MATERIALS

The choice of Material is governed by following consideration:

-Suitability of Material for service condition

-Amenability of Material for the Process requirements
-Cost

Types of Materials:
-Metallic
Ferrous - Iron and its alloy such as cast Iron, Malleable Iron, Wrought Iron
& Steel.
Non Ferrous- Cu, Zn, Tin, Al and other alloy such as Bronze, Brass.

-Non Metallic
Rubber, Leather and Plastic etc.

Mechanical properties of Materials -Are those properties which describes the

behaviour of Material under Mechanical use.

Strength -Ability to resist stress without failure Steel, Cu, Al, has same strength in
tension and compression but shear strength is 2/3 of tension. In grey C.I strength in
tension and shear is fraction of strength in compression Measure of strength is
ultimate stress which falls with heating.

Elasticity -Property to regain original shape after deformation Steel is highly elastic.

Plasticity -Property that enables permanent deformation.

Stiffness -Property by which Material resist deformation Measure of stiffness is

Modulus of elasticity.

Ductility -Property that enables it to be elongated or drawn to an appreciable extent

before rupture occurs Percentage elongation and percentage reduction of area before
rupture are measure of ductility.

Brittleness -It is opposite to ductility. Brittle materials show little deformation before
fracture.
Material more than 15% elongation is called ductile
Material less than 5% elongation is called brittle
Material having 5-15% elongation is called intermediate ductile
MS, Wrought Iron, Cu, Al are called ductile. CI is brittle.
Property of ductility is desirable in machine parts which may be subjected to sudden
and severe load.

Malleability -Property which enables it to undergo great change in shape under

compressive stress without rupture .Such materials can be rolled or forged.

Hardness -Enables the materials to resist indentation. This property is decreased on

heating.

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Resilience -Property which enables to store energy and resist shock and impact .The
measure is amount of energy that can be stored per unit volume after being stressed to
elastic limit.

Toughness -Property which enables it to be twisted or streched under high stress

without rupture.

Creep -Causes the material to deform slowly but progressively over a period of time
at elevated temperature under constant load.

Machinability -Is readiness with which material may be worked on cutting tool.

PROCESSING METHODS:

Hot working -Heated and then rolled or forged.

Cold working -At room temp., drawing heading or spinning to a desired shape.

Casting:

Centrifugal casting -Molten metal is poured into rapidly rotating mould and is held
against the mould by centrifugal force so that core is not required. Such castings are
dense and more homogenous.

Die Casting -The mould is usually made of steel and molten metal is forced into
mould.

Powder Metallurgy -Art of making small component by heat treatment of

compressed metallic powder .The powdered materials in desired proportion is
compressed in moulds under high pressure.

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