Republic of the Philippines

TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY

VISION

Tarlac State University is envisioned to be a premier University in the Asia-Pacific.

MISSION

Tarlac State University commits to promote and sustain the offering of quality and
programs in higher and advanced education ensuring equitable access to education for
people empowerment, professional development, and global competitiveness.

Towards this end, TSU shall:

1. Provide high quality instruction through qualified, competent and adequately trained faculty
members and support staff.
2. Be a premier research institution by enhancing research undertakings in the fields of
technology and sciences and strengthening collaboration with local and international institutions.
3. Be a champion in community development by strengthening partnership with public and
private organizations and individuals.

CORE VALUES

E – xcellence

Q- uality

U – nity

I – integrity

T – rust in God, Transparency, & True Commitment

Y – earning for Global Competitiveness

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 Tarlac State University

College/Architecture and Fine Arts

Department of Fina Arts

Self-Learning Module in Engineering Science 2

(ES 313)

Course Title Engineering Science 2- Course ES 313

Strength of Materials Code
Credit Units 3-units lecture Course ES 223
Pre-/Co-
requisites
Course This is a course covering topics in strength of materials which includes axial stress and
Description strain, stresses for shear and bending and beam deflections.

Course After completing this course, the graduate could have the ability to:
Intended
Learning 1. Understand the principles and concepts of strength of materials.
Outcomes 2. Determine simple stresses and strains.
(CILO) 3. Calculate flexural and shear stresses on beams and draw shear and moment
diagrams.
4. Calculate deflections on beams.

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THE DEVELOPER/S AND THEIR BACKGROUND:

Name CESAR M. BARTOLO

Asst. Prof 2
Position/
College Alumni Coordinator
Designation

CONTACT DETAILS
cmbartolo@tsu.edu.ph;
Email: cesarbartolo@yahoo.com
rasecolotrab63@gmail.com
Facebook:
Social Media https://www.facebook.com/Cares

+639228423727
Mobile/
Telephone
cmbartolo@tsu.edu.ph
MS Teams
Account:

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
YEAR GRADUATED
LEVEL NAME OF SCHOOL DEGREE COURSE HIGHEST LEVEL/ UNITS
EARNED
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
1985
TARLAC STATE CIVIL ENGINEERING
Bachelor’s Degree
UNIVERSITY

Graduate Studies TSU - GRADUATE SCHOOL M.A.Ed. MATHEMATICS 2007

Vocational/Trade
-NA- -NA- -NA-
Course

RELATED WORK EXPERIENCE

YEAR POSITION/INSTITUTION
Asst. Prof 2, Architecture Dept., Tarlac State University, College of Architecture and
2019 - Present
Fine Arts
Asst. Prof 1, Architecture Dept., Tarlac State University, College of Architecture and
2017 - 2019
Fine Arts
Instructor 2, Architecture Dept., Tarlac State University, College of Architecture and
2006- 2009
Fine Arts
Instructor 1, Architecture Dept., Tarlac State University, College of Architecture and
1997 - 2005
Fine Arts

1995 - 1996 Engineer 2, Department of Public Works and Highways, Region 3

AWARDS ANDRECOGNITION
YEAR AWARD/ SPONSORING AGENCY/ VENUE

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 RATIONALE

Mechanics, a major branch of Physics is the foundation of lessons on force vectors and
is also a prerequisite of engineering sciences. The ability to: translate worded problems in
Algebra to mathematical equations, define Trigonometric functions, plot the curve of
equations, compute areas of plane geometrical shapes, and recall some basic Calculus are
essential knowledge required to effectively learn from this module.

INSTRUCTION TO THE USERS

This module is anchored on a set of learning objectives which serves as students guide
in what to expect and achieve at the completion of this module. A timeline/schedule is also
included which will serve as a guide in students management of their time and submissions.

Key concepts, terminologies, processes /procedures, information sheets, templates

are included in this module and will be supplemented by online content such as e-books,
video tutorials and similar learning materials.

Quizzes or short test will be used to evaluate your knowledge of basic concepts and
table of specifications (TOS) will be used to evaluate student performance and output.

The use of Unified Communication and Collaboration Platform such as Microsoft

Teams will be utilized for online submissions since every student enrolled in the University
has a Microsoft 360 account.

(for new students please contact the University MISO for the registration of your account and
access to student portal , please visit https://www.tsu.edu.ph/ )

The submission of actual outputs, quizzes and other requirements will be coordinated
through your LGU ( Local Government Unit). Please coordinate with your assigned instructor.

A list of reference of readings, textbooks and links to online resources will also be
provided.

For consultations, inquiries and clarifications you may contact your instructor through
the contact details he/she has provided.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completing this course, the graduate could have the ability to:

1. Understand the principles and concepts of strength of materials.

2. Determine simple stresses and strains.
3. Calculate flexural and shear stresses on beams and draw shear and moment diagrams.
4. Calculate deflections on beams.

COURSE OUTLINE

WEEK DURATION CHAPTER/LEARNING UNIT

1 1. Simple Stresses

2 2. Simple Strains

3-6 3. Shear and Moment in Beams

7-8 4. Flexure Stress in Beams

8-9 5. Shear Stress in Beams

9-11 6. Design for Flexure and Shear in Beams

11- 12 7. Deflections on Beams

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CHAPTER 1 SIMPLE STRESS

Introduction
It is a simple lesson in engineering mechanics specifically statics of rigid bodies to
determine equilibrium of the external forces acting on a body or group of related bodies.
Strength of materials on the other hand considers the internal effects of these external
forces acting on an object known or termed as stress.

Objectives
In this lesson the students should be able to learn the following:

1. Define and identify effects of internal forces acting on an object.

2. Compute magnitude of the different types of direct stress on an object.
a. Normal or Uniaxial Stress
b. Tangential or Shear Stress
c. Bearing Stress

Definition of Terms
Consider the object subjected to the external forces as shown and pass a plane cutting
the object to explore the internal effects of the forces

a -a

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Figure 1.1
 8

Isolating one part of the section as FBD

8 and consider the internal forces to come up
with the following definitions

Figure 1.2

Basic Definitions (see Figure 1.2)

Pxx Axial Force: This component measures the pulling (or pushing)
action over the exploratory section. It is often designated as P (or F.)
8

Pxy, Pxz Shear Force: Component that measures the total resistance to
sliding the portion of one side of the exploratory section past the other. It is often
designated as V.
8
Mxx Torque: This component measures the twisting of the member
and is commonly given the symbol T.

Mxy, Mxy Bending Moments: These components measure the resistance to

bending the member about the Y or Z axes and are often denoted as My, Mz.

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Figure 1.3 shows the different types of internal stresses affecting an object subjected to
external forces in equilibrium.

As for this different stresses, Lesson 1 covers direct/simple stress and its down lines
(see Fig.1.3).

Stress is defined as the intensity of the internal force on a specific plane passing
through a point.

Figure 1.4

For Normal stress,(a) consider again 8 (b)

the Figure 1.3 with the exploratory section showing differential element area ∆ A and
diffferential vector force ∆ F with its rectangular components normal force ∆ F n , and
tangential force ∆ F t .

Normal Stress is the stress developed by P xx or Axial force ( ∆ F n ∈the Figure) i.e. the
component of the internal forces which has a pulling (or pushing) effect on the object.
Thus, mathematically normal or uniaxial stress can be expressed as

∆ Fn Pn
σ = lim ∨simply σ =
∆ A→ 0 ∆A A

Where:
σ = normal stress
Pn = axial force normal or perpendicular to section area
A = area of the section

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Normal stress can further be classified as Tensile stress (pulling effect) and
Compressive stress (pushing effect).

Units of Stress

 The units in the SI system is the Newton per square meter or Pascal i.e. :
Pa = N/m2
 In engineering, Pa seems too small, so the following are usually use:
1kPa = 103 Pa = 103 N/m2 (kPa = kilo Pascal)
1MPa = 106 Pa = 103 N/m2 = 1N/mm2 (MPa = Mega Pascal)
9 9 2
1GPa = 10 Pa = 10 N/m (GPa = Giga Pascal)

Figure 1.5 Concrete cylinder compressive stress test.

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Illustrative Problem 1. For the truss loaded as shown, determine the stress on members
CE and BD. The cross-sectional area of each member is 1200mm 2. Indicate wether
tension (T) or compression (C).
B

D
4m
2.5m
A F
3m C 3m E 2.5m
Solution:
B
2000N 3000N

D
4m
2.5m
A F
3m C 3m E 2.5m

RA RF
2000N 3000N
1) Apply static equilibrium to solve for reactions at
the supports

∑ M A =0 +

RA (8.5m) – 2000N(5.5m) – 3000N(2.5m) = 0

RA(8.5m) = 2000N(5.5m) + 3000N(2.5m)
= 18,500N-m
RA = 18,500N-m / 8.5m
RA = 2,176 N

∑ F Y =0
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 RA – 2000N – 3000N + RF = 0
RF = 2000N + 3000N – RA
RF = 5000N – 2,176N
RF = 2,824 N

2) Re-draw the truss and pass cutting line a-a to get direct force on members BD
and CE
a
B

D
4m
2.5m
A F
3m C 3m E 2.5m
a
RA = 2176N RF = 2824N
3) 2000N 3000N Isolate left of
section a-a as FBD

B
R= √5
1
2 D
4m
2.5m
F
C 3m E 2.5m

RF = 2824N
3000N

∑ M D=0 +

CE(2.5m) – RF(2.5m) = 0
CE(2.5m) = RF(2.5m)
CE(2.5m) = 2824N(2.5m)
CE = 2824N-m / 2.5m
CE = 2824 N (T)

∑ M C =0 +

BDX(4m) + 3000N(3m) – 2824N(5.5m) = 0

BDX (4m) = 2824N(5.5m) – 3000N(3m)
BDX (4m) = 6532N-m
BDX = 6532 N-m / 4m
BDX = 1633N

From slope or (inclination) of member BD

R = √ 22+ 12 = √ 5 hence by ratio and proportion

BD X BD 1633 N BD
= or = thus BD = 1633N(√5) / 2
2 √5 2 √5
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 BD = 1826N (C)

4) With the forces on the members obtained apply direct stress formula to get the
normal stress

For member CE = 1130N in tension and A = 1200mm 2

σ = PCE / ACE
σ = 2824N / 1200mm2
σ = 2.353 N/mm2 or 2.353MPa (T)

For member BD = 1826N in compression and A = 1200mm 2

σ = PBD / ABD
σ = 1826N / 1200mm2
σ = 1.522 N/mm2 or 1.522Pa (C)

Shear Stress is the stress developed by P XY or PXZ , shear force ( ∆ F t ∈the Figure) i.e.
the component of the internal forces which tend to cut the object over the section by
sliding one section past the other. Mathematically shear also termed as tangential
stress can be expressed as

∆ Ft Pt V
τ = lim
∆A
∨simply τ=
A
or τ = A
∆ A→ 0

Where:
τ = shear stress
V = shear force or parallel to section area
A = area of the section

Types of shear stress

Single Shear

Punch Shear
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Illustrative Problem 2. Compute the shearing stress in pin at B for the member
supported as shown. The pin diameter at B is 20mm.

(a)
AX = 32.8kN

AY= 22.9kN

(b)

Solution:

1) Determine the total reaction at pin B from FBD of the member

∑ M C =0 +

– RBV(0.25m) + Ax (0.2m) + AY(0.25m) = 0

RBV(0.25m) = (40kN × cos 350)(0.2m) + (40kN × sin 350)(0.25m)
= (32.8kN)(0.2m) + (22.9kN)(0.25m)
= 12.285kN-m
RBV = 12.285kN-m / 0.25m
RBV = 49.14kN

∑ F X =0
– RBH + Ax = 0
RBH = Ax
RBH = 32.8kN

Total shear force acting on pin B must be equal to total reaction at support i.e.

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 V = √ R BH 2+R BV 2
V = √ 32.8 kN 2+ 49.14 kN 2
V =59.08 kN
As seen from the exploded figure of support at B, the pin is with 20mm diameter
is under double shear, hence the area under shear is

A=2× π r 2 or A=2¿)
A=2¿)
A=628.3 mm2

Thus, for the stress developed at the pin

V
τ=
A
59.08 x 103 N
τ=
628.3 mm 2

τ =94.03 N /mm2 or 94.03MPa

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Bearing Stress is the stress developed by Pb or normal ( F❑∈the Figure) i.e. the
component of the internal forces acting over all contact between two surfaces of two
objects. Mathematically bearing stress (or contact pressure between two surfaces)) can
be expressed as

∆ F❑ Pb
σ b= lim ∨simply σ b=
∆ A b →0 ∆ Ab Ab

Where:
σ b = bearing stress
Pb = bearing force or perpendicular to surface area
Ab = area of the section

(Note: in the figure Ab = diameter of bolt × thickness of plate = dt)

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 Figure,
Illustrative Problem 3. In Fig. assume
1-12, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet
joins the plates that are each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are
120 MPa for bearing in the plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet.
Determine (a) the minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest
average tensile stress in the plate.

Solution:

Determine force P from shearing stress,

V
τ= or V = τ×A where V = P
A
P = 120 N/mm2 x ¼(π202)mm2
P = 6000πN

Apply bearing stress to determine thickness of plate,

∆ F❑ Pb
σ b= lim ∨simply σ b=
∆ A b →0 ∆ Ab Ab

Pb
or Ab = where Ab =dt
σb
6000 π N
20mm(t) =
60 N /mm2
t = (6000π/60 x 20)mm
t = 7.85mm

For the average tensile stress developed,

σ = P/ A where A = thickness x ( width – diameter)

σ = 6000πN/(7.85mm)(110 – 20)mm
σ = 26.67N/mm2 or 26.67MPa

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Practice Problem Set 1

Application of Simple Stresses Formula

1. A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load
of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to
120 MN/m2.

2. A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in

Fig. P-105. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to
exceed 90 MPa in bronze and 120 MPa in steel.

Figure P-130 shows a roof truss and the

detail of the riveted connection at joint
B. Using
allowable stresses of τ = 70 MPa and σ
b
= 140 MPa, how many 19-mm diameter
rivets

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are required to fasten member BC to the
gusset plate? Member BE? What is the
largest
average tensile or compressive stress in
BC and BE?
Figure P-130 shows a roof truss and the
detail of the riveted connection at joint
B. Using
allowable stresses of τ = 70 MPa and σ
b
= 140 MPa, how many 19-mm diameter
rivets
are required to fasten member BC to the
gusset plate? Member BE? What is the
largest
average tensile or compressive stress in
BC and BE?
3. Figure P-130 shows a roof truss and the detail of the riveted connection at joint
B. Using allowable stresses τ = 70MPa for shear and σ b = 140MPa for bearing,
how many 19mm diameter rivets are required to fasten BC to the gusset plate?
What is the largest tensile stress developed?

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Exercises 1

Application of Simple Stresses Formula

Instructions”

1. Use the illustrative problems provided as a guide.

2. Show detailed solutions with corresponding illustrations.
3. All solutions must be handwritten.

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