ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

 Secrete hormones into the blood and control activities throughout the body such as metabolism,
reproduction, growth, and development.
 Controls body activities by means of chemical messengers called hormones which are produced
by glands and affect target cells.

2 Types of Glands

 Endocrine Glands

-Secrete Hormones into blood which carries them to the body.

 Exocrine Glands

- Secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct. Examples of exocrine glands include
sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, prostate and mucous.

The Endocrine Glands, Hormones and their Function

GLAND HORMONE FUNCTION

Pituitary Gland -Master Gland the pituitary gland controls
-First Gland metabolism, growth, sexual
maturation, reproduction, blood
pressure and many other vital
physical functions and
processes.
Posterior Antidiuretic Hormone Stimulates water resorption by
kidneys
Oxytocin Initiate's labor and milk ejection
Anterior Prolactin, Gonadotropic Control the secretion of other
hormones, Thyroid – stimulating glands.
hormone, Adrenocorticotropic
hormone and Growth Hormone
Thyroid Gland -Located below voice box
-Regulates body metabolism
Triiodothyronine & Thyroxine Increases metabolism, blood
pressure, regulates tissue
growth
Calcitonin Childhood regulation of blood
calcium levels
Parathyroid Gland -Located to thyroid gland
-Controls calcium level of the body
and controls calcium growth.
Parathyroid Hormone / Increases blood calcium levels
Parathormones through action on bone, kidneys,
and intestine
Adrenal Gland -Located on the top of the
kidney
Adrenal Medulla Adrenaline & Noradrenaline Helps regulate blood circulation
and carbohydrate metabolism
Adrenaline is a “fight or flight”
hormone

Adrenal Cortex Glucocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids
Sex Hormones
Pancreas Regulates Sugar
Insulin Reduces blood sugar levels
Glucagon Increases blood sugar levels
Pineal Gland Controls body function of day life
Melatonin Controls body functions in
response to daylight and
seasonal changes; affects skin
pigmentation
 Gonads Primary reproductive organs,
are the testes in the male and
the ovaries in the female. These
organs are responsible for
producing the sperm and ova,
but they also secrete hormones
and are considered to be
endocrine glands.
Testis Androgens Promotes the development of
male secondary sex
characteristics
Testosterone Regulates the maturation of
male reproductive organs;
influences sperm production
Ovaries Estrogens Necessary for the development
of female secondary sex
characteristics including the
enlargement of breasts and hips
and development of egg cells
Progesterone Prepares the uterus for the
implantation of fertilized egg
Thymus Gland -Human Heart
-Helps fight infection
Thymosin Stimulates T – cell development
and proper immune response
during childhood

Reproductive System

also known as the genital system, is the biological system made up of all the anatomical organs involved
in sexual reproduction.

PUBERTY

Is the period of physical changes in adolescents as their bodies reach sexual maturity?

GAMETES

Contain only half of the genetic information from each parent and combine to form a new individual.

Male Reproductive System

Functions of the Male Reproductive System
 Produces male sex cells.
 Deposit's sperm into the vagina of the female.
 Provides the medium by which sperm cells can reach the mature egg cell?

Parts of the Male

Reproductive System

PENIS
 Deposit's sperm into the vagina of the female during copulation.
 Root-
 Body / Shaft- Man body of the penis
 Glans- Head of the penis

SCROTUM
 Sac of skin that holds the testis.
 Act Like a climate control system
TESTIS/TESTES
 Organ that produces sperm cells.
 Seminiferous Tubules-Help's testis to produce sperm cell

EPIDIDYMIS
 Carries the sperm from the testis to the vas deferens.
 Transports and stores sperm cells that are produced in the testis.
 To Bring the sperm in the maturity trans and store

VAS DEFERENS
 Carries the sperm from the testis to the urethra.
 Transport mature sperm cells in the urethra

EJACULATORY DUCT
 Formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle.

URETHRA
 Carries sperm out of the body.
 Passage way for Both

3 Glands that Contribute Fluid to the Travelling of Sperm

1.
2. SEMINAL VESICLE
 Secrete a thick fluid that contains nutrients.
 Produces sugar rich fluid helps sperm cell to source of energy

PROSTATE GLAND
 Secretes a thick, milky alkaline fluid to counteract the acidic vagina.
 Helps enriching the sperm cell

COWPER’S GLAND
 Known as “Bulbourethral Gland”.
 Serves to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be present due to the residual drops
of urine in the urethra.

SPERM CELL
 TAIL – propels sperm as it swims in the fluid.
 MIDDLE PIECE – contains mitochondria that provide the sperm with
energy during its journey in the female body.
 HEAD – contains enzymes that break the hyaluronic acid of egg’s membrane.
SPERM CHALLENGES
 Millions already die in the vagina due to its acidic environment.
 Some sperms lose energy to continue the journey.
 Some sperms are blocked in the mucus covering the cervix.
 Abnormal sperms resulting from its mass production are unable to fertilize an egg.

Female
Reproductive System
Functions of the Female Reproductive System
 Produces female sex cells.
 Receives sperm cells.
 Nurtures the development and provide nourishment for the young organism.

Parts of the Female Reproductive System

VULVA

 Labia Minora – known as “small lips”.

- is bordered by a pair of thin, longitudinal skin folds.

 Labia Majora – known as “large lips”.

- contain sweat and oil – secreting glands.

 Clitoris – a small erectile structure where two labia minora meet.

VAGINA
Receives penis of male during copulation.

UTERUS
Part of the female reproductive system where the fertilized egg is implanted and developed.

 Cervix-Neck of the uterus leading

 Corpus- Main of the body uterus
OVARY
Part of the female reproductive system that produces egg cells.

FALLOPIAN TUBE
 Passageway of eggs from the ovary to the uterus.
 The place where the egg is fertilized.

Menstrual Cycle
MENSTRUATION
 The monthly shedding of the endometrial lining of the uterus due to the influence of hormones.

Phases of Menstrual Cycle

 Follicular Phase
-Start on the first day of menstruation
 Ovulatory Phase
-Midpoint of the menstruation cycle
 Luteal Phase
-Begin after ovulatory Phase
 Follicle
– stimulating hormone
 Luteinizing hormone

- produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland

 Estrogen
- sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system
and secondary sex characteristics
 Progesterone

-medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone.

Embryonic and Fetal Development

First Trimester
 Extends from fertilization to the end of the third month.
 This is the most critical stage because of organogenesis.

Second Trimester
 Begins from the fourth month and lasts until the six months.
 All the major organs are formed.
 A sucking reflex is also evident.

Third Trimester
 Starts from the seventh month and lasts until birth.
 The fetus can survive on its own if born prematurely or removed surgically.

Birth or Parturition
 Birth takes place about 39 weeks after fertilization.