Republic of the Philippines

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Carig Campus, Tuguegarao City
College of Engineering

Course CHEM111E (Chemistry for Engineers)

Title of the
Unit I. Fundamentals of Chemistry Part 3
Module
At the end of this module, the student shall be able:
a. To identify different representation of solution concentration and its
Learning
selection based on the purpose of the experiment.
Objectives
b. To carry out calculations related to the concentration of solution and the
amount of its components.
Content VII. Mixtures and Solutions

Introduction
A substance is defined as a form of matter that has a definite
(constant) composition and distinct properties. Each substance has a
specific composition and property. A combination of two or more
substances form a mixture. Mixtures do not have constant composition,
e.g. air, blood, seawater, and can be categorized as homogenous, its
composition is uniform in the whole mixture, and heterogenous mixture,
uneven composition in the mixture.

A homogeneous mixture containing two or more substances is

called a solution. It contains solvent, or the component with larger amount in the mixture (e.g. water),
and solute, or the dissolved component. A solution that use water as a solvent are called aqueous
solution.

In this section we study quantitative methods for expressing the various components present
in a given amount of solution used in a chemical reaction.
VII. Mixtures and Solutions
A. Solution Concentration
Quantitative study of a solution requires knowing its concentration. The concentration is
defined as the amount of solute present in a given amount of solution or the amount of solute
dissolved in a given amount of solvent. It is represented by several different units.

1. Percent by Mass
The percent by mass (also called percent by weight or weight percent) is the ratio of the mass
of a solute to the mass of the solution, multiplied by 100 percent. The percent by mass is a unitless
number because it is a ratio of two similar quantities.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = × 100% 𝐸𝑞. (7.1)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
= × 100% 𝐸𝑞. (7.2)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Chemical Engineering Department Module 1: Page 1

 Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Carig Campus, Tuguegarao City
College of Engineering

_______________________________________________________________________________
Learning Activity: A sample of 0.892 g of potassium chloride (KCl) is dissolved in 54.6 g of water. What
is the percent by mass of KCl in the solution?

Strategy: Given the amount of solute and solvent, we can calculate percent by mass using Eq. 7.1

Solution:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = × 100%
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
0.892 𝑔
= × 100%
0.892 𝑔 + 54.6 𝑔
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 1.61%
_______________________________________________________________________________
Learning Activity: Calculate the mass of nickel (II) sulfate, NiSO4, contained in 200 g of a 6.00% solution
of NiSO4.

Strategy: Considering a basis of 100 g solution, we let 6% percentage mass of solution be the unit
factor. This gives us 6 g of NiSO4 in 100 g of solution.

Solution:
From the given, there is 200 g of 6% NiSO4 solution
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
= (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) × [ ]
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
6 𝑔 𝑁𝑖𝑆𝑂4
= 200 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 × [ ]
100 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 12 𝑔 𝑁𝑖𝑆𝑂4
_________________________________________________________________________________
Learning Activity: A 6.00% NiSO4 solution contains 40.0 g of NiSO4. Calculate the mass of the solution.

Strategy: Considering a basis of 100 g solution, we let 6 g of NiSO4 in 100 g of solution as our unit
factor.

Solution:
If there is 40 g of NiSO4 in 6% NiSO4 solution then,
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 × 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
= (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒) × [ ]
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
100 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
= 40 𝑔 𝑁𝑖𝑆𝑂4 × [ ]
6 𝑔 𝑁𝑖𝑆𝑂4
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 = 667𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛

Chemical Engineering Department Module 1: Page 2

 Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Carig Campus, Tuguegarao City
College of Engineering

_________________________________________________________________________________
Learning Activity: Calculate the mass of NiSO4 present in 200 mL of a 6.00% solution of NiSO4. The
density of the solution is 1.06 g/mL at 25°C.

Strategy: Steps on solving the problem: (a) Calculate the mass of the solution using the given volume
and density of the solution; (b) Calculate the mass of NiSO4 present in the solution using the 6%
solution of NiSO4 as unit factor.

Solution:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 = (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛) × (𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 × [ ]
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
1.06 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
= 200 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 × [ ]
1.00 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 = 212 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
= (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) × [ ]
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
6 𝑔 𝑁𝑖𝑆𝑂4
= 212 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 × [ ]
100 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 12.72 𝑔 𝑁𝑖𝑆𝑂4

2. Mole Fraction (X)

The mole fraction is a dimensionless quantity that expresses the ratio of the number of moles
of one component to the total number of moles of all components present. The mole fraction is also
unitless, because it too is a ratio of two similar quantities. Considering the mole fraction of a
component of a solution, component A, is written XA and is defined as

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐴 = × 100%
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑛𝐴
𝑋𝐴 = × 100% 𝐸𝑞 (7.3)
𝑛𝑇
3. Molarity (M)
Molarity or molar concentration was defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution with units mol/L; that is,
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛
𝑀 = 𝐸𝑞 (7.4)
𝑉
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Chemical Engineering Department Module 1: Page 3

 Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Carig Campus, Tuguegarao City
College of Engineering

Learning Activity: Calculate the molarity (M ) of a solution that contains 3.65 g of HCl in 2.00 L of
solution.

Strategy: Steps on solving the problem: (a) Calculate moles of HCl considering the given amount of
HCl and its molecular weight (36.46 g/mol); (b) Calculate molarity (M) using Eq. 7.4.

Solution:
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙) × [𝑀𝑊𝐻𝐶𝑙 ]
1
= (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙) × [ ]
𝑀𝑊𝐻𝐶𝑙
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
= (3.65 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙) × [ ]
36.46 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 0.1001 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
0.1001 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
=
2 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
𝑀 = 0.0501
𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
_________________________________________________________________________________
Learning Activity: Calculate the mass of Ba(OH)2 required to prepare 2.50 L of a 0.0600 M solution of
barium hydroxide.

Strategy: Steps on calculations: (a) Calculate number of moles of Ba(OH)2; (b) Use the calculated
number of moles of solute and multiply with the molecular weight of Ba(OH)2

Solution:
Re-arranging Eq 7.4.
𝑛
𝑀 =
𝑉
𝑛𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 = 𝑀×𝑉
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
= [0.0600 ] × (2.50 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛)
𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
𝑛𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 = 0.15 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 × 𝑀𝑊 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑔 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
0.15 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 × [171.34 ]
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑚𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 = 25.70 𝑔 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2

Chemical Engineering Department Module 1: Page 4

 Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Carig Campus, Tuguegarao City
College of Engineering

_________________________________________________________________________________
Learning Activity: A sample of commercial sulfuric acid is 96.4% H2SO4 by mass, and its specific gravity
is 1.84. Calculate the molarity of this sulfuric acid solution.

Strategy: Steps for calculation: (a) Relate the given specific gravity to the density of the solution since
they are numerically equal; (b) On the basis of 100 g solution, relate the calculated density and the
percentage mass of H2SO4 given; (c) Calculate molarity by relating the results from (b)

Solution:
Basis of 100 g solution
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
1.84 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 1000 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
= ×
𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
𝜌 = 1.84 × 103 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛/𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
= 𝜌 × (𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠)
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
1.84 × 103 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 96.4 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
= [ ]×[ ]
𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 100 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
= 1.77 × 103 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 /𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 1
𝑀 = ( ′ )×[ ]
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙 𝑛 𝑀𝑊𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
1.77 × 103 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
= [ ]×[ ]
𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 98.1 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4

𝑀 = 18.0 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 /𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛

4. Molality (m)
Molality is the number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kg (1000 g) of solvent. It is represented
on below equation with mol/kg unit
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝐸𝑞. (7.5)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
_________________________________________________________________________________
Learning Activity: Calculate the molality of a sulfuric acid solution containing 24.4 g of sulfuric acid in
198 g of water. The molar mass of sulfuric acid is 98.09 g.

Strategy: Steps for calculation: (a) Calculate the number of moles of solute considering the given
molecular weight of sulfuric acid; (b) Calculate molality using Eq 7.5 with calculated value from (a)
and the given mass of solvent.

Chemical Engineering Department Module 1: Page 5

 Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Carig Campus, Tuguegarao City
College of Engineering

Solution:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 = 24.4𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ×
98.09 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
= 0.249 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
0.249 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
=
0.198 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑚 = 1.26 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 /𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
_________________________________________________________________________________
Learning Activity: The density of a 2.45 M aqueous solution of methanol (CH3OH) is 0.976 g/mL. What
is the molality of the solution? The molar mass of methanol is 32.04 g.

Strategy: Steps for calculation: (a) Considering a basis of 1 L solution and the given, calculate the mass
of solution; (c) Relate the given molarity of the solution with the molecular weight of methanol to
calculate for the mass of solute; (d) Calculate mass of the solvent; (e) Calculate for molality.

Solution:
On the basis of 1 L solution, we calculate mass of the solution using the given density of the solution
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦) × (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛)
𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 1000 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
= [0.976 × ] × (1 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛)
𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 976 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛

In addition, the molarity given indicates that the solution contains 2.45 moles of methanol. Thus,
mass of solute and mass of water is calculated as

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

32.04 𝑔 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻
= 976 𝑔 − (2.45 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻 × )
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻
= 898 𝑔 𝑜𝑟 0.898 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

Using Eq. 7.5, the molality of the solution is calculated

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
2.45 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻
=
0.898 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
= 2.73 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻/𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
_________________________________________________________________________________

Chemical Engineering Department Module 1: Page 6

 Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Carig Campus, Tuguegarao City
College of Engineering

Learning Activity Calculate the molality of a 35.4 percent (by mass) aqueous solution of phosphoric
acid (H3PO4). The molar mass of phosphoric acid is 97.99 g.

Strategy: Considering 100 g solution as basis, 35.4 % by mass or 35.4 g is H3PO4. Thus, 64.4 g is water.
Then, mol of H3PO4 can be calculated for molality.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂
100 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 = 35.4 𝑔 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 + 64.6 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Solution:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 = 35.4 𝑔 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 ×
97.99 𝑔 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4
= 0.361 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4

The mass of water is 64.6 g, or 0.0646 kg. Therefore, the molality is given by
0.361 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
0.0646 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
= 5.59 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 /𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

B. Dilution of Solutions
We recall from Eq. 7.4 that
= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Multiplying the equation by the volume of solution, we obtain the number of moles of solute
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = (𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦) × (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
= ( ) × (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑛 = 𝑀𝑉 𝐸𝑞. (7.6)

When diluting a solution, adding more solvent, the amount of solute present in a solution does
not change but the volume and concentration of the solution change. The addition of solvent
increases the volume of solution causing the molarity to decrease. Dilution of concentrated solution
is represented by the formula below:
[(𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)1 × (𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦)1 ] = [(𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒)2 × (𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦)2 ]

𝑉1 𝑀1 = 𝑉2 𝑀2 (for dilution only) 𝐸𝑞. (7.7)

Subscript 1 represent the original and concentrated solution while subscript 2 represent the dilute
and new solution.
_________________________________________________________________________________
Learning Activity How many milliliters of 18.0 M H2SO4 are required to prepare 1.00 L of a 0.900 M
solution of H2SO4?

Chemical Engineering Department Module 1: Page 7

 Republic of the Philippines
CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Carig Campus, Tuguegarao City
College of Engineering

Strategy: Since the volume and concentration of the new solution and considering the concentration
of the concentrated solution, Eq. 7.7 can be used to calculate volume of the original solution used
for dilution.

Solution:
𝑉1 𝑀1 = 𝑉2 𝑀2
𝑉2 𝑀2
𝑉1 =
𝑀1
(1.00 𝐿)(0.900 𝑀)
=
18.0 𝑀
𝑉1 = 0.0500 𝐿 = 50.0 𝑚𝐿

The choice of concentration units is selected based on the purpose of the experiment. Mole
fractions are used for calculating partial pressures of gases and dealing with vapor pressure of
solutions. It is not used to express the concentrations of solutions for titrations and gravimetric
analyses. While molarity gives an ease to measure the volume of a solution using a precisely
calibrated volumetric flasks, than to weigh the solvent. And molality is independent of temperature,
because the concentration is expressed in number of moles of solute and mass of solvent. The
volume of a solution typically increases with increasing temperature. Due to the dependence on
temperature, molality is preferred instead of molarity in order to not affect the accuracy of an
experiment. Percent mass is also independent of temperature. The molar mass is not needed since
it can be calculated from the ratio of mass of solute to mass of solution.

Self-Assessment Activity VII:

1. The density of an 18.0% solution of ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, is 1.10 g/mL. What mass of
(NH4)2SO4 is required to prepare 750.0 mL of this solution?
2. A solution made by dissolving 16.0 g of CaCl2 in 64.0 g of water has a density of 1.180 g/mL at
20°C. (a) What is the percent by mass of CaCl2 in the solution? (b) What is the molarity of CaCl2
in the solution?
3. Commercial concentrated hydrochloric acid is 12.0 M HCl. What volume of concentrated
hydrochloric acid is required to prepare 2.00 L of 1.50 M HCl solution?
References:
Atkins, P. and Jones, L. Chemical Principles, The Quest for Insight (5th Ed). W.H. Freeman and
Company, NY. ISBN 1-4292-1955-6
Chang, R. (2010). Chemistry (10th Ed). Mc-Graw-Hill Companies, Inc, NY. ISBN 978–0–07–351109–2
Whitten, K.W., Davis, R.E., Peck, M.L., and Stanley, G.G. (2014). Chemistry (10th Ed). Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning, CA. ISBN 978-1-133-61066-3

Chemical Engineering Department Module 1: Page 8