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St. Francis College

Allen Northern Samar

Learning Module in Practical Research 1

Module 6
Finding Answers Through Data Collection

DURATION: 1 WEEK
SUBMISSION DATE: MARCH 29, 2021
GRADE LEVEL: 11
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

 Chooses appropriate qualitative research design CS_RS-11-Iva-c-1

 Describes sampling procedure and sample CS_RS-11-Iva-c-2
 Plans data collection and analysis procedures CS_RS-11-Iva-c-3
 Presents written research methodology CS_RS-11-Iva-c-4
 Utilizes materials and techniques to produce creative work CS_RS-11-Iva-c-5

I. CONCEPT

Most research design techniques has advantages and limitations. Perhaps the most interesting and
challenging of these is the method of observation and interview. Finding answers to your questions is
possible through these theoretically based data-collection methods. Obtaining data through these
methods requires you to perform necessary skills or strategies and to follow the right procedure.

II. EXAMPLES AND DISCUSSION

The Observation Method

Observation involves the use of our sensory systems (including eyes and ears) to record behavior.
These measures are the basic data used to describe naturally occurring behavior or to assess the
effects of our independent research variable. Therefore, they must be gathered with care. Observations
such as these (judgments that behavior has or has not occurred) are inherently more subjective than
other data collection procedures. Because judgments are based on our perceptions, the same event
occurring in the environment will be perceived differently by different people (Lammers&
Badea,2013)

Steps in the Process of Observing (Creswell, 2007)

1. Select the research site. -This refers to the site where you can best understand your central
phenomenon or topic being studied. Gaining access through letter of consent is a prerequisite first step
that a researcher must do.

2. Develop observational protocol. -The observational protocol is a method used for recording
observation notes. It includes both ―descriptive‖ or those about what happened and ―reflective‖ or
learning based on what have been observed.

3. Focus the observation. -Before writing any notes, think of what catches your attention. There will
be a lot in the site, but focus your observation only on what will help you understand your research
question.

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4. Determine your role. -What will you be as a researcher? Will you be a participant observer or non-
participant observer?

5. Record field notes. -Using the Observation Protocol, record what you observe using your five
senses. The observation should be arranged chronologically or in order.

6. Slowly withdraw. -After observation, slowly withdraw by thanking the participants for their time.

Sample Observation Protocol (Creswell, 2007)

Duration of Activity: 60 mins

Descriptive Notes Reflective Notes
General:
What are the experiences of Grade 11 students as
they study Basic Calculus?
Start of observation: 7:00 AM I wonder if these students always come late?

The class started on time, but some students

arrived late. Can the teacher manage this big class?

There are more than 50 students in the classroom. I wonder if it’s the class that makes them sleepy
or their activity at night?
Some students seated at the back start to become
sleepy.

Interview Method

Interviewing is one method by which qualitative data can be gathered. Although it may be less formal
than quantitative, it is important to design a systematic interview technique as well as carefully
validated data.

Steps in Conducting an Interview (Denzin 2013; Bernard2013; Rubin 2012)

Step 1: Getting to Know Each Other

• The interview starts from the time you, he interviewer, and your respondents see each other at the
place of interview, that is, if this is a traditional interview.
• Naturally, seeing each other for the first time, your tendency would be to talk with each other to
establish friendship and a relaxed mood for both of you.

Step 2: Having an Idea of the Research

• This second step requires you to tell the respondents about the nature of the interview—its purpose,
importance, scope, and so on. Telling them of these salient features of the activity enables them to
anticipate not only the kind of questions they will get to face, but also the appropriate answers they
will give.

Step 3: Starting the Interview

• You open this step with a question to encourage the respondent to talk about himself or herself,
including his or her age, family, current activities, and other things you think appear special or
interesting to him or her.
• Following these self-introduction questions are questions on the subject’s thoughts, attitudes, or
performance of his or her job or any current work assignment.
• The respondent’s answers do not only help you get some clues on his or her ways or techniques of
responding to interview questions, but also give you hints on the right ways to ask your subjects the
questions that will elicit the right data for your research

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Step 4: Conducting the Interview Proper

• Interview questions in this step are on the interviewee’s open and extensive talking of things related
to the research theme or research questions and on those anticipated by him/her or emanating from
his/her explanations, descriptions, or narrations of things. Open or unstructured questions asked in this
step of the interview aim at investigating the questions.

Step 5: Putting an End to the Interview

• Signs of the approaching end of the interview work to alert the respondent in winding up with his or
her talking.
• This step also reminds you of your responsibility to let the respondent be free in airing whatever
doubts or questions he or she has about the research design, method, interview time, and other aspects
of the interview.

Step 6: Pondering Over Interview Afterthoughts

• This last step of the interview gives the respondent the opportunity to ask questions about the
interview activity and let him or her have an idea about what will happen next to the interview results.

Parts of an Interview Protocol (Creswell, 2007)

1. Basic Information about the Interview.

-It includes the time and date of the interview, where the interview takes place, and who the
participants to be interviewed are.
2. Introduction.
-This provides instructions to the interviewer which will serve as his/her guide in conducting
the session. It is a prerequisite that the interviewer introduce himself/herself including the objectives
of the research.
3. Opening Question.
-This is about getting to know participants so they will feel at ease. Questions related to their
work or activities are good opening questions. Very personal questions must be avoided.
4. Content Questions
-These are sub-questions based on the central phenomenon being studied. 5. Closing
Instructions
-Thank the interviewee of his/her time

III. EXERCISES

Activity:

Directions: Fill-in the needed information in the table

Interview Method
Advantages Disadvantages

IV. EVALUATION

Directions: Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is False in the process of observing?

a. Before writing any notes, think of what catches your attention
b. After recording observation, it should be arranged chronologically or in order.

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c. After observation, slowly withdraw by thanking the participants for their time.
d. Gaining access through letter of consent is not necessary. You may start the observation right
away.

2 .The following are parts of an interview Protocol EXCEPT:

a. Content Questions b. Introduction. c. slowly withdrawn d. Opening Question

3.At the start of the interview, the following are things to consider except:
a. questions on the subject’s thoughts, attitudes, or performance of his or her job or any current
work assignment.
b. encourage respondent to talk about himself/herself including age, family, etc
c. Open or unstructured questions asked in this step of the interview
d. respondents give you hint on the right ways to ask your subjects the questions that elicit the
right data for your research

4. It refers to a method used for recording observation notes.

a. observational protocol b. research site c. determining your role d. field notes

5. Which of the following isn’t true about observation?

a. observation replaces interviewing
b. observation is time-consuming
c. observation is expensive
d. Observation requires operational definition

V. REFERENCE
Braceros, E.L. 2016. Practical Research 1.. Rex Bookstore. Manila, Philippines. CREWELL, JW.
QUALITATIVE INQUIRY AND RESEARCH DESIGN. CHOOSING AMONG FIVE
TRADITIONS. THOUSAND OAKS, CA: SAGE PUBLICATION, n.d.
Practical Research 1. Teachers Guide. Deped.2016

St. Francis College

Allen Northern Samar

Learning Module in Practical Research 1

Module 7
Analyzing the Meaning of Data Collection Understanding
Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

DURATION: 1 WEEK
DATE SUBMISSION: APRIL 5, 2021
GRADE LEVEL: 11
LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

 Collects data through observation and interviews CS_RS-11-IVd-f-1

 Infers and explain patterns and themes from data CS_RS-11-IVd-f-2
 Relates the findings with pertinent literature CS_RS-11-IVd-f-3

I. CONCEPT

Conclusions is the first section of your Chapter 5. This section as described by Prieto et al. (2017), is
commonly composed of the inclusive summary of findings of the research study. In this section, you

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can find facts that were learned from the inquiry. Conclusion serves an important part in making a
research paper as it is the chance of the researcher to leave a lasting impression.

II. EXAMPLES AND DISCUSSION

Drawing Conclusions

Concluding qualitative research needs the researcher to recall more thoroughly the problem
statement, objectives, and results and findings of your analysis and how they connect and organize
together. The aim is to integrate them to come up a comprehensive, logical, and smart answer or
explanation to the research question. Research conclusion has its important roles and purpose in a
research study. These are commonly elaborated as the following: a) it stresses out the importance of
the thesis statement, b) it gives the written work a sense of completeness, c) it leaves a final
impression to the readers and d) it demonstrates good organization.
Conclusions are inferences, deductions, abstractions, implications, interpretations, general
statements and/or generalizations based upon the finding. It should appropriately answer the specific
questions raised at the beginning of the investigation in the order that they are given under the
statement of the problem. When making the conclusion in qualitative research, it should be
drawn from the patterns and themes. Patterns and themes that were extracted from the real-life
experiences. In vanManen’s point of view, conclusions can be best illustrated in literary works as
poem, quote, and/ or songs as it conveys emotions like making metaphors. Through metaphor like
results can go beyond a descriptive synthesis of data.

Strategies or tips to writing conclusions:

1. Write in a manner that is comfortable to you and edit while writing.

2. Write to be understood. Do not write to impress or to sound smart. Avoid highfalutin words to
replace the common but clearer ones.
3. Write from an objective distance. Remember that you are writing a formal academic paper.
4. Write in a fresh new style. In concluding your qualitative research, you are supposed to present a
new knowledge after all.
5. Conclusions should be formulated concisely, that is, brief and short, yet they convey a meaningful
and logical arguments. It is important that conclusions have a conceptual significance and can imply,
indicate, or chart future research directions.

Making Recommendations Based on Conclusions

A recommendation in research proposes a solution to a problem or evaluates possible solutions and

recommends one. Before crafting a recommendation, the investigator must look

After crafting your research conclusion, the next step for you to take is to write your research
recommendations. Recommendations will be the last part of your Chapter 5. Recommendation is
commonly known as the section where you can give suggestions on the matters relative to your
research that must be improved. When writing you must take the following considerations:
• Recommendations must be brief. When writing your recommendations, take note to write it
concisely and as brief as possible.
• Recommendations should be clear. You must state the specific suggestions that you want to imply in
you study.
• Recommendations must be precise. When giving suggestions, you should avoid vague
recommendations to secure sufficient results.

As recommendations should be crafted briefly, clearly and precisely, here are some guidelines by
Prieto et al. (2017) that you can use.
• You must avoid writing broad and generic recommendations. Also, avoid recommendations that are
directly related to the topic of the research.

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• Remember that recommendations are one step further than the conclusion.
• You must take into consideration that recommendations must be specified according to the areas of
concern (i.e. academe, policymakers, etc.)

References

References list is part of the paper that provides information necessary to locate and retrieve the
source of the material. The purpose of the reference list is to allow the sources to be found by the
reader. It gives credit to authors of the publication being consulted and extracted from the ideas. All
references cited in the text must appear in the reference list.Bibliography is another form of reference
listing with different style as it lists all the sources used during research and background reading.

Referencing list refers to the bibliography and/or references of your research paper. This holds the
summary of the information of all of your sources. Information needed in making the referencing list
involves the following:
• Author’s name
• Date of the publication of the source.
• The page number where you found the information.
• Publisher
• Place of Publishing
• Volume
• Edition
• Other relevant information

III. EXERCISES

Activity 1:

Directions: For this activity, you will need the sources that you have used for the completion of the
last activity. To do this activity, you need to read and analyze the contents of the recommendation of
each identified source. Write all your answers on the table provided below.

Research Title Author and Date Published Analysis of the Research

(Include website if source is Recommendation
from the internet)

Activity 2:

Directions: Craft your research recommendation based on the discussion given above.

Recommendations

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IV. EVALUATION

Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before each
number.

_____1. To summarize the results in qualitative research, which can be done through vanManen
method in utilizing literary works as poem, quote, or song is known as: a. Summary b.
Conclusion c. Recommendations d. References

_____2.Which part in a research paper that emphasizes the opportunity to write suggestions for the
improvement of the research study?
a. Summary b. Conclusion c. Recommendations d. References

_____3. Which part of the paper that provides information necessary to locate and retrieve the source
of the material?
a. Summary b. Conclusion c. Recommendations d. References

_____4. Which one is NOT the purpose of the research conclusion?

e. It stresses the importance of the research statement
f. It does not leave a conclusive impression to the readers
g. It makes the written output a sense of completeness
h. It establishes good organization.

_____5. Which of the following characteristics of recommendations states that it should not be
confusing and must be precise?
a. Recommendations must be brief b. Recommendations must be precise
c. Recommendations should be clear d. None of the above

_____6. Which of the following defeats the purpose of securing the correct intext citation?
e. provides where this evidence cannot be found
f. provides evidence for what you are saying
g. providing list of detailed bibliographic information
h. gives credit to authors being consulted for ideas

_____7. In qualitative research, what is the basis in drawing conclusions?

a. from statistical findings b. from patterns and themes c. from
demographic data d. all of the choices

_____8. Recommendations were formulated from which of the following?

a. Objectives b. Findings c. Conclusions d. Reference

_____9. It is of utmost importance that that conclusions have:

a. conceptual significance b. chart future research directions c. can imply
and/ or indicate d. all

_____10. References lists is also known as which of the following?

a. Appendices b. Bibliography c. Cover page d. Preliminary pages

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V. REFERENCE
Baraceros, Esther. (2016). Practical Research 1. 1st Edition. Sampaloc, Metro Manila. Rex Bookstore,
Inc.

Marquez- Fong, E.E., &Tigno, C. (2016). Practical Research 1, Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro
Manila. Vibal Group Inc.

Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research 1 for senior high school:
Qualitative. Quezon City, Metro Manila: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.

Torneo, A.R. & Clamor-Torneo, H.S. (2017). Practical research 2: An introduction to qualitative
research. Quezon City: SIBS Publishing House, Inc.