General Chemistry

Chapter
Matter and
Measurements 1
CHEM 101
Dr. Nabil Al-Zaqri
What is Chemistry?

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 Matter Any thing that occupies space and has mass

Has a definite Separation by physical methods A combination of two

composition and or more substances in
distinct pure substance mixture which the substances
properties retain their distinct
identities

Separation by chemical methods

element compound heterogeneous homogeneous

cannot be separated composed of two The composition is The composition is the

into simpler substances different elements or not uniform same throughout
by chemical means more chemically united
in fixed proportions.

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4
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 Element
compound

Heterogeneous mixture
Homogeneous mixture6
 NaCl
Salt water
Iron
sugar
air
helium
water
salad
compound element homogeneous mixture heterogeneous

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 compound
NaCl
Salt water homogeneous mixture

Iron element

sugar compound

air homogeneous mixture

helium element

water compound
heterogeneous mixture
salad
compound element homogeneous mixture heterogeneous

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 Matter States

The difference between the

states is the distance between
the molecules.

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 States of matter

Gas Liquid Solid

•Molecules are close together •Molecules are held close together in

but not held so rigidly in position orderly fashion with little freedom of
•Molecules are separated by distance and can move past on another motion.
•Have no definite shape •Have no definite shape •Have a definite shape
•Have no definite volume •Have a definite volume •Have a definite volume

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 States of matter

Gas Liquid Solid

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is a property when the Can be measured and
matter undergoes a observed without changing
chemical change or the composition or identity
reaction of a substances

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 Matter properties
• A physical change does not alter the composition or
identity of a substance.
ice melting sugar dissolving in water

• A chemical change alters the composition or

identity of the substance(s) involved.

hydrogen burns in air

to form water
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 Extensive and Intensive Properties
• An extensive property of a material depends upon how much matter is
being considered.
• mass
• length
• volume
• An intensive property of a material does not depend upon how much matter
is being considered.
• density
• temperature
• color
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 Measurement

Base Quantity Name of unit Symbol

Length meter m
Mass Kilogram Kg
Time Second s
Electrical current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd

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 Measurement

Base Quantity Name of unit Symbol

Length meter m
Mass Kilogram Kg
Time Second s
Electrical current Ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K
Amount of substance Mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd
Speed Kilometer per hour Km/h
Pressure Pascal Pa
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Prefix Symbol Multiple of Base Unit
Giga G 1,000,000,000 or 109
Mega M 1,000,000 or 106
kilo k 1,000 or 103
deci d 0.1 or 10-1
centi c 0.01 or 10-2
milli m 0.001 or 10-3
micro m 0.000001 or 10-6
nano n 10-9
pico p 10-12
Femto f 10-15

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 Measurement in chemistry

1- prefix to Base unit

• To remove a prefix from a value, insert the numerical value of the prefix in place of
the symbol.
Example : convert 8.53 pm to meters?
Replace p with x 10-12, therefore the answer is 8.53 x 10-12 m

2- Base unit to prefix

• To insert a prefix into a value, insert both the prefix and the inverse of its numerical
number.
Example: convert 0.000462 g to milligrams ?
0.000462 x 103 mg = 0.462 mg
3- prefix to prefix
Example : convert 6 km to nm?
First convert km to m
Replace k with x 103, therefore the answer is 6 x 103 m
Then convert m to nm 6 x 103 x 10+9 = 6x1012 nm 18
= 2.1 m
= 21 ×10-3m
= 2.1 ×104 ×10-12 =2.1×10-8 m
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= 2.1 ×10-1 g = 0.2 g
= 0.001 ×103 g = 1 g
= 1×105×10-6= 1 ×10-1 g = 0.1 g
= 2 ×102 ×10-2 g = 2 g

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Mass and weight

1 Kg = 1000 g = 1 × 103 g

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 Volume
Volume – SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m3)
1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3

1 cm3 = 1 mL

1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3

1 dm = 10 cm
1 dm3 = 1000cm3
1 dm3= 1 L
1000 cm3 = 1 L
1 cm3 = 1mL
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 Density
Density is defined as the mass per unit volume.

density = mass/volume m S.I. units for density = kg/m3

d= V

g/cm3 for solids

g/ml for liquids
g/L for gases

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Example:
Density
A student determines that a piece of an unknown material has a mass of 5.854 g and a volume of
7.57 cm3. What is the density of the material?
d = m/V
= 5.854 (g) / 7.75 (cm3)
= 0.773 g/cm3
= 0.773 g/mL

Example
A piece of platinum metal with a density of 21.5 g/cm3 has a volume of 4.49 cm3. What is its
mass?
m=d x V
= 21.5 (g/cm3) X 4.49 (cm3)
= 96.5 g

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 Temperature
Temperature
scales 0F = ( 9 x 0C) + 32
5

Fahrenheit 0C = 5 x (0F – 32)

oF
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0 0C = 273 0K = 32 0F
Celsius
oC
25 0C =298 0K = 77 0F

100 0C =373 0K = 212 0F

Kelvin
K T(in Kelvin) = T(in Celsius) + 273.15
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 Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed

2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then
the problem was solved correctly.

given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity

given unit x desired unit = desired unit

given unit
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Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems

How many mL are in 1.63 L?

Conversion Unit 1 L = 1000 mL

1000 mL
1.63 L x = 1630 mL
1L

1L L 2
1.63 L x = 0.001630
1000 mL mL

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The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is this speed in
miles per hour?
conversion units
meters to miles
seconds to hours

1 mi = 1609 m 1 min = 60 s 1 hour = 60 min

m x 1 mi x 60 s x 60 min mi
343 s = 767
1609 m 1 min 1 hour hour

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Question 1 Question 3
Which of the following is an example of a physical Convert 240 K and 468 K to the Celsius scale.
property?
A) combustibility A) 513oC and 741oC
B) corrosiveness B) -59oC and 351oC
C) explosiveness C) -18.3oC and 108oC
D) density D) -33oC and 195oC
E) A and D
Question 4
Question 2 Calculate the volume occupied by 4.50 X 102 g of gold (density
= 19.3 g/cm3).
Which of the following represents the greatest mass?
A) 23.3 cm3
A) 2.0 x 103 mg = 2g
B) 8.69 x 103 cm
B) 10.0 dg = 1g
C) 19.3 cm3
C) 0.0010 kg = 1g
D) 450 cm3
D) 1.0 x 106 μg = 1g
E) 3.0 x 1012 pg = 3g

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Question 5
The melting point of bromine is -7oC. What is this melting point
expressed in oF?
A) 45oF
B) -28oF
C) -13oF
D) 19oF
E) None of these is within 3oF of the correct answer.

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