.
– What does the pressure need to be set to in the autoclave, in order
to raise the steam temperature to 120ºC? Assume ideal gas
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 ….Problema 3
• How much cold water is required to cool down these products if it is
entering at 12ºC and leaving at 33ºC. Assume no heat loss in the
walls of the autoclave and a reference temperature of 35ºC.
• Which Is the controlling factor, the metal can or the formula? If you
were to neglect the can, how would that affect the water needed?
• How would the water mass be affected if the can was made out of
plastic? (Cp = 1.6 kJ/kg-C)

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 Problema 4
• Calcule la cantidad de calor que se proporciona en una caldera para producir
1500 kg/h de vapor saturado a 10 atm a partir de agua a 15°C. Suponiendo
que la caldera tiene una eficiencia del 90%.
• Calcule los HP de la caldera

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Balance de Materia y Energía

PROCESOS DE EVAPORACION

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 Evaporation
• Evaporation and crystallization are
the main processes used in the
recovery of disolved solid from
dissolution
• Evaporation is the removal of a solid
that are not volatile
• To produce a concentrated liquid
• A priori of cristallization
• Designed for specific applications
– Single effect
– Multiple effect
– Steam recovery
– Boiling point elevation
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 Evaporators

Rising film Falling film

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 Evaporator: single effect
Fvapor, Hvapor
Fin
Q
Hin
Cin

Fsaturate,Hsaturate

Fcondensate,Hcondensate

Fprod
Hprod
Cprod 11
 Problema 1
• Estimate the heat exchange area required for an evaporator that
concentrates 4000 kg/h of apple juice by removing 40% of the water content.
Low pressure steam at 120ºC is available as a heat source.
• The evaporator is run under a slight vacuum, such that the temperatura of the
boiling apple jucie concentrate is maintained at 100ºC.

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 Problem 2
• A single-effect evaporator is used to concentrate syrup from
10% to 70% solids. The production rate is 50 kg/h. The
evaporation occurs at a pressure of 50 kPa (a boiling point
of 81.3°C for pure water). The feed syrup enters at a
temperature of 20°C. Energy for evaporation is provided by
steam entering as saturated vapor at 200 kPa and exiting as
saturated liquid at the same pressure. What steam flow is
required to accomplish the evaporation if we assume no
energy losses?
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 Problem 3
• A small open evaporator is used to produce sorghum syrup. Juice 13% solids enters at
the rate of 800 kg/h. The finished syrup leaving the evaporator contains 80% solids. Five
percent of the entering solids are removed as impurities during the evaporation process.
• Find the production rate of the syrup (kg/h)
• Find the mass of water removed per unit mass of syrup
• Find the energy required per hour to evaporate the water removed
• Find the steam flow required for evaporation if 20% of the heat is lost to surroundings.
The steam enters at the 350 kPa (saturated) and exits at a quality of 0.10

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 …Problem 3
• Open pad evaporator

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 Problema 4
• We need to concentrate a sugar solution from 5 to 20% solids in a
single effect evaporator. Steam is available at atmospheric pressure
(100ºC). A vacuum of 12 kPa is to be maintaned in the vapor space
and this pressure corresponds to steam at 50ºC. The feed of the
evaporator is 5000 kg/h. The condensate leaves the evaporator at
75ºC and the solution has a negligible elevation in boiling point.
• Calculate the steam requirements and steam economy if the
temperatura of the feed is (a) 20ºC, (b) 80ºC
– Cp,sugar=4.187(1-xs×(0.57-0.0018×(T-20))

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 Problem 5
• A 4% aqueous food solution is fed at a rate of 2.0 kg/s and a temperature of
70ºC to a forward feed double-effect evaporator with equal surface areas. The
solution is concentrated to 20% by mass. The second effect is maintained at a
pressure of 20 kPa with a boiling point elevation of 8 K. Steam at 240 kPa is
available. The heat transfer coefficients in the first and second effects are 2.20
and 1.50 kW/m2-K, respectively, and the heat capacity of each liquid stream may
be assumed to be 4.18 kJ/kg-K.
• Calculate the heat transfer surface area of each and the steam economy

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Evaporator: multiple effect

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 Evaporadores de Triple efecto
• Consider that we want to concentrate from 19.73% to 60% in a long vertical tube
in a falling film evaporator.
– MEG= 25508 kg/h
– DEG= 4201 kg/h
– TEG= 300 kg/h
– H2O= 99277 kg/h

Evaporators
MEG= 25508 kg/h
DEG= 4201 kg/h
TEG= 300 kg/h
H2O= ? kg/h
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Evaporator

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