What type of bonding is shown

between ammonia and water?

Review: IMF
 What IMFA is illustrated in these
molecules?
A polar molecule can induce a
temporary dipole in a nonpolar
molecule by temporarily attracting its
electrons.
This attractive force is short-ranged
and considered weaker than dipole-
dipole interactions.
Which is the most viscous
substance?
Viscosity
The effect of pressure on the
solubility of gas in a liquid
 Aspressure increases,
solubility increases.
Concentration of solution formulas

1. % by mass of solute

mass of solute
% w/w =  100%
mass of solution
2. Molarity
moles of solute
M =
Liters of solution
 Mole Fraction

• The mole fraction (XB) of component B -

number of moles of B
XB 
number of moles of A + number of moles of B
Note that X A  X B  1
The sum of all the mole fractions must equal 1.00.
 Colligative Properties of Solutions
 There are four common types of colligative
properties:
1. Vapor pressure lowering

2. Freezing point depression

3. Boiling point elevation

4. Osmotic pressure

 Vapor pressure lowering is the key to all four

of the colligative properties.
 Colligative Properties of Solutions
• Colligative properties are properties of
solutions that depend solely on the number of
particles dissolved in the solution.
– Colligative properties do not depend on the
kinds of particles dissolved.
• Colligative properties are a physical property
of solutions.
 Boiling Point Elevation
• Boiling point elevation relationship is:
Tb  K b m
where : Tb  boiling point elevation
m  molal concentrat ion of solution
K b  molal boiling point elevation constant
for the solvent
Freezing Point Depression
 Relationship for freezing point depression
is:
Tf  K f m
where: Tf  freezing point depression of solvent
m  molal concentration of soltuion
K f  freezing point depression constant for solvent
HEATING AND
COOLING CURVES
What are some things that
happen as we heat a sample up?
 Solid  Liquid  Gas
 Melting, Evaporating
 Increase in entropy
What is heat? How is heat different
from temperature?

 Temperature is a measure of
warmth or coldness.
Temperature is independent of heat
Temperature is measured in Kelvin
(K) or Celsius (°C)
What is heat? How is heat different
from temperature?
 Heat is a measure of kinetic or
translational energy
In chemistry heat is measure in
Joules (J)
Heat is dependent on mass,
temperature change and specific heat
(or ability of a substance to absorb
heat)
 What is the heating curve?
 The heating curve is
a graph which
represents how a
sample changes
phases.
 As heat is added over
time, the sample
changes temperature
and phase
accordingly.
How does the heating curve look?
What are the parts of the heating
curve?
What are the parts of the heating
curve?
What are the parts of the heating
curve?
What are the parts of the heating
curve?
What are the parts of the heating
curve?
What are the parts of the heating
curve?
Why is the curve flat at some
portions?
 Temperature is
staying constant,
but potential energy
is decreasing
 During this time the
solid completely
becomes liquid (or
liquid becomes
solid)
Why is the curve flat at some
points?  This is called the heat
of fusion (Hf) in
segment BC and heat
of vaporization (Hv)
in segment DE.
 Remember fusion is
melting and
vaporization is
evaporation
What is heat of fusion? What is
heat of vaporization?

 Hf is the amount of
energy needed to
completely make a
solid into a liquid
 Hv is the amount of
energy needed to
completely make a
liquid into a gas
Summary
 The heating curve is a useful tool to
show us the changes in temperature,
energy, and entropy as a sample is
heated up.
 It gives us detailed information about
phases and phase changes of
samples.