ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to Human Body
ANATOMY
❖ is the study of structure whereas
identification and description of the
structures of living things
❖ It is a branch of biology and medicine.
The study of anatomy dates back more
than 2,000 years, to the Ancient Greeks.
PHYSIOLOGY
❖ the study of how the human body
works . It describes the chemistry and
physics behind basic body functions,
from how molecules behave in cells to
how systems of organs work together.
❖ It helps us understand what happens in
a healthy body in everyday life and what
goes wrong when someone gets sick.
ANDREAS VESALIUS
❖ founder of modern anatomy, was the
first to challenge the theories of Galen
and carried out dissection to closely
observe the inner structure and
construction of the human body.
❖ Based on his direct observation through
dissection, Vesalius discovered, recorded
and published the facts of real anatomy.
HIPPOCRATES
❖ was the first established medical scientist
who studied organ structure and
functions followed by Aristotle and others
who described and differentiated
relationship between organs.
HEROPHILOS AND ERASISTRATUS
❖ furthered the anatomical research and
presented far more accurate structure of
a human body than their predecessors.
Levels of Structural Organization and Body
Systems
SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY
The eleven systems of the human body
are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular,
nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,
lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive,
urinary, and reproductive.
 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to Human Body
 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to Human Body

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIVING HUMAN CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS

ORGANISM Homeostatic imbalances occur because of
Life processes in humans include : disruptions from the external or internal
environments
Interactions Animation:
❑ Communication, Regulation, and
Homeostasis
❑ Negative Feedback Control of
Temperature Regulation

THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF A FEEDBACK

HOMEOSTASIS LOOPS
❖ is a condition of equilibrium, or balance,
in the body’s internal environment
❖ maintained by the body’s regulatory
processes.
Body Fluids & Homeostasis
❖ The survival of our body cells is dependent
on the precise regulation of the chemical
composition of their surrounding fluid
❖ This fluid is known as extracellular fluid
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CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to Human Body

CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS: NEGATIVE CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS: POSITIVE

FEEDBACK FEEDBACK

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES
When homeostasis is disrupted it may
result in disease, disorder, or even death
Factors such as the your genetic make-up,
the air you breathe, the food you eat, and
the thoughts you think can all affect your
health
 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to Human Body

BASIC ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

Types Of Anatomical Terminology:
❖ Body positions
❖ Regional names
❖ Directional terms
❖ Planes and sections
❖ Body cavities

BODY POSITIONS
❖ ANATOMICAL POSITION
- is a standardized method of observing
or imaging the body that allows precise
and consistent anatomical reference.
❖ Person stands erect, facing the observer,
the upper extremities are places at the
sides, the palms of the hands are turned
forward, and the feet are flat on the
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
floor
- are used to precisely locate one part of
REGIONAL NAMES
the body relative to another
- are names given to specific regions of
the body for reference
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CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to Human Body

PRACTICING PLANES & SECTIONS

Planes
- are imaginary flat surfaces that are
used to divide the body

❖
❖ Body cavities
❖ - are spaces within the body that help
protect, separate, and support internal
organs.
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CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to Human Body

SEROUS MEMBRANES SEROUS MEMBRANE IN THE ABDOMINAL

- are thin, double-layered membranes
that covers the viscera within the
thoracic and abdominal cavities and
also lines the walls of the thorax and
abdomen
❖ Visceral layer
❖ Parietal layer
Serous membranes reduce friction.
CAVITY
The peritoneum, covers many of the
abdominal organ.
Retroperitoneal – the classification some
organs are given because they are not
surrounded by the peritoneum, rather,
they are posterior to it

SEROUS MEMBRANES IN THE THORACIC

CAVITY
- The pericardium and pleura cover the
heart and lungs, respectively

MEDICAL IMAGING
- involves techniques that allow physicians
to view images of the human body
- This allows physicians to diagnose
anatomical and physiological
abnormalities.
Medical Imaging Procedures: Radiography
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CHAPTER 1: An Introduction to Human Body

Medical Imaging Procedures: MRI & CT Medical Imaging Procedures: Endoscopy

Medical Imaging Procedures: Radionuclide

scanning

Medical Imaging Procedures: Ultrasound

Scanning

AGING AND HOMEOSTASIS

- Aging is a normal process
characterized by a progressive decline
in the body’s ability to restore
Medical Imaging Procedures: CCTA & PET homeostasis
Scan