5/9/2021

1. Reaction that involves release of energy.

Catabolism

2. Reaction that involved usage of energy.

Anabolism

3. Why cellular respiration is carried out

Generate energy needed for cell activities.

4. What is cellular respiration

Oxidation process of organic molecules through several stages to release energy.

5. Main substrate of cellular respiration

Glucose

6. Difference between anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen while aerobic respiration occurs with
presence of oxygen.

7. What occurs in fermentation

Glucose is broken down incompletely with the absence of oxygen or limited oxygen.

8. 5 examples of necessity of energy in a metabolic process

-maintaining body temperature at optimal temperature of 37 degree Celsius.

-Muscle contractions to enable movement.

-Cell division whereby new cells are produced for growth and development

-Absorption of digested food through active transport.

-Synthesis of lipids, hormones, proteins and enzymes.

9. Explain how human, animal and plants acquire (obtain) glucose to produce energy.

In human and animals, glucose is obtained through the breakdown of carbohydrates whereas in
plants, glucose is produced through photosynthesis.

10. Begin of aerobic respiration

Glycolysis process

11. Use of oxygen in aerobic respiration.

Oxidise glucose into water, carbon dioxide and energy

12. Where does glycolysis process occur

Cytoplasm

13. What does one molecule of glucose break down into

Two molecules of pyruvate

14. Where does oxidation of pyruvate occur

Mitochondrion

15. What does oxidation of pyruvate make

Carbon dioxide, water and energy

16. What does the large amount of energy used after oxidation of pyruvate?

To produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecule

17. How is ATP molecule made?

When a group of non-organic phosphate is added into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule.

18. ATP molecules have weak/strong phosphate link

Weak (so later can be broken down to release energy)

19. What happen when phosphate link of ATP molecule is broken down

Energy is released and supplied to body cells to carry out daily activities.

20. How many joules of energy is produced when glucose is oxidised?

2898kJ

21. Similarities between aerobic respiration and fermentation

Both undergoes glycolysis. Difference: After glycolysis process, pyruvate will undergo either
lactic acid fermentation or alcohol fermentation in fermentation process.

22. When does fermentation occurs?

After glycolysis process

23. What does the pyruvate produced undergo after glycolysis in fermentation process?

Alcohol fermentation/Lactic acid fermentation

24. Suggest other substrate apart from glucose that can be used by cells for cellular respiration

Fructose, galactose(carbohydrates/monosaccharides)

25. What is alcohol fermentation

Incomplete breakdown of glucose to produce energy, ethanol and carbon dioxide.

26. What is lactic acid fermentation

Breakdown of glucose to produce lactic acid and energy.

27. How many joules of energy is produced in alcohol fermentation?

210kJ

28. Examples of alcohol fermentation

Yeast and paddy plants.

29. What is ethanol used for

Making beer and wine.

30. Why does paddy plant undergo alcohol fermentation?

Because paddy plant grows in waterlogged areas with less oxygen.

31. Why ethanol produced in paddy plant tissues alcohol fermentation does not affect growth
compared with other plants?

Paddy plant tissues has a higher tolerance for ethanol compared to other plants. Thus, paddy
plants can produce alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme to break down ethanol into non-toxic carbon
dioxide.

32. What does paddy plant produce after alcohol fermentation?

Carbon dioxide

33. Use of bacteria lactobacillus

Bacteria lactobacillus undergoes milk fermentation to produce yogurt.

34. How does bacteria lactobacillus produce yogurt?

Bacteria lactobacillus acts on the lactose (milk sugar) in milk into lactic acid.

Then, lactic acid will coagulate milk protein, casein into yogurt.

35. Source of sour taste in yogurt

Lactic acid

36. What is an oxygen debt?

Muscle is in an oxygen-deficiency state.

Oxygen supplied from blood circulatory system excess the rate of oxygen usage.

37. Rate of oxygen used and oxygen supplied by blood circulatory system during vigorous
activities

Oxygen usage rate>oxygen supplied by blood circulatory system

38. What happen during oxygen debt?

Glucose cannot be broken down completely. Each molecule of glucose broken down only release
two molecules of ATP produced.

39. How many molecules and amount of energy is produced after broken down of glucose
during oxygen debt?

Two ATP molecules and 150kJ of energy

40. What causes fatigue and muscle cramp?

Accumulation of lactic acid until reaches a level of concentration.

41. What happen to the intake of excess oxygen when vigorous activity stops?

Excess intake of oxygen will oxidise the lactic acid into carbon dioxide, water and energy.

42. When oxygen debt is repaid?

When all lactic acid is expelled.

43. Similarities between aerobic respiration and fermentation -5

-The process of breakdown of glucose and its conversion into chemical energy.

-Process begins in cytoplasm.

-Process begins with glycolysis when glucose is converted into pyruvate.

-Produces chemical energy in form of ATP

-Occurs in yeast, bacteria, animals and plants

44. Differences between aerobic respiration and fermentation

Aerobic respiration Fermentation

The breakdown process of glucose is
completed in the presence of oxygen.
Occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondrion.
Glucose is oxidised completely into carbon
dioxide, water and energy.
Produces water.
One molecule of glucose generates 2898kJ of
energy.
The breakdown process of glucose is
incomplete in the absence or limited oxygen
conditions.
Occurs in cytoplasm.
Glucose is oxidised incompletely into carbon
dioxide or lactic acid and energy.
Does not produce water.
One molecule of glucose generates 210kJ
(alcohol fermentation) and 150kJ (lactic acid
fermentation) of energy.

45. Where does fermentation occur usually?

Human muscle cells, some bacteria, yeasts and plants.

46. Give 3 examples of microorganism and food produced via fermentation

-Saccharomyces: produces CO2 and ethanol: wine and beer

-Aspergillus: produces lactic acid: soy sauce

-Acetobacter: produces acetic acid: vinegar

47. Explain cellular respiration and leg muscle cell activity when running

When sprint, lung and blood supply are unable to supply oxygen quickly enough to meet the
demands of the muscles to produce ATP. In this condition, muscle cells undergo fermentation,
whereby ATP is produced without oxygen. Fermentation in muscle cells produces lactic acid.

48. Why muscle undergo cellular respiration that produce lactic acid during vigorous activity

To provide energy needed as well as enabling an individual to carry out activities.

49. Why does cellular respiration in cell that produce lactic acid supply less energy compared to
aerobic respiration?

This is because glucose oxidation is incomplete and a part of the chemical energy is still tied in
the lactic acid molecule.

50. Explain why people feel tired easily compared with athlete when running

An athlete usually has more mitochondria in the muscle cells. Increased uptake of oxygen and
oxidation of lactic acid reduces muscle fatigue.

51. Explain difference between sprinter and long-distance runner

Sprinter complete the race fast by holding their breath. So that the runner uses existing oxygen
efficiently. However, lactic acid is accumulated because of insufficient of oxygen supply to
muscle. On the other hand, long-distance runner who run at slower speed are able to dispose off
lactic acid accumulated in early stages of running. Long-distance runners cannot hold their
breath because lactic acid accumulation causes rapid muscle fatigue. As so, long distance
runners need to breath throughout the race.

52. Explain why muscle cramp happen

When a person sprints, their muscle cells undergo fermentation in the absence of oxygen to
produce ATPs. Muscle produces lactic acid that is toxic. Lactic acid causes muscle pain and
cramps.

53. Suggest other cell that can undergo alcohol fermentation

Yeast and paddy plant tissue

54. Explain why yogurt will spoil if not kept in refrigerator

The sugar in milk is oxidised by bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Streptococcus into lactic acid
that solidifies the milk and produces a sour taste until curd is formed. When kept in the fridge,
the low temperature controls bacterial activity from reproducing and spoiling the product. If
kept at room temperature, the curd will spoil as bacteria will continue to grow and oxidise the
milk sugar, casein.

55. Explain why metabolic process requires energy

To maintain body temperature at the optimum temperature of 37 degree Celsius

For division as well as growth and development of cells

56. How does high performance athlete overcome problem of lactic acid accumulation?

Someone who rarely exercises will experience muscle cramps when they do heavy exercises
because the number of mitochondria in their cells are very few. Therefore, during vigorous
exercise, complete cellular respiration does not take place and a lot of lactic acid will be formed.
To overcome this problem, an athlete needs to undergo consistent training to produce more
mitochondria in their cells. The high number of mitochondria can help an athlete’s cellular
respiration. Faster uptake of oxygen and oxidation of lactic acid can reduce muscle fatigue
during vigorous activities.

57. Explain why intake of sodium bicarbonate or baking soda can increase muscle efficiency
This is because baking soda has a high pH that is able to neutralise the lactic acid produced by
muscles during exercise. This increases muscle efficiency because lactic acid causes muscle
fatigue.

58. Explain why dry yeast cannot make dough to rise

The dry yeast is not activated which is in a dormant state when environment is dry. Yeast needs
to add lukewarm water to be activated. The activated yeast will undergo respiration by breaking
down the carbohydrates in the flour and releasing carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide causes the
bread to expand and rise.