Module 4 - Organ System and Physiology

BIO. SCI. 2 - General Zoology

Cristel Joy C. Mallari

Instructor I
Overview
A. Protection, support and movement
B. Digestion, circulation, respiration, excretion
and reproduction
C. Sensation, responsiveness, hormonal action
and immunity

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 A. For
protection,
support &
movement
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INTEGUMENTARY
SYSTEM

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Skin
• organ + accessory structures
• human integumentary system
• made up of multiple layers
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Hypodermis

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Epidermis
• outer layer of the skin, made-up of keratinized,
stratified squamous epithelium
• thinnest on the eyelids
• thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of
the feet

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The Structure of Epidermis
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Dermis
• inner layer, after the
epidemis
• blood & lymph vessels,
nerves
• hair follicles and sweat
glands

The Structure of Dermis

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Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
• subcutis
• innermost layer,
underneath the dermis
• layer of fat to maintain
body temperature
• acts as a cushion against
physical trauma

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Integumentary Glands
• Sweat gland - eccrine and apocrine
• Scent gland - communication
• Sebaceous gland - hair follicles
• Mammary gland - milk line

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 30-50% Chitin Coelom

SKELETAL SYSTEM
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Human Skeletal System

• Support
• Storing minerals and
lipids
• Producing blood cells,
• Protecting internal
organs
• For movement

AXIAL SKELETON APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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Bone as an Organ
• contain various types 1.Osteoblasts
of tissue 2.Osteoclasts
• blood 3.Osteocytes
• connective tissue 4.Osteoprogenitor
• nerves -stem cells that diffrentiate
• bone tissue into osteoblast
-Important in the repair of
bone fractures
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Joints
• point at which two or more bones meet
• for movement and stability
• Classified based on structure or function
• Fibrous or Cartilagenous
• Synarthrose - immovable
• Amphiarthroses - allows slight movement
• Diathroses - free movement

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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Muscular System
• all muscles in the body
• Skeletal - attached to bones and enable body
movements
• Smooth - hollow internal organs
• Cardiac - makes up the walls of the heart

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B. Digestion, Circulation, Respiration,
Excretion and Reproduction
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Digestive System
• Digestion - process of breaking down food into
components the body can absorb
• Mechanical - chunks to pieces ; mouth and stomach
• Chemical - complex food to simpler nutrients ; mainly
in intestines
• food digestion, nutrient absorption & waste
elimination

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Invertebrate Digestive Systems
Gastrovascular Cavity Alimentary Canal
• one opening for digestion • more advance system
• tube / cavity serves mouth • separate openings for mouth
and anus and anus
• Platyhelminthes (flatworms), • Earthworms
Ctenophora (comb jellies), • Specialized organs - crop &
and Cnidaria (coral, jelly fish, gizzard
and sea anemones)
• Castings = waste

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Vertebrate Digestive Systems
• Monogastric - one-chambered stomach
• Avian - two chambers (proventriculus,gizzard)
• Ruminants - multi-chambered (rumen, reticulum,
omasum, and abomasum)
• Pseudoruminants - three-chambered (omasum,
abomasum, and reticulum)
• cecum - pouched organ with microbes

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Parts of Digestive System

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Circulatory System
• transporting oxygen and nutrients
• collection and elimination of waste - CO2
• Heart - pump
• arteries, veins and capillaries
• Open and Closed systems

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Closed Circulatory System
• the blood is not free in a cavity
• contained inside blood vessels
• circulates unidirectionally
• from the heart around the systemic circulatory route,
then returns to the heart again

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Open Circulatory System
• blood (hemolymph) - not enclosed
in the blood vessels but pumped
into a cavity called a hemocoel
• hemolymph circulates around the
organs within the body cavity and
then reenters the hearts through
openings called ostia
• arthropods - insects, crustaceans,
and mollusks.
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 Circulatory
System
Variation in
Animals

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Structure of the Heart
• atria - receive blood
• ventricles - pump blood
• atrioventricular/tricuspid
• biscuspid/mitral
• semilunar/pulmonic
• aortic valve
• aorta - major artery

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Blood vessels
• Arteries - take blood away from the heart
• Capillaries - smallest blood vessel that allows the
passage of individual blood cells and the site of
diffusion of oxygen and nutrient exchange
• Veins - bring blood back to the heart

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The Respiratory System
• deliver oxygen to the cells of the body’s tissues
• remove CO2, a cell waste product
• main structures - the nasal cavity, the trachea,
and lungs

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 The Nasal Cavity
-air is warmed to body temperature
and humidified
-respiratory tract is coated with
mucus
-air crosses these surfaces of the
mucous membranes, it picks up
water
-Particulate matter that is floating
in the air is removed in the nasal
passages via mucus and cilia
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 The Trachea
-made of incomplete rings of
hyaline cartilage and smooth
muscles
-air passes through the pharynx
(throat) and the larynx (voice box),
as it makes its way to the trachea
-funnel the inhaled air to the lungs
and the exhaled air back out of the
body

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 The Lungs
-right lung is larger and contains
three lobes
-smaller left lung contains two
lobes
-Diaphragm - facilitates breathing
-Alveoli - tiny airsacs, gas
exchange

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Respiratory System Variation in Animals
• Direct Diffusion - cnidarians and flatworms
• Skin and Gills - earthworms, amphibians, fishes
• Tracheal System - Insects

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Excretory System
• process of excretion - bodily process of
discharging wastes and toxins
• In humans - removal of urea from the bloodstream
exits the body in a form of urine and other wastes
produced by the body
• Flame cells, nephridia, malpighian tubules

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Flame cells
• Planaria - flatworms, parasitic tapeworms
• cluster of cilia that looks like a flickering flame
under microscope
• propel waste matter down the tubules and out of
the body through excretory pores that open on
the body surface

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Nephridia
• Annelids - earthworms
• pair of nephridia is present on each segment of
the earthworm
• nephridiopore-excretion occurs

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Malpighian tubules
• Arthropods - Insects
• lined the gut -
convulated = increase
surface area
• lined with microvilli for
reabsorption

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Reproductive System
• reproductive tissues of male and female humans
develop similarly until a low level of the hormone
testosterone is released from male gonads
• When testosterone is absent, the tissues develop
into female sexual tissues

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Male Reproductive Organ Location Function

Carry and supports

Scrotum External
Testes
Deliver urine,
Penis External
Copulating organ

Produce sperm and

Testes Internal
male hormones

Seminal Contribute to semen

Internal
Vesicles production
Prostate Contribute to semen
Internal
Gland production

Bulbourethral
Clean urethra at
/ Cowper’s Internal
ejaculation
Gland
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Female Reproductive Organ Function

Clitoris Sensory organ

Fatty area overlying pubic
Mons Pubis
bone
Labia Majora Covers Labia Minora
Labia Minora Covers vestibules
Greater Vestibular Secrete mucus, lubricate
gland vagina
Breast Produce and delivers milk
Ovaries Carry and develop egg cells
Oviducts Transport egg cells to
(Fallopian tubes) uterus
Support the developing
Uterus
embryo
Common tube for
Vagina intercourse, birth canal, and
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passing of menstrual39flow
Reproduction Methods
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
• Binary Fission • Reproductive cells
• Budding • Hermaphroditism
• Fragmentation
• Parthenogenesis

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 C. Sensation,
responsiveness,
hormonal action
and immunity
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Nervous System
• Some organisms lack a true
nervous system while others
lack a true brain
• Nerve net - system of separate
but connected nerve cel l s
(neurons)
• Central and Peripheral NS

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Basic Parts of a Neuron

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Types of Neurons

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Endocrine System
• Hormones - chemical messengers
• growth, metabolism, energy balance, body
defenses and sexual development
• Lipid - cholesterol (estrogen)
• Animo acid - tyrosine and tryptophan (epinephrine)
• Peptide hormones - polypeptide chains (oxytocin)

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Endocrine Gland Associated Hormones
releasing andinhibiting
Hypothalumus hormones
antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
growth hormone(GH)
prolactin (PRL)
thyroid stimulatinghormone
Anterior Pituitary
(TSH)
adrenocorticotropichormone
(ACTH)
follicle-stimulatinghormone
(FSH)
luteinizing hormone(LH)
melanocytestimulating
hormone(MSH)
CJCMallari - BIO. SCI. 2 - General Zoology pigment production.
Effect
regulate hormone release from pituitary gland;
produce oxytocin; produce uterine contractions and
milk secretion in females
water reabsorption from kidneys; vasoconstriction to
increase blood pressure
promotes growth of body tissues, protein synthesis;
metabolic functions
promotes milk production
stimulates thyroid hormone release
stimulates hormone release by adrenal cortex,
glucocorticoids
stimulates gamete production (both ova and sperm);
secretion of estradiol
stimulates androgen production by gonads; ovulation,
secretion of progesterone
stimulates melanocytes of the skin increasing
melanin
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 antidiuretic hormone(ADH) stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys

Posterior Pituitary
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth;
oxytocin milk ejection; stimulates ductus deferens and
prostate gland contraction during emission

stimulate and maintain metabolism; growth and

thyroxine,triiodothyronine
Thyroid development

calcitonin reduces blood Ca2+ levels

Parathyroid parathyroidhormone (PTH) increases blood Ca2+ levels

increases blood Na+ levels; increase K+

aldosterone
Adrenal(Cortex) secretion
cortisol,corticosterone,cortiso increase blood glucose levels; anti-
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 stimulate fight-or-flight response; increase blood
Adrenal(Medulla) epinephrine,norepinephrine
gluclose levels; increase metabolic activities

Pancreas insulin reduces blood glucose levels

glucagon increases blood glucose levels

regulates some biological rhythms and protects

Pineal gland melatonin
CNS from free radicals

Regulate, promote, increase and maintain

Testes androgens sperm production, male secondary sexual
characteristics

promotes uterine lining growth, female

estrogens
secondary sexual characteristics
Ovaries

progestrins promote and maintain uterine ling growth

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Immune System
• identify the nature of the pathogen
• strengthen the corresponding cells and molecules
• halt the immune response after the infection is
cleared to avoid unnecessary host cell damage

• Classifications - Innate and Adaptive immune

response
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Immunological Memory of Adaptive
Immune System
• efficient and dramatic response upon reinvasion of the
same pathogen
• Primary response - response to a pathogen that has not
been encountered before
• Memory cell - an antigen-specific B or T lymphocyte
that does not differentiate into effector cells during the
primary immune response, but that can immediately
become effector cells upon re-exposure to the same
pathogen.
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Primary Centers in the I.S.
• Lymph Nodes - lymph
• Bone Marrow - hematopoietic stem cells
• Spleen - houses B and T cells, macrophages,
dendritic cells, and NK cells

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Antibodies
• immunoglobulins (Ig)
• protein that is produced by plasma cells after
stimulation by an antigen
• occur in the blood, in gastric and mucus
secretions, and in breast milk
• bind pathogens and mark them for destruction by
phagocytes

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