METHODS OF RESEARCH IN IS 16

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
SCHEDULE
OUTPUT DUE WEEK NO. DUE DATE
Chapter 3 (For Defense) 14 November 17, 2018
Practice Defense 15 November 21, 2018
Proposal Defense 16 November 24 & 28, 2018
Proposal (Final) 18 December 12, 2018
MAKING A RESEARCH TITLE
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TITLE
• Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the study.
• Avoid using abbreviations.
• Use words that create a positive impression and stimulate reader
interest.
• Use current nomenclature from the field of study.
• Identify key variables, both dependent and independent.
• Suggest a relationship between variables which supports the major
hypothesis.
• Is limited to 10 to 15 substantive words.
• Do not include "study of," "analysis of" or similar constructions.
• Use correct grammar and capitalization with all first words and last
words capitalized, including the first word of a subtitle.
SUBTITLE: OPTIONAL
Examples of why you may include a subtitle:
1. Explains or provides additional context, e.g., "Linguistic Ethnography
and the Study of Welfare Institutions as a Flow of Social Practices:
The Case of Residential Child Care Institutions as Paradoxical
Institutions."
2. Adds substance to a literary, provocative, or imaginative title, e.g.,
"Listen to What I Say, Not How I Vote: Congressional Support for the
President in Washington and at Home."
3. Qualifies the geographic scope of the research, e.g., "The
Geopolitics of the Eastern Border of the European Union: The Case of
Romania-Moldova-Ukraine."
4. Qualifies the temporal scope of the research, e.g., "A Comparison
of the Progressive Era and the Depression Years: Societal Influences
on Predictions of the Future of the Library, 1895-1940."
5. Focuses on investigating the ideas, theories, or work of a
particular individual, e.g., "A Deliberative Conception of Politics: How
Francesco Saverio Merlino Related Anarchy and Democracy."
WORKSHOP 1 :TITLE

Keeping the guidelines in mind, make one

title each for each person for your study.

1 whole, Yellow Pad paper (FRONT, TOP)

(10 minutes)
CHAPTER 3

•Research Design
•Sources of Data
•Data Collection and Gathering Techniques
•Population and Sampling Techniques
•Statistical Treatment of Data
•Data Analysis Techniques
RESEARCH DESIGN
RESEARCH DESIGN: DEFINITION

• The research design refers to the general strategy that

the researcher seeks to undertake. It directs and
integrates the different components of the study in a
coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring that the
research question is effectively addressed.
• It is based on the nature of the research question, and
the objectives that it seeks to achieve.
TYPES OF SOCIAL RESEARCH DESIGN

CATEGORIES:
1. Research Design According to
Purpose
2. Research Design According to
Method
RESEARCH DESIGN ACCDG. TO PURPOSE
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
• Used when a researcher examines a new interest or when the
subject of study itself is relatively new
• Usually becomes the source of grounded theory and sets how similar
research can be done in the future.

Three purposes:
1. to satisfy the researcher’s curiosity and desire for better
understanding,
2. to test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study, and
3. to develop the methods to be employed in any subsequent study.

Suggested Data Gathering Methods: Focus groups or guided small

group discussions
RESEARCH DESIGN ACCDG. TO PURPOSE
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
• Aims at describing situations, sequences of events, cultures, and other
phenomenon.
• Usually done in conjunction with other types of research, since
description is usually done to examine observed patterns and what
they imply.

Examples:
➢ Anthropological ethnography - Details the particular culture of
some society.
➢ Census - describes the characteristics of a particular population

Sample Suggested Data Gathering Methods: Participant observation,

surveys
RESEARCH DESIGN ACCDG. TO PURPOSE
EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
• Explains why phenomena occur and to predict future occurrences
• Addresses questions of why

Criteria for Nomothetic Causal Relationships:

1. The variables must be correlated.
2. The cause takes place before the effect.
3. The variables are nonspurious.

Sample Suggested Data Gathering Methods: Surveys, probability

sampling
RESEARCH DESIGN ACCDG. TO METHOD
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
• Determines the effect of the independent variable on the dependent
variable by controlling or manipulating the independent variable.
• Likely done by using two or more "experimental groups“

Types of Experiments
1. Laboratory Experiment - takes place in a laboratory or in a
contrived setting
2. Field Experiment - occur in real-life settings, such as in classrooms
and organizations, or as a result of the implementation of reforms
or new policies
RESEARCH DESIGN ACCDG. TO METHOD
CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN
• Often called a survey design
• Interested in variation with respect of people, families, organizations,
nation states, or whatever.

Characteristics:
1. Deals with more than one case
2. Done at a single point in time
3. Makes use of quantitative or quantifiable data
4. Reveals patterns of association

Suggested Sample Data-Gathering Methods: survey, structured

observation, content analysis, official statistics, and diaries
RESEARCH DESIGN ACCDG. TO METHOD
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
• Concerned with illuminating social change and with improving the
understanding of causal influences over time.
• Usually an extension of survey research based on a self-completion
questionnaire or structured interview research within a cross-sectional
design.
• Sample is surveyed and is surveyed again on at least one further
occasion.
Types of Studies
1. Panel study - a randomly selected national sample, is the focus of
data collection on at least two (and often more) occasions
2. Cohort study - an entire cohort of people or a random sample of
them is selected as the focus of data collection. (The cohort is made up
of people who share a certain characteristic, such as all being born in
the same week or all having a certain experience, such as being
unemployed or getting married on a certain day or in the same
week.)
RESEARCH DESIGN ACCDG. TO METHOD
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
• Concerned with illuminating social change and with improving the
understanding of causal influences over time.
• Usually an extension of survey research based on a self-completion
questionnaire or structured interview research within a cross-sectional
design.
• Sample is surveyed and is surveyed again on at least one further
occasion.
Types of Studies
1. Panel study - a randomly selected national sample, is the focus of
data collection on at least two (and often more) occasions
2. Cohort study - an entire cohort of people or a random sample of
them is selected as the focus of data collection. (The cohort is made up
of people who share a certain characteristic, such as all being born in
the same week or all having a certain experience, such as being
unemployed or getting married on a certain day or in the same
week.)
RESEARCH DESIGN ACCDG. TO METHOD
CASE STUDY
• Entails the detailed and intensive analysis of a single case and is concerned with the
complexity and particular nature of the case in question
Case:
1. A location, such as a community or organization - intensive examination of the
setting
2. A certain section of a population
3. An event or occurrence
Types of Cases
1. Critical case - The researcher has a well-developed theory, and a case is chosen
on the grounds that it will allow a better understanding of the circumstances in
which the hypothesis will and will not hold.
2. Extreme or unique case - The researcher studies the case particularly because of
an intrinsic uniqueness within the case, which is unlike common trends or standards.
3. Representative, typical, or exemplifying case - the objective is to capture the
circumstances and conditions of an everyday or commonplace situation; chosen
because either they epitomize a broader category of cases
4. Revelatory case - When an investigator has an opportunity to observe and analyse
a phenomenon previously inaccessible to scientific investigation
5. Longitudinal case - affords the opportunity to be investigated at two or more
junctures
RESEARCH DESIGN ACCDG. TO METHOD
COMPARATIVE STUDY
• Entails studying two contrasting cases using more or less identical
methods.
• Embodies the logic of comparison, in that it implies that we can
understand social phenomena better when they are compared in
relation to two or more meaningfully contrasting cases or situations
WRITING THE “RESEARCH DESIGN”
GUIDELINES:
1. Must indicate the research design according to purpose and
method, including a definition of each method.
2. Should include a justification of why these methods were chosen.

TIPS:
1. Review your research questions and objectives.
2. Determine what your purpose is (explore, describe, explain).
3. Determine what type of method you need to employ to answer the
research questions.
WRITING THE “RESEARCH DESIGN”
EXAMPLE:

Since this study strove to provide a near-accurate profile of the

conditions of Filipino workers in Libya, their welfare problems and
issues, and an amalgamation of their insights on the services provided
for them, a descriptive research design which seeks to “describe
systematically a situation, a problem, phenomenon, service or program,
provides information about the living conditions of a community, or
describes an attitude towards an issue” was employed in this study
(Kumar, 2005).
WORKSHOP 2: RESEARCH DESIGN
TIPS:
1. Review your research questions and objectives.
2. Determine what your purpose is (explore, describe, explain) and
choose the best research design(s) based on your purpose. Justify
why you have chosen that research design.
3. Determine what type of method you need to employ to answer the
research questions, and choose the best research design(s) based
on your method(s). Justify why you have chosen that research
design.
1 whole, Yellow Pad paper (FRONT, BOTTOM)
(20 minutes)
SOURCES OF DATA
TYPES OF DATA
TYPES OF DATA ACCORDING TO NATURE
1. Quantitative Data - data that can either be counted or compared
on a numeric scale
2. Qualitative Data - describes qualities or characteristics typically
in narrative form

TYPES OF DATA ACCORDING TO SOURCE

1. Primary Data - provides direct or firsthand evidence about an
event, object, person, or work of art
2. Secondary Data - describe, discuss, interpret, comment upon,
analyze, evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources
3. Tertiary Data – compilations of primary and secondary sources
(ex. almanacs, encyclopedias)
EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES
• historical and legal documents • interviews
• eyewitness accounts • surveys
• results of experiments • fieldwork
• statistical data • Internet communications
• pieces of creative writing
• audio and video recordings
• Speeches
• art objects
WRITING THE “SOURCES OF DATA”

Dedicate a paragraph for each type of

data category that you intend to use
(quantitative, qualitative, primary,
secondary, tertiary).
EXAMPLE
Quantitative data were derived from the responses to the survey
questionnaire, the respondents of which are the Filipino workers in
Libya. Other quantitative sources of data are statistics related to
Filipinos in Libya, such as their estimated total population, number of
workers deployed there, amount of remittances, among others, which
will be obtained from various government offices such as the POEA,
OWWA, the Department of Foreign Affairs, and the Embassy of the
Philippines in Tripoli. The quantitative data from these sources were
forwarded to the researchers by the Institute of Migration and
Development (IMDI).
 DATA COLLECTION AND
GATHERING TECHNIQUES
EXAMPLES OF DATA-GATHERING
TECHNIQUES
INTERVIEWS
• Interviews can be conducted in person or over the telephone
• Interviews can be done formally (structured), semi-structured, or
informally
• Questions should be focused, clear, and encourage open-ended
responses
• Interviews are mainly qualitative in nature
EXAMPLES OF DATA-GATHERING
TECHNIQUES
QUESTIONNAIRES AND SURVEYS
• Responses can be analyzed with quantitative methods by assigning
numerical values to Likert-type scales.
• Results are generally easier (than qualitative techniques) to analyze.
• Pretest/Posttest can be compared and analyzed.
EXAMPLES OF DATA-GATHERING
TECHNIQUES
OBSERVATIONS
• Allows for the study of the dynamics of a situation, frequency counts of
target behaviors, or other behaviors as indicated by needs of the
evaluation
• Good source for providing additional information about a particular
group, can use video to provide documentation
• Can produce qualitative (e.g., narrative data) and quantitative data
(e.g., frequency counts, mean length of interactions, and instructional
time)
Examples:
1. Participant observation: the researcher is involved in the activity
2. Non-participant observation: the researcher is separate from the
activity
3. Simple observation: the researcher collects simple numerical data
4. Behavioral observation: the researcher interprets people’s behavior
EXAMPLES OF DATA-GATHERING
TECHNIQUES
FOCUS GROUPS
• A facilitated group interview with individuals that have something in
common
• Gathers information about combined perspectives and opinions
• Responses are often coded into categories and analyzed
thematically
EXAMPLES OF DATA-GATHERING
TECHNIQUES
ETHNOGRAPHY AND ORAL HISTORY
• Involves studying a single phenomenon
• Examines people in their natural settings
• Uses a combination of techniques such as observation, interviews,
and surveys
• Ethnography is a more holistic approach to evaluation
• Researcher can become a confounding variable
EXAMPLES OF DATA-GATHERING
TECHNIQUES
DOCUMENT AND RECORD COLLECTION AND EXAMINATION
• Consists of examining existing data in the form of databases,
meeting minutes, reports, attendance logs, financial records,
newsletters, etc.
• This can be an inexpensive way to gather information but may be an
incomplete data source
WRITING THE “DATA GATHERING
METHODS”
• Describe your process of data gathering using the applicable data
gathering methods.
•Specify respondents (for interviews, surveys), if any.
•Specify organizations and other institutions where you intend to collect
data and records.
•Create a flow chart to show your process of data gathering.
EXAMPLE
Survey questionnaires were circulated among Filipino migrants in
Libya, from which their perceptions on the reach of the services
provided by different entities and a profile of their welfare needs
and issues were taken. A total of 240 self-administered
questionnaires were handed out to members of three Filipino
organizations: the Filipino Community Organization in Libya
(FILCOL), the Filipino Muslim Consultative Council (FMCC), and
Guardians Newhope Brotherhood International, Inc. (GNBII).
Simultaneously, the researchers also interviewed their key
informants online. Interview questions were provided to the key
informants, and these same informants e-mailed back their
answers. The researchers were also fortunate to interview
Ambassador Mangibin in Manila last January 2009. At the time
this study was done, Mangibin just finished his tour of duty as
ambassador.
EXAMPLE:
DATA
GATHERING
PROCESS
FLOW
WORKSHOP 3: SOURCES OF DATA AND
DATA GATHERING METHODS
DATA GATHERING
RESEARCH QUESTION TYPE OF DATA NEEDED
METHOD
1. What are the labor Accounts on personal Survey, online and face-
migration related issues experience of OFWs to-face interviews,
that Filipinos in Libya and Philippine document and record
face, and how do these government collection
issues affect their representatives,
welfare? statistical reports on
migration related issues

1 whole, Yellow Pad paper (BACK)

(20 minutes)
ONLINE REFERENCES
TITLE:
https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185911
TYPES OF DATA
https://libguides.ithaca.edu/research101/primary
https://libguides.macalester.edu/c.php?g=527786&p=3608639
DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES:
https://cyfar.org/data-collection-techniques
https://blog.socialcops.com/academy/resources/how-when-collect-
observational-data/