GEN CHEM 1ST QUARTER

MATTER 1ST SEMESTER – S.Y. 2023-2024

MATTER PROPERTIES OF MATTER

 Matter PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
is anything that occupies space
and has mass.  Observable even without
 Matter may be classified changing the composition of
according to their state or phase. matter.
o Color
SOLID o Size
o Shape
 Definite shape
 Definite volume CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 High density
 Molecules are tightly packed  Observed once a material
undergoes a chemical reaction
LIQUID o Flammability
o Reactivity
 It changes its shape depending o Biodegradability
on the shape of the container  A kind of matter with a definite
 Definite volume COMPOSITIONS or
 High density PURE SUBSTANCES
 Molecules are slightly loose
fixed composition.
GAS  Made up of a specific number of
atoms or groups of atoms that
 No definite shape are combined through a chemical
 No definite volume reaction.
 Has low density  Has definite physical or chemical
 Its molecules can move freely properties.
 Classified into elements and
PLASMA compounds.

 No definite shape
 No definite volume
 Has very low density
GEN CHEM
MATTER
ELEMENTS
 The simplest form of matter
 Made up of only one kind of
atom
 Elements of different kinds also
differ in the atoms that make
them up
 Each symbol consists of one or
two letters
 Two letters are needed for a
chemical symbol when the first
letter of that element’s name has
already been used.
COMPOUNDS
 Composed of two or more
different elements that are
combined in a fixed ratio by a
chemical reaction.
 Some compounds are products of
chemical reactions between two
or more compounds.
ACCURACY & PRECISION
MIXTURES
● Consist of two or more pure
substances that are combined
physically.
● No chemical reaction between
the components
● Consists of substances that are
HOMOGENEOUS
evenly distributed all throughout
● The components cannot be
distinguished from each other by
the naked eye
● Consists of substances that are
HETEROGENEOUS
not evenly distributed all
throughout
● The components can be
distinguished from each other by
the naked eye
GEN CHEM
 1ST SEMESTER – S.Y. 2023-2024

ACCURACY MNEMONIC

● The closeness of a measurement Accurate is Correct (or Close to real
to the true or accepted value value)
● Precise is Repeating (or
PRECISION Repeatable values).

● The degree of agreement EXAMPLES

between successive
measurements using a given
instrument.
● (How close measurements
are to each other).
DARTS
● A goof visualization of accuracy
and precision.
● Bulle’s eye or center of dartboard
– the true value.
● The closer the dart pins are to the
bull’s eye, the more accurate
they are.
● The mass of a 75.0 grams
standard sample of a substance is
measured using an analytical
balance. The measurements are
listed below. Are the
measurements accurate? Are
they precise?
Trial Mass of sample (g)
1 74.8
2 74.7

EXAMPLES
3 74.9
● High accuracy
● High precision

o High accuracy
o Low precision

● Low accuracy
● High precision GEN CHEM
ACCURACY
ST
1 QUARTER
& PRECISION
  Describe the precision and
accuracy of the temperature
readings for five days as shown  12g
below.  1,234,567 nm
 11,999,234 m
Forecaste Actual
Day d Temp Temp
(oC) (oC) 2. Any zero that’s between nonzero
numbers is significant.
 101 km
● 1 ● 27.8
 10.01 g
 10001 L
● 2 ● 28.4

3. Leading zeros or any zeros that

● 3 ● 29.6 ● 31.5 are to the left of the first nonzero
number are not significant.
● 4 ● 30.0  0.089 g
 0.0009 g
 0.0000000000101 g
● 5 ● 29.9

4. Trailing zeros or any zeros to the

right of a decimal point are
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES significant.
 0.000123900 g
● the essential digits that
 2. 194.00 g
contribute meaning to a certain
 3. 36.00 m
number
● show how precise measurements
are 5. All zeros to the right of a non-
● includes all digits measured zero digit without an expressed
correctly plus one estimated digit decimal point following it are not
1. All nonzero numbers are significant.
RULES  120000000 cm
 2. 10, 000 cm
significant
 3. 10, 000.0 cm

GEN CHEM
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
 A quantitative description that
includes both a number and a
unit.

2 TYPES OF MEASUREMENT
 English System – Includes inches,
ounces, pound, feet, gallon, pint,
yard, mile etc.
 Metric System – Devised by the
International System of units.
Uses prefixes by the power of ten
in some cases.

KINDS OF QUANTITIES
 Basic or Fundamental – They
cannot be further measure in
simpler form, independent from
one another.

 Derived – Came from the

combination of other units of the
fundamental quantities

GEN CHEM
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
 NUCLEUS

 The central part of an atom

 Composed of protons and
neutrons
 Contains most of an atom’s mass

NEUTRON FORMULA

 Uncharged particle
 Found within an
atomic nucleus

PROTON

 Positively charged
particle
 Found within an
 atomic nucleus

ELECTRON

 Negatively
charged particle
 Located in shells
that surrounds an
atom’s nucleus

ISOTOPIC SYMBOL

GEN CHEM
NAMING CHEMICAL FORMULA OF COMPOUND

 Ionic compound
 Covalent compound

IONIC COMPOUND
 Ionic compounds are generally
formed between metals and
nonmetals
 Electrons are transferred from
the metal to the nonmetal. The
oppositely charged ions attract
each other. Only empirical
formulas are written.
WRITING FORMULAS
 The charge on the cation
becomes the subscript on the
anion.
 The charge on the anion becomes
the subscript on the cation.
 If these subscripts are not in the
lowest whole-number ratio,
divide them by the greatest
common factor.
IONS
 A charged atom or molecule
TWO TYPES OF IONS
 CATION – Ion with a POSITIVE
charge
 ANION – Ion with a NEGATIVE
charge
IONIC COMPOUND
1. Monoatomic Ion
 Metal + Non-Metal
 Multivalent Ions + Non-Metal
2. Metal or Multivalent Ions +
Polyatomic Ion
Nomenclature of
Compounds with
Multivalent ions
Multivalent ion is one that can have
more than one charge such as 〖𝐹𝑒〗^(3+)
and 〖𝐹𝑒〗^(2+). When writing formulas
and names for compounds having one
of these ions, it is necessary to show
which ion is involved.
IUPAC

International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry
 The world’s authority on chemical
nomenclature terminology
(including the naming of new
elements in the periodic table),
standardized methods for
measurement, atomic weights and
many other critically-evaluated
data.