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SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

(Present Perfect vs Past Simple)

1.
🡪 Subject + have / has + not + V3 … + [for + a PERIOD of time / since + a POINT in time / CLAUSE in
the PAST].
🡪 The last time + Subject + V2 … was + [a PERIOD of time + ago / a POINT in time / when CLAUSE in
the PAST].
🡪 Subject + last + V2 … + [a PERIOD of time + ago / (prep) + a POINT in time / when CLAUSE in the
PAST].
🡪 It + is / has been + a PERIOD of time + since + the last time + Subject + V2 … / Subject + (last) + V2
… / a POINT in time / CLAUSE in the PAST].
Ex: We haven’t gone to the movies for two months.
We haven’t gone to the movies since May.
→ The last time we went to the movies was two months ago. (“Lần cuối cùng tụi tui đi xem phim là hai
tháng trước”)
→ We last went to the movies two months ago / last May. (“Tụi tui đi xem phim lần cuối cùng vào hai
tháng trước”)
→ It is / has been two months since the last time we went to the movies. (“Đã hai tháng rồi kể từ lần cuối
cùng tụi tui đi xem phim”)
→ It is / has been two months since we last went to the movies. (“Đã hai tháng rồi kể từ lần cuối cùng tụi
tui đi xem phim”)

2.
🡪 This / that / it + is + the first time + Subject + have / has (ever) + V3 …
🡪 Subject + [have / has] + [not / (never)] + V3 … before.
Ex: This is the first time he has joined an online class. (“Đây là lần đầu tiên anh ấy học trực tuyến ”)
→ He has not / never joined an online class before. (“Anh ấy chưa từng học trực tuyến trước đây”)

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