EARTHWORK

Masterplan, Design and Authority’s Requirement

Ir. Abdul Aziz Abas P.Eng, C.Eng, Int.PE

1
 PREFACE EARTHWORK

Preparation for life…

• As a module of the Integrated Design Project course for the Bachelor of

Civil Engineering programme, Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM, Shah
Alam

This program will provide basic overview of all aspects of Earthwork

planning and design, guidelines, legislative and regulatory requirements

Feb 2010 2
 PREFACE EARTHWORK

Benefit

• UNDERSTANDING the subject of Civil Engineering in wider perspective,

inter-relation with other subjects influencing the performance of Engineering
works and challenges.

• ACQUIRRING cutting edge practical design knowledge & skills that last
forever in the world of ever-changing infrastructural engineering.

• DEVELOPING your engineering knowledge significantly and permanently.

• PROVIDING your dashing factor (distinguish factor) for better chance of

employment upon graduation.

• EXPAND your employment versatility in an ever-changing marketplace.

• WINNING at the office and in daily job with the power of practical skill.

• ADVANCING your career as an Engineer.

• GAINING LEVERAGE by demonstrating knowledge of engineering in a

multi-disciplinary context.

Feb 2010 3
 EARTHWORK

1. Introduction • Definition & General

Understanding

2. Masterplan & Design • Planning of Earthwork & Early

Guiding Principle Scoping of Design
Consideration

• Guidelines & Preliminary

3. Preliminary Design Design

• Design Criteria & Detail

4. Detail Design Design

5. Authorities • Compliance & Authority

Approval

6. Construction • Control of Earthworks

7. Post - Construction • Certificate of Completion And

Compliance

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Feb 2010 4
 EARTHWORK

1 INTRODUCTION

5
Feb 2010 5
1 INTRODUCTION EARTHWORK

Definition of Earthwork

Earthworks are engineering works created through

the moving of massive quantities of soil or unformed
rock.

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 1 INTRODUCTION EARTHWORK

Typical Earthwork Development

Typical earthworks include Platforms, roads, dams, dikes, cannal, bunding, and berms ("noise mounds").

Roadwork Football field Agriculture

Recreation Tourism / Housing Landscape

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 1 INTRODUCTION EARTHWORK

Problems Associated With Earthwork

Sinkhole

High tide

8
Slope Failure
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 EARTHWORK

2 Masterplan & Design

Guiding Principle

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 2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK

Objectives

To establish the overall earthworks for the viability of the project

and to assist on planning of landuse, compliance with prevailing
guidelines and laws.

• Enhance Early Scoping

• Minimize Scope Changes

• Provide base platforms & Layout Plan

• Reduce Conflicts/ Disputes

• Costs Plan

2 Masterplan & Design

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 2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK

• Coastal Development Typical Development Condition

Influence by high & low tides

• Soft Ground Development

Influence by poor soil condition

• Low Land Development

Influence by Highest Flood Level

• High Land Development

Influence by slopes’ risk
Low risk, slopes < 25 deg
11 High risk, slopes > 25 deg 11
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 1 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK

Typical Earthwork Development – Compliance

Controlled Earthwork

Centralised facility

Slopes turfed

Silt trap / rubbish trap

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 1 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK

Typical Earthwork Development – Non-Compliance

Uncontrolled Earthwork

No sediment / silt trap

Earth not graded

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 2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK

Planning & Design Benchmarks

A. Client’s Requirement

• Development Master Plan

• Terms Of Reference

B. Authority’s Requirement

• Compliance to local council conditions &

requirements
(Development Order)

• Design Guidelines

• Statutory Requirement

2
14
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 N 2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK

Development Masterplan

• Development Landuse determined

by Masterplanner

• Engineer to advise on platform &

drainage pattern and other aspects
of engineering

• Engineer to balance cut & fill

design (wherever possible)

• Engineer to minimise import earth

• Engineer to establish
Term Of Reference

• Engineer to establish Specification

• Engineer to obtain approvals

• Engineer to supervise construction

Commercial
Existing Development
Ggreen / Forest
Institution

15 Industrial
Typical Development Masterplan
Residential Feb 2010 15
Layout
 2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK

Infrastructure Influencing Earthwork Design

Source: MSMA

Drainage System Detention Pond

Drainage System – Main Stream

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 2 MASTERPLAN & DESIGN GUIDING PRINCIPLE EARTHWORK

Infrastructure Influencing Earthwork Design

- Generally flat area with only

prominent highest ground

-Gravity Flow Water Supply

is most possible

Water Supply System

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 EARTHWORK

3 Preliminary Design

Feb 2010 18
 3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN EARTHWORK

Confirm Site Location

Identification
of correct site &
Project Boundary
“CRUCIAL”

• Obtain CP
from Survey
Dept.

• Check lot
numbers

• Check
boundaries

Typical Cadestral Plan – Obtained from Land Survey Department

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 3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN EARTHWORK

Obtaining Confirmed Requirements & Data

• Approved Development Layout Masterplan Architect or Town Planner / JPBD

• Development Order Local Council

• Topographical Survey Land Surveyor

• Highest Flood Level DID

• Soil Investigation Geotechnical Engineer

• Local Guidelines Local Council / Authority / Agency

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3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN EARTHWORK

Site Reconnaissance

• Mandatory site visit

• To confirm site location and development

boundaries

• To familiarize with the site geographical

condition

• To identify adjacent development, Access,

etc.

• To observe & assess site constraints

• To have general idea of existing & future

design system

• To gather information about flooding

history

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3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN EARTHWORK

Assess Site Constraints / Issues

Swampy area
Soft soil

Main river system

No pollution permitted
Control flows from development

Low laying areas &

Sg. Balok atFlooding issue
Coastal Road
Raise platform or bunding?

Tidal influence

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 3 PRELIMINARY DESIGN EARTHWORK

Objectives
SOIL INVESTIGATION

• To identify general sub-soil profile i.e. suitability

• To provide detail picture of soil stratigraphy & geological

settings i.e. extend of soft & hard underlayings, ground water

Sg. Balok at Coastal Road

• To obtaining representative geotechnical parameters of
various sub-soil strata for engineering design i.e. N-Values

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 EARTHWORK

4 Detail Design

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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Guiding Principles

• Integrate the design platform levels with existing developments.

• Design platform levels shall tie in with the roads.

• All Slope formations shall be kept within the plot boundaries.

• Achieve an almost balanced cut and fill volume within the development

• Establishing preliminary platform levels based on development

scheme requirements, infrastructure and utilities. Sg. Balok at Coastal Road

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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Procedure
• Design Criteria

• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)

• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan

• Propose Platform Levels

• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill

• Propose Retaining Structure

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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Procedure

• Design Criteria
• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)

• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan

• Propose Platform Levels

• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill

• Propose Retaining Structure

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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Criteria
• Clearing, grubbing, stripping top soil, cut & fill,
compact, trimming, turfing, soil test for FGL

• Embankment in swamp or soft ground, Height

≥ 1.5m, cross-slopes ≤ 1V : 3H 1
3

• Gradient for cut slope, 1 : 1.2

1

1.2

Sg. Balok at Coastal Road

• Gradient for fill slope, 1 : 2

• Height of slopes, 3m intervals with toe, berm &

intercepting drains
Inteceptor
• Layers of 300mm intervals, compacted to 95%
(Cohesive soil) or Berm 3m
100% (Cohesionless soil) of max Dry Density.
Ref BS1377 – 4.5kg rammer method
3m
Toe

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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Criteria
• All slopes closed turf

Tg Gelang

• Min Formation Platform Level, 1m above

Highest Flood Level or EHW (Coastal)

Sg. Balok at Coastal Road

• Temporary drains to main drain shall pass Silt

Trap (Sediment trap)

• Wash Through before public road

• Temporary drains, design for 1 in 5 years,

checked for 1 in 10 years

• Min 1 no Temporary Bench Mark established

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4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Criteria

Sg. Balok at Coastal Road

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4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Options For Cut Slopes

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4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Options For Fill Slopes

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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Procedure

• Design Criteria

• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)

• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan

• Propose Platform Levels

• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill

• Balancing Cut & Fill Volume

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4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Study Project Layout (Development Plan)

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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Assessment of Available Survey Information

Slopes direction

Slopes direction
Swampy
+2m to 3m

Potential high
Ground for Water
Hilly 80m Supply Tank

Existing Existing
+5m to 9m +5.5m

Existing
+3m
Slopes direction

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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Procedure

• Design Criteria

• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)

• Study Project Survey Drawing In

Conjunction With Dev Plan
• Propose Platform Levels

• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill

• Propose Retaining Structure

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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Assessment of Available Survey Information

Slopes direction

Fill Slopes direction

Swampy
+2m to 3m

Cut Potential high

Ground for Water
Hilly 80m Supply Tank

Existing Existing
+5m to 9m +5.5m

Existing
+3m
Slopes direction

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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Procedure

• Design Criteria

• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)

• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan

• Propose Platform Levels

• Propose Retaining Structure

• Balancing Cut & Fill Volume

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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Assessment of Minimum Platform Level

• HFL = 2.2 m ODL

• Freeboard = 1.0m
• Drainage Gradient = 1.5m

• Recommended Min. Platform Level = 4.7m ODL

Existing Platform Level at Project Site Varies from PL+5m to PL+9m

Swampy and Low Lying Level at Upstream = PL+2m to PL3m

Highest Flood Level (JPS record or ever known)

Max.
Proposed Platform Level Formation

Min.
Freeboard = +1m
Highest Flood Level = +2.2m ODL

Water body
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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Conceptual Platform

Platform Level to
be above Highest Flood Level

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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Proposed Platform Levels

Cut area

Fill area
Follow drainage
pattern

• Min Platform Level = 4.7m

Highest Platform Level

Determined by Cut & Balance
Analysis

Notes:
1. All levels are in meter O.D.L

Feb 2010 41
 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Proposed Platform Levels

Typical Cross-Sections

Notes:
1. All levels are in meter O.D.L
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4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Proposed Platform Levels

Typical Building Platforms

Feb 2010 43
 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Procedure

• Design Criteria

• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)

• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan

• Propose Platform Levels

• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill

• Propose Retaining Structure

Feb 2010 44
 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Procedure
Principle

• To obtain balance cut & Fill (If possible)

• Too much access cut material – Difficult to dispose

• Too much fill material - Difficult to obtain borrow source & Cost

Feb 2010 45
Methods
4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Procedure

• Grid System Method

• Large area or excavation

• Using area method calculation

• Land development

• Computer software – triangulation

interpolation (more accurate &
ease of modeling)

• Require spot levels survey

• Cross-section Method

• Longitudinal “strip” profile

• Used for road, pipeline, drainage

constructions

• Require strip survey

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 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Proposed Platform Levels

Volume of Cut & Fill

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 GRID SYSTEM METHOD

A

B • To obtain large area of excavation

C • Square rectangular and levels at
each cross-sections established
D
• Establish datum
E
• Calculate volume of existing ground
F
• Calculate volume of proposed platform

• Difference s constitute cut or fill volume

Feb 2010 47
 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Proposed Platform Levels

Methodology Volume of Cut & Fill

Average areas of column grids 1 & 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
A

X F

Average areas of row grids A & B

X <> 10m to for accuracy (undulating areas) X

X = 5m gives accurate figures (undulating areas) Existing levels
X > 10m for flat areas & proposed levels
X = 50m for large area / Masterplan purposes Based on spots &
interpolation Feb 2010 48
 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6
4 10
DETAIL DESIGN

7 10 8 10 9 10 10
EARTHWORK

A E 10 10 10 88 55 33 33 22 22 33 3 Grid System
P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 66 55 55 55 55 5
10 C 250 175 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 -212.5 -275 -275 -300 -250 -200
P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
E 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
B E 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
P 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
10 C 325 300 212.5 0 0 0 0 0 0
F 0 0 0 -25 -250 -250 -247.5 -245 -195
P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 Legend
E 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 4
C E 10 10 19 10 10 9 9 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 4 4 4
P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 5.9 E Existing
10 C 325 500 225 50 0 0 0 0 0 P Proposed
F 0 0 0 0 -150 -150 -115 -105 -80
P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
C Cut
E 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 F Fill
D E 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
10 C 250 162.5 137.5 75 25 0 0 30 30
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 -10 0 0
P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
E 9 8 8 7.5 7.5 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
E E 9 8 8 7.5 7.5 8 8 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
P 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7
10 C 225 162.5 137.5 137.5 162.5 100 15 30 30
F 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
P 6 66 66 66 5.5 5.5 55 55 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7 4.7

F E8 88 77 77 77 77 55 55 55 5

All dimensions are in meters Total Area = 50.02 Acres

Total Cut = 4,072.50 CuM
Spoil @ 20% = 814.50 CuM
Proposed Platform Levels Available Fill = 3,258.00 CuM
Total Fill = 3,335.00 CuM
Volume of Cut & Fill To import Fill = 77.00 CuM
Access Cut = Nil CuM

Feb 2010 49
 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Procedure

• Design Criteria

• Study Project Layout (Development Plan)

• Study Project Survey Drawing In Conjunction With Dev Plan

• Propose Platform Levels

• Compute Volume of Cut & Fill

• Propose Retaining Structure

Feb 2010 50
 4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Design Procedure
Earth Retaining Structure

Standards Used in Design

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4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Split Levels

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4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Earth Retaining Structure

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4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Earth Retaining Structure

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4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Earth Retaining Structure

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4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Earth Retaining Structure

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4 DETAIL DESIGN EARTHWORK

Earth Retaining Structure – Typical Detail

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 EARTHWORK

5 Authority
Compliance & Approvals

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 5 AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals EARTHWORK

Governing Law

Earthworks regulation and approval is under the jurisdiction of Local Council.

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 5 AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals EARTHWORK

Submission Checklist
√ Copy of Letter of Appointment As Consulting Engineer

√ Copy of D.O. Letter from Planning Dept.

√ Copy of Land Title / S & P Agreement

√ Earthwork Plan (duly endorsed by PE)

√ Copy of Approved D.O. Plan / Development Layout by Architect

√ Copy of Quit Rent of Current Year

√ Site Photos of present condition

Copy of Approval Letter From JKR For Road System

√ Or Prove Of Submission

Copy of Approval Letter From JPS For Drainage System

√
Or Prove Of Submission

√ Copy of Approval Letter of Main Infra / Main Earthwork (if app.)

√ Copy of Geological Mapping (for hill dev) & Erosion Control Plan
Report
Feb 2010 60
 5 AUTHORITY Compliance & Approvals EARTHWORK

Submission Process Flow

SUBMITTING
PERSON

No

JPS

Yes

JKR

Approval

PTG

OSC One Stop Centre

LC

Feb 2010 61
 EARTHWORK

6 Construction

Feb 2010 62
 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Earthwork Construction

• Identification of project site

• Planning of temporary drainage system

• Access and wash through location

• Detention ponds / silt traps

• Project office & facility

• Construction of Hoarding

• Observe all laws pertaining to construction

• Plan, design, manage all temporary works

• Earthwork construction & supervision

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6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Earthwork Construction

• Review costruction
programme

• Control & Monitor

Feb 2010 64
 6 CONSTRUCTION

GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

EARTHWORK

Feb 2010 65
 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Site Supervision to comply ; Quality Control

• General Instruction
• Construction Drawings
• Specifications Contract Document
• Bills of Quantities
• Compliance to Authority’s requirement

• Compaction 95% max of dry density @ BS 1377

Building footprints, roads & services corridor, runways, etc

• Compaction 75%
Building footprints but to allow Suspended Floor slab design
Area not subject to buildings construction i.e fields, landscape, etc

• Each layer ≤ 200mm thick

• For road sub-base, soaked CBR value ≥ 30 for 95% consolidation

Feb 2010 66
 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Soil Compaction
Selection of types of compaction machinery Vs types of soil

Grid roller

Smooth wheeled roller Sheepsfoot roller

Feb 2010 67
 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Site Clearing Work

July 2009 68
Feb 2010 68
 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

In-land Development
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 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Low Land Earthwork Platforming

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 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Mandatory Hoarding

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 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Installation of Mandatory Paver Blocks at Entrance of Construction Site

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 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Mandatory Wash Through

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 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Installation of Geosynthetic Materials For Earthwork in Soft Ground

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 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Cut Slopes Formation With Closed Turf

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 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Installation of Geomembrane to prevent ground contamination @ solid waste disposal

76
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 6 CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Urban Construction - Completed Earthwork Being CloseTurfed – Final Stage

Feb 2010 77
 EARTHWORK

7 Post - Construction

Feb 2010 78
 7 POST - CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Inspection & As-Built Documents

• Engineer to carry out confirmatory Soil Investigation to verify full

compliance i.e. Compaction, Soil Stabilization, etc.

• Land Surveyor to survey As-Built earthworks platforms to verify full

compliance pertaining to FGL or PL.

• Land Surveyor & Engineer to certify As-Built survey drawings

• Engineer Review Construction Drawings & Correct to As-Built Drawings

• Engineer updating As-Built information not covered i.e. Authority’s

requirement not spelt out in Construction Drawings, V.O.

• Engineer to ensure all mandatory dues to Authority are complied

• Engineer arranged mandatory inspections with JPS, JKR, LC, etc

to facilitate handing over works & recommendation for CCC

Feb 2010 79
 7 POST - CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

CCC Process Flow

SUBMITTING
PERSON (SP)

No

JPS

Yes

JKR

Recommendation

PTG

LC PSP Principal Submitting Person

PSP Issue CCC

Feb 2010 80
 7 POST - CONSTRUCTION EARTHWORK

Post - CCC

• Issue Certificate Of Completion & Compliance

• Defects Liability Period. Generally 1 to 1.5 years

• Issue Certificate of Completion After Defects

• Final Account

• Total Completion of Project

Feb 2010 81
 Thank You
Terima Kasih

July 2009 82
Questions & Answers

July 2009 83