Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module 1: The Meaning and Method of Doing Philosophy: Name: Grade and Section
Module 1: The Meaning and Method of Doing Philosophy: Name: Grade and Section
Module 1: The Meaning and Method of Doing Philosophy: Name: Grade and Section
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION BALANGA CITY
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
Page | 1
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION BALANGA CITY
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
Page | 2
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION BALANGA CITY
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
There are several views regarding truth. Philosophers also consider things such a person’s experiences and
emphasize the importance of belief as a basis for views.
determining truth. But as a philosopher, we do not
assume that every statement is true. Remember the Facts are statements that are observed to be real or
famous French philosopher, Rene Descartes traced the truthful. Claims are statements that require further
need to philosophize to doubt. examination to determine their truthfulness. Some
arguments may contain fallacies. We must be aware of
In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help
determine the truth. This means that every statement, the various kinds of fallacies as these affect the validity of
claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and arguments. Opinions are often influenced by bias. We must be
analyzed. aware of bias so that we can objectively and critically examine
points of view.
Philosophers always engaged with the concept of truth. Opinion is something intermediary between knowledge and
Philosophers consider truth as a kind of quality or ignorance. While Public opinion is the intermediate faculty
value. A belief is true if it can be justified or which seizes the things that float between the two extremes
proven through the use of one’s senses. Another basis (Plato)
for determining truth is a belief or statement is true if it is Opinion applies to what, being true or false, may be other than
based on facts. it is: in fact, opinion is the apprehension of an immediate and
unnecessary premise (Aristotle)
Getting consensus or having people agree on a
common belief is another way of determining what is true. Opinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also the name of
Although this approach has certain limitations. Getting knowledge (Leibniz) Opinion is a belief that is
everyone to agree on something may not take that belief true. conscious of being insufficient both subjectively and
objectively (Kant)
Fact is something concrete that can be proven. You can find
An opinion gives for truth something that has been
facts in legal records, scientific findings, encyclopedias,
said, although sometimes they are absurd words, which
atlases, etc. In other words, facts are the truth and are
mean nothing, impossible to understand (Hobbes)
accepted as such.
Public opinion is the convergence of the opinions of the
Opinion is less concrete. It's a view formed in the mind of a greatest number of people in a community, so that they form
person about a particular issue. In other words it is what a common and dominant feeling, exerting diffuse pressure
someone believes or thinks, and is not necessarily the truth. (Freud)
Page | 3
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION BALANGA CITY
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
When discussing about truth, it is important to define making decisions and actions when we faced with a
knowledge because through knowing we will be able to problem.
know what is true (Abella, 2016). Knowledge can be
defined as the awareness and understanding of something. It Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are
truthful and acceptable, which we can use to form
is a product of questions that allow for clear answers
our own views regarding certain matters.
provided by facts. Knowledge consist of ideas and beliefs
that we know to be true (Abella, 2016). On the other hand,
propositions or statements that are observed to be real or
truthful are considered facts. Claims are statements that are 1st Quarter, Week 2 – Activity 2:
not evidently known to be true. With this, one can say that (THE MEANING & PROCESSES OF
truthful statements are based on facts and a claim needs to be DOING PHILOSOPHY)
proven by verification and experimentation in order to be
considered as true. DIRECTION. Read the poem written by John
Godfrey Saxe’s on the classic Indian Legend of the
The methods of philosophy will help to learn the process of Six Blind Men and the Elephant.
doing philosophy in a systematic way. On the other hand,
philosophizing is to think or express oneself in a
The Six Blind Men and the Elephant
philosophical manner.
It was six men of Indostan,
Although philosophy is an organized body To learning much inclined,
of knowledge, the subject matter of philosophy Who went to see the Elephant
is questions, which have three major characteristics; (Though all of them were blind), That each by
1. Philosophical questions have answers, but the answers observation Might satisfy his mind.
remain in dispute.
2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, The First approach'd the Elephant, And happening to
common sense, or faith. fall
Against his broad and sturdy side, At once began to
3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest bawl:
to human beings "God bless me! but the Elephant
Is very like a wall!"
The methodology or method that philosophers use to
address philosophical question is critical thinking. The Second, feeling of the tusk,
Cried, -"Ho! what have we here
Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational and So very round and smooth and sharp?
systematic approach to questions of very general interest To me 'tis mighty clear,
This wonder of an Elephant Is very like a
Critical thinking means understanding if philosophy spear!"
and refraining from merely giving claims but through
careful thought, one reasons through to The Third approach'd the animal,
argumentation. And happening to take
The squirming trunk within his hands, Thus boldly up and
The scientific method also leads to wisdom and spake:
truth because it uses an evidence- based approach to "I see," -quoth he- "the Elephant
come up with its conclusion. In this method, Is very like a snake!"
all truths are supported by facts that can easily
be tested or proven again through experiments, The Fourth reached out an eager hand, And felt about the
logical reasoning, or observation. knee:
"What most this wondrous beast is like Is mighty plain,"
An understanding of opinions and facts and the -quoth he,-
mean to distinguish one from the other can further "'Tis clear enough the Elephant Is very like a
improve our understanding and appreciation of varied tree!"
views and ideas
The Fifth, who chanced to touch the ear,
Said- "E'en the blindest man
The ability to determine truth goes hand in
Can tell what this resembles most;
hand with the holistic perspective and enables us Deny the fact who can,
to make wiser decisions, especially in choosing This marvel of an Elephant
then ideas and views which we find acceptable. Is very like a fan!"
A critical mind aided by philosophy can help us from
The Sixth no sooner had begun About the beast to
our own personal point of view that can guide us in grope,
Page | 4
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION BALANGA CITY
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
Page | 5
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION BALANGA CITY
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
THE HUMAN BODY IN IMPOSING LIMITS AND Human body is not the only definition of a human person.
POSSIBILITIES There exists an intangible element which enables us to
exercise thought, possess awareness, interiority, a the capacity
From a biological and physical standpoint, it can be
to reach out to the outside world ang other persons. This
recognized that the human body, although it can
intangible element is the spirit. (Abela, 2016) With this,
perform many functions, also has limitations. Limits in
philosophers consider a human person as
the environment, demographics, and society may also
the union of the body and the spirit. The human person is an
hinder a person from reaching transcendence.
embodied spirit.
BODILY LIMITATIONS
• socioeconomic status
• location of neighbourhood
• abusive relationships
• negative influences
OVERCOMING LIMITATIONS
- Bodily limits can be tested by trying on new 1st Quarter, Week 5 – Activity 5:
experiences (THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT)
- and working on challenges with increasing levels ACTIVITY #1
of difficulty. The human body, if given enough
exposure to any situation, can attain a goal with Direction.
efficiency 1. Research pictures of ancient tribes such as those of
- Social and environmental limitations are more Pre-colonial Philippines whose manner of clothing
difficult to overcome than bodily limitations have not yet been influenced by the western
because they involve the influence of other people colonizers. (Ex. Tattooed Kalinga Women,
and the external world. However, with a proper Indigenous Aetas – Male and Female)
mindset, clearly defined goals, and motivation to 2. List down the significant differences between the
rise above challenges, one may successfully way tribal Filipinos before the Spanish colonization
overcome his or her limitations. dressed from the way we do now.
Page | 7
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION BALANGA CITY
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
Get a mirror. Take some time to look at your face and body in
front of the mirror. Identify those parts you like most about Environmental philosophy or environmental ethics is
your body. Identify those parts you hate the the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral
relationship of human beings with the environment and its
non-human contents.
most. Write everything down in tabulated form – one
Anthropocentrism, focuses on the significant role of
column for likes, another for dislikes. humankind in the world and considers nature as the means by
which humans are able to meet their needs and survive.
Biocentrism, on the other hand, believes that humans are not
the only significant species on the planets, and that all
Now focus on the column of dislikes. For each item you wrote, organisms have inherent value and should be protected.
identify the things that you would not be able to do or miss if Ecocentrism places great value on ecosystems and
that body part is lost, destroyed or severely injured. Write at biological communities.
least one down for each body part you
Environmental Aesthetics is one philosophical view that
dislike. believes in maintaining order in the environment will bring
out the natural beauty of the surroundings and contribute
to the well-being of the people and other organisms living
in it.
Environmentalism advocates to address the growing
Going back to the same column of dislikes, think of your many environmental problems.
achievements and ask yourself whether or not it was possible to
achieve those if the body parts you dislike were injured or
permanently destroyed. The Development of Ethical Views Regarding the
Environment
Page | 8
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION BALANGA CITY
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
Impact on
the
Products
Activities Done Environment
Used/Bought/Threw
(Positive or
Negative)
Page | 9
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – Central Luzon
SCHOOLS DIVISION BALANGA CITY
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
City of Balanga, Bataan
ACTIVITY #2
Direction. Create a “Blog” that has 3-5 paragraphs showing an act of kindness towards the environment. You can either select from
planting, cleaning a particular spot in your community or recycling materials as the content of your blog. Showcase the process,
progress and the outcome of your action. The positive outcome must be visible in the “pictures” you are going to capture, as well as the
notable before and after of the chosen project.
-----------------------------end here------------------------------------
Page | 10