NEUTRALIZING SOIL ACIDITY USING PULVERIZED WHITE-FEATHERED

CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
THEIR COMBINATION AS ORGANIC MULCHES

Acknowledgment
 
The researchers would like to extend their deepest appreciation and gratitude to

the following people for their guidance, never ending support and supervision towards

the fulfilment of their undertaking.

This study would not be able to be accomplished without the help and cooperation

of these people. We would like to express our deepest gratitude to our school, Honorato

C. Perez Sr. Memorial Science High School for enhancing our mental abilities, critical

thinking and arithmetic skills through this kind of project.

To our beloved principal, Mr. Alberto R. Santos, who gave us the opportunity to

conduct this activity and for the support he had shown.

To our ever supporting classroom adviser, Mr. Nikki Y. Cruz, for guiding us

through our path while conducting the experiment.

To our Practical Research II Adviser, Engr. Fe Ruby C. Flores, who guided and

helped us during the conduction of our paper in Research and for her advices from the

start until the end.

To our supportive and loving parents, Mr. Denise V. Bernardo and Mrs.

Romualda C. Bernardo, Mr. Gerry DC. Datu and Mrs. Jane L. Datu, Mr. Renato

M. Eusebio and Mrs. Ma. Aurora G. Eusebio, Mr. Troy S. Valentino and Mrs.

Stephanie Grace E. Valentino, Mr.Andy T. Villanueva and Mrs. Norlyn S.

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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
THEIR COMBINATION AS ORGANIC MULCHES

Villanueva, for their never ending support financially and morally. Their encouragement

during the development of this study has been a great help as well.

And above all, to the Almighty God, who gave us the strength, wisdom, and

knowledge. We express our gratitude to you for always being there in time of trials and

misunderstandings during the conduction of this study.

D. A. C. B.

B. J. L. D.

J. M. DG. E.

R. E. V.

I. K. S. V.

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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
THEIR COMBINATION AS ORGANIC MULCHES

Table of Contents

Content Page
Title
Acknowledgment i
Table of Contents iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables v
Abstract viii
Introduction 1
Statements of the Problem 4
Hypotheses 5
Significance of the Study 5
Definition of Terms 6
Scope and Limitation 7
Review of Related Literature 9
Methodology 12
Research Methods 12
Research Paradigm 12
General Procedures 13
Materials 15
Sampling Technique 16
Data Collection Technique 16
Research Design 17
Statistical Treatment of Data 18
Results and Discussions 19
Conclusions and Recommendations 63
Conclusions 63
Recommendations 65
References x
Appendices xii
Curriculum Vitae xviii

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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
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List of Figures

Figure No. Page

1. Conceptual Framework 12
2. General Procedures 13
List of Tables

Table No. Page

1. Materials 15
2. Soil pH Indicators. 17
3. Research Design 18
4. Initial Measurement 19
5. Measure of the soil’s pH level with a depth of five (5) cm after one (1) week. 19
5.1 Measure of the soil’s pH level with a depth of ten (10) cm after one (1) week. 20
5.2 Measure of the soil’s pH level with a depth of fifteen (15) cm after one (1) week. 21

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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
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6. Measure of the soil’s pH level with a depth of five (5) cm after two (2) weeks. 21
6.1 Measure of the soil’s pH level with a depth of ten (10) cm after two (2) weeks. 22
6.2 Measure of the soil’s pH level with a depth of fifteen (15) cm after two (2) weeks. 23
7. Measure of the soil’s pH level with a depth of five (5) cm after three (3) weeks. 23
7.1 Measure of the soil’s pH level with a depth of ten (10) cm after three (3) weeks. 24
7.2 Measure of the soil’s pH level with a depth of fifteen (15) cm after three (3) weeks. 24
8. ANOVA Single Factor after one (1) week with a depth of five (5) cm. 25
8.1 ANOVA Single Factor after one (1) week with a depth of ten (10) cm. 26
8.2 ANOVA Single Factor after one (1) week with a depth of fifteen (15) cm. 27
9. ANOVA Single Factor after two (2) weeks with a depth of five (5) cm. 28
9.1 ANOVA Single Factor after two (2) weeks with a depth of ten (10) cm. 29
9.2 ANOVA Single Factor after two (2) weeks with a depth of fifteen (15) cm. 30
10. ANOVA Single Factor after three (3) week with a depth of five (5) cm. 30
10.1 ANOVA Single Factor after three (3) week with a depth of ten (10) cm. 31
10.2 ANOVA Single Factor after three (3) week with a depth of fifteen (15) cm. 32
11. T-test results for week 1: Control Group vs. Treatment 1. 33
11.1 T-test Results for week 1: Control Group vs. Treatment 2. 34
11.2 T-test Results for week 1: Control Group vs. Treatment 3. 35
11.3 T-test Results for week 1: Control Group vs. Treatment 4. 36
11.4 T-test Results for week 1: Treatment 1 vs. Treatment 2. 37
11.5 T-test Results for week 1: Treatment 1 vs. Treatment 3. 38
11.6 T-test Results for week 1: Treatment 1 vs. Treatment 4. 39
11.7 T-test Results for week 1: Treatment 2 vs. Treatment 3. 40
11.8 T-test Results for week 1: Treatment 2 vs. Treatment 4. 41
11.9 T-test Results for week 1: Treatment 3 vs. Treatment 4. 42
12. T-test results for week 2: Control Group vs. Treatment 1. 43
12.1 T-test results for week 2: Control Group vs. Treatment 2 44
12.2 T-test results for week 2: Control Group vs. Treatment 3 45
12.3 T-test results for week 2: Control Group vs. Treatment 4 46
12.4 T-test results for week 2: Treatment 1 vs. Treatment 2 47
12.5 T-test results for week 2: Treatment 1 vs. Treatment 3 48
12.6 T-test results for week 2: Treatment 1 vs. Treatment 4 49
12.7 T-test results for week 2: Treatment 2 vs. Treatment 3 50
12.8 T-test results for week 2: Treatment 2 vs. Treatment 4 51
12.9 T-test results for week 2: Treatment 3 vs. Treatment 4 52
13. T-test Results for week 3: Control Group vs. Treatment 1 53
13.1 T-test Results for week 3: Control Group vs. Treatment 2 54
13.2 T-test Results for week 3: Control Group vs. Treatment 3 55
13.3 T-test Results for week 3: Control Group vs. Treatment 4 56
13.4 T-test Results for week 3: Treatment 1 vs. Treatment 2 57
13.5 T-test Results for week 3: Treatment 1 vs. Treatment 3 58
13.6 T-test Results for week 3: Treatment 1 vs. Treatment 4 59
13.7 T-test Results for week 3: Treatment 2 vs. Treatment 3 60
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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
THEIR COMBINATION AS ORGANIC MULCHES

13.8 T-test Results for week 3: Treatment 2 vs. Treatment 4 61

13.9 T-test Results for week 3: Treatment 3 vs. Treatment 4 62

Abstract

Acidic Soil is commonly referred to as being “sour” to the soil. Acidity is the

characteristic of soil which is occur when the alkaline of the soil decreases causes by the

use of fertilizers or leaching out of elements such as calcium and magnesium when it is

rains. By this dilemma, it can cause the plants not to thrive, weeds that seem to be not

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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
THEIR COMBINATION AS ORGANIC MULCHES

taking over. To be aware of the acidity of soil, it has to measure the pH level by the scale

of 1-14. Everything below 7 is considered as acidic (Beaulieu, 2017)

This study focuses on treating the soil through the use of combining the three (3)

organic mulch such as Pulverized White Chicken Eggshells, Wood Ash and Dried Mango

Leaves in order to have a greater impact to the community such as farmers and gardeners

that could help them on maintaining the good health of the soil without the higher cost of

the equipments.

. The researchers used Experimental Research Design. The researchers conducted

general procedures where they gathered the needed materials, Measuring the pH level of

the soil whether the alkaline decreases or increases then proceeds on separating the soil

into twelve (12) equal parts. Lay the different covering on top of the soil in separate

containers then continue of penetrating and record the observed changes. The researchers

used Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Single Factor for testing and comparing the pH

levels and their effectiveness and t-Test as statistical tools to determine the difference of

the treatments to each other.

The results of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Single Factor for testing and

comparing the pH levels and their effectiveness wherein the two (2) treatments such as

-Wood Ash and Dried Mango Leaves were shown as slightly acidic pH level of the

category of 5 and 6.5 and as for the remaining one (1) treatment –Pulverized Chicken

White Egg Shells were shown as slightly alkaline pH level of the category of 7.67.

Therefore, it concludes that they cannot be used as mulch blanket to neutralize the acidity

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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
THEIR COMBINATION AS ORGANIC MULCHES

of the soil. Even if it is failed to neutralize the soil’s acidity, it justify the outcome of the

procedure that alkalinity can be increase with the present of the calcium. Egg Shell is rich

in calcium and potassium that is already proven of decreasing the soil’s acidity. It also

indicates that the pH level of the soils treated with different coverings showed evident

changes in neutralizing the pH level of the acidic soil in comparison to the pH level of 5

in the initial measurement of the soil.

The researchers conclude that treatments used in the experiment have yielded a

result of slightly alkaline and neutral state of the soil’s pH level. The optimum pH range

for most plants is between 5.5 and 7. However, many plants have adapted to thrive at pH

values outside this range.

References

Science of Eggs: Anatomy of an Egg | Exploratorium. (2015). Retrieved from

https://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/eggs/eggcomposition.html
Farming Systems and Soil Acidity. (2018). Retrieved from
http://www.agbureau.com.au/projects/soil_acidity/ABA_WS_1aa_Farming_syste
ms_-_final_.pdf
Garden myth. (2009, march 17). Retrieved from garden myth: www.gardenmyths.com
Krawl, J. (2013, march 6). Soil Solution. Retrieved from Soil solution:
https://www.soilsolutions.com/

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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
THEIR COMBINATION AS ORGANIC MULCHES

Larabie. (2009, april 8). Sandy Soil. Retrieved from Natural Soil Kids:
http://www.sandysoil.com
Maeder, P., Fliessbach, A., & Dubois, D. (2002, May 31). Soil Fertility and Biodiversity
in Organic Farming. Retrieved from Science:
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/296/5573/1694
Pierre, W. (2013). Nitrogenous fertilizers and soil acidity. Retrieved from AGRIS:
http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201301759348
Runge, M., & Rode, M. (1991). Effects of Soil Acidity on Plant Associations. Retrieved
from Springer Link: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-74442-
6_8
Wallace, A. (2008, November 11). Soil acidification from use of too much fertilizer.
Retrieved from Taylor & Francis Online:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00103629409369010?
journalCode=lcss20
Stauffer, B., Carle, N., &Spuhler, D. (2018). Soil Cover and Reforestation | SSWM -
Find tools for sustainable sanitation and water management!. Retrieved from
https://sswm.info/water-nutrient-cycle/water-use/hardwares/conservation-soil-
moisture/soil-cover-and-reforestation
Mulches and mulching. Retrieved from https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?PID=323
Ball, J. (1999). Understanding and Correcting Soil Acidity. Retrieved from
https://www.noble.org/news/publications/ag-news-
anviews/1999/january/understanding-and-correcting-soil-acidity/
Provident Living Today. (2009). Types of Soil. Retrieved from http://www.provident-
living-today.com/Types-of-Soil.html#Acidic-Soils
Kid’s Valley Garden. (2003). Sandy Soil. Retrieved from
http://www.typodermic.com/garden/sand.html
Soil Solution. (2007). Soil for Solution. Retrieved from https://www.soilsolutions.com/
Omafra Ontario. (2016). Soils Ontario. Retrieved from
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/landuse/gis/soils_ont.htm
Down to Earth Landscape. (2012). Soil Tips for Santa Barbara. Retrieved from
http://www.downtoearthlandscapesinc.com/soil-tips-for-santa-barbara-gardens/
Department of Plant and Soils Sciences. (2004). Soil Moisture Dynamics in Water-
Limited Cropping Systems of the Southern Great Plains. Retrieved from
http://pss.okstate.edu/news-data/news/andres-patrignani2019s-thesis-201csoil-
moisture-dynamics-in-water-limited-cropping-systems-of-the-southern-great-
plains201d-receives-outstanding-thesis-award
Sunset. (2006). Acid or alkaline soil: Modifying pH. Retrieved from
https://www.sunset.com/garden/garden-basics/acid-alkaline-soil-modifying-ph
Hunker. (2003). Is a Clay Soil Acidic? Retrieved from
https://www.hunker.com/13404868/is-clay-soil-acidic
N. K. Fageria, A. B. Santos. (2018) Comparative Efficiency of Nitrogen Sources for
Lowland Rice Production. Communications in Soil Science and Plant
Analysis 49:5, pages 515-525.

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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
THEIR COMBINATION AS ORGANIC MULCHES

Crouse, D.A. 2018. Soils and Plant Nutrients, Chapter 1. In: K.A. Moore, and. L.K.
Bradley (eds). North Carolina Extension Gardener Handbook. NC State
Extension, Raleigh, NC. <https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/extension-gardener-
handbook/1-soils-and-plant-nutrients>

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Appendices

Appendix A. Gantt Chart

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 2 Week 2 Week 2 Week 3 Week 1

of Aug of Aug of Aug of Sept of Oct of Jan of Jan of Feb
2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2019 2019 2019
Gathering of
Materials
Start of the
Treatment
Monitor the
Treatment for 3
Weeks
Observe the
Result of the
Treatment
Finishing The
Manuscript for
Pre-Oral
Defense
Revising the
Manuscript
Starting of the
Treatment for
Combining the
3 mulches
Result of the
Treatment
Finishing the
Manuscript

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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
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Appendix B. Materials

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Appendix C. Methods

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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
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Appendix D. Results

WEEK 1

WEEK 2

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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
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WEEK 3

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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
THEIR COMBINATION AS ORGANIC MULCHES

Combination

WEEK 1

WEEK 2

WEEK 3

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Curriculum Vitae

Name: Denise Alyanna C. Bernardo Age: 17

Nickname:Yanyan Gender: Female

Address: UnivilleSubd., Brgy. Bangad, Cabanatuan City

Birthdate: July 12, 2001

Parents’ Name:

Father: Denise V. Bernardo Occupation: OFW

Mother: Romualda C. Bernardo Occupation: House Wife

Siblings’ Name: Age:

Denise Alszyrra C. Bernardo 15 years old

Denise Alysza C. Bernardo 10 years old

Top 3 Ambitions: Pediatrician, General Physician, Neurosurgeon

20 years from now: I see myself as a successful neurosurgeon, practicing medicine

inside our country.

Educational Attainment:

Elementary: Camp Tinio Elementary School

Junior High School: Honorato C. Perez, Sr. Memorial Science High School

Senior High School: Honorato C. Perez, Sr. Memorial Science High School

Philosophy in Life: “Intelligence without ambition is like bird without wings.”

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CHICKEN EGG SHELLS, DRIED MANGO TREE LEAVES, WOOD ASHES AND
THEIR COMBINATION AS ORGANIC MULCHES

Curriculum Vitae

Name: Beverly Jane L. Datu Age: 17

Nickname: Bevs Gender: Female

Address: TierraconHomes Brgy, Bangad, Cabanatuan City

Birthdate: April 28, 2001

Parents’ Name:

Father: Gerry D.C Datu Occupation: OFW

Mother: Jane L. Datu Occupation: Engineer

Siblings’ Name: Age:

Sophia Jane L. Datu 13 years old

Top 3 Ambitions: Ob-Gyne, Flight Attendant, Nursing

20 years from now: I see myself as a successful doctor who I already fulfill my dreams.

Educational Attainment:

Elementary: Saint Louis Anne Montessori Highschool and Colleges

Junior High School: College of the Immacukate Conception

Senior High School: Honorato C. Perez, Sr. Memorial Science High School

Philosophy in Life: “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all wisdom.”

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