U18EC096

EXPERIMENT 5

Date: 01/09/2021

Name: MALOTH BHARATH BABU Roll No. U18EC096

AIM: Measurement of phase difference using EX-OR method.

APPARATUS: IC LM 741 or LM 324, DC voltage supply, Resistors, DMM, Breadboard,

Potentiometer, Connecting wires etc.

THEORY: The notion of “phase” is usually associated with periodic or repeating signals. With
these signals, the wave shape perfectly repeats itself every time the period of repetition
elapses. For periodic signals one can think of the phase at a given time as the fractional portion
of the period that has been completed. This is commonly expressed in degrees or radians, with
full cycle completion corresponding to 360° or 2π radians. Thus, when the cycle is just
beginning, the phase is zero. When the cycle is half completed, the phase is half of 360°, or 180.
For a sinusoidal signal, probably the two most common assumptions are that (i) the start of the
cycle is the point at which the maximum value is achieved, and (ii) the point at which the
negative to positive zero-crossing occurs. Frequently what is needed in practice is a
measurement of the phase difference between two signals of the same frequency; that is, it is
necessary to measure the relative phase between two signals rather than the absolute phase of
either one. Often, in the measurement of the relative phase between two signals, both signals
are derived from the same source. These signals might, for example, be the current and voltage
of a power system; the relative phase, φ, between the current and voltage would then be
useful for monitoring power usage, since the latter is proportional to the cosine of φ

The phase of a periodic sinusoidal signal Two signals with a relative phase difference of φ between them
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In our circuit we are using an XOR gate to measure the relative phase difference between the
two sinusoidal signals using the given circuit below. As the resistance R1 changes then the
relative phase between the signals changes.

θ=θ1⁓θ2=2tan-1(ωRC)

Where θ is phase difference; θ1 is phase of first signal; θ2 is phase of second signal; ω is the
angular frequency of the signals, R is input non-inverting resistance (R1); C is input capacitance.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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CALCULATIONS:
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OBSERVATION TABLE:

θtheoretical Rcalculated(Ω) Rtaken(Ω) θpractical Error Percentage Error

30o 426.45 430 30.49o 0.49o 1.64%
45o 659.24 660 45.13o 0.13o 0.29%
60o 918.88 920 60.1o 0.1o 0.16%
90o 1591.54 1590 90.016o 0.016o 0.017%
120o 2756.64 2760 119.76o -0.24o -0.20%
150o 5939.74 5940 149.61o -0.39o -0.26%
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GRAPHS:

Theoretical: Practical:

RESULTS:

R=430 Ω R=660 Ω

R=920 Ω R=1590 Ω
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R=2760 Ω R=5940 Ω

CONCLUSION: In this experiment we have successfully implemented the circuit to find the relative phase
shift between two sinusoidal signals using Ex-OR gate for different input resistance values and observed
the phase between them. We found that as the value of the resistance increases then the phase
between the two signals also increases. In the simulation as no real world problems are applicable; we
rounded off the values of resistances and observed the phase difference. We found that the theoretical
values and the practical values are in good agreement.