Rubrics for Principle of Communications

Lab # 07
Lab Title: Frequency Modulation
Submitted by:
Names Registration # Marks
Muhammad Umar khan FA19-BEE-023
Muhammad Farhan Haider FA19-BEE-033
Muhammad Subhan FA19-BEE-044

Rubrics name & number Marks

In-Lab Post-Lab

Engineering R2: Use of Engineering Knowledge and follow Experiment Procedures:

Knowledge Ability to follow experimental procedures, control variables, and record
procedural steps on lab report.

R3: Interpretation of Subject Knowledge:

Ability to interpret and explain mathematical and/or visual forms, including
equations, diagrams, graphics, figures and tables.

Problem R5: Data/Evidence Measurements:

Analysis Ability to record raw data / evidence.

R6: Experimental Data Analysis:

Ability to interpret findings, compare them to values in the literature, identify
weaknesses and limitations.

Design R7: Implementing Design Strategy:

Ability to execute a solution taking into consideration design requirements and
pertinent contextual elements. [Block Diagram/Flow chart/Circuit Diagram]

R8: Best Coding Standards:

Ability to follow the coding standards and programming practices.

Modern Tools R9: Understand Tools:

Usage Ability to describe and explain the principles behind and applicability of
engineering tools.
R11: Tools Evaluation:
Ability to simulate the experiment and then using hardware tools to verify the
results.

Individual and R12: Individual Work Contributions:

Teamwork Ability to carry out individual responsibilities.

R13: Management of Team Work:

Ability to appreciate, understand and work with multidisciplinary team
members.

Rubrics to follow

Rubrics # R2 R3 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R11 R12 R13

In –Lab

Post- Lab

LAB#07:
POC(LAB) Page 1
 Frequency Modulation

Objective:
The main objective of this lab is frequency modulation implementation in LabVIEW

Introduction:
Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying
the instantaneous frequency of the wave. The technology is used in telecommunications, radio
broadcasting, signal processing, and computing.
In analog frequency modulation, such as radio broadcasting, of an audio signal representing
voice or music, the instantaneous frequency deviation, i.e. the difference between the frequency
of the carrier and its center frequency, has a functional relation to the modulating signal
amplitude.
Digital data can be encoded and transmitted with a type of frequency modulation known
as frequency-shift keying (FSK), in which the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is shifted
among a set of frequencies. The frequencies may represent digits, such as '0' and '1'. FSK is
widely used in computer modems, such as fax modems, telephone caller ID systems, garage door
openers, and other low-frequency transmissions. Radioteletype also uses FSK.
Frequency modulation is widely used for FM radio broadcasting. It is also used
in telemetry, radar, seismic prospecting, and monitoring newborns for seizures via EEG, two-
way radio systems, sound synthesis, magnetic tape-recording systems and some video-
transmission systems. In radio transmission, an advantage of frequency modulation is that it has
a larger signal-to-noise ratio and therefore rejects radio frequency interference better than an
equal power amplitude modulation (AM) signal. For this reason, most music is broadcast
over FM radio.
Frequency modulation and phase modulation are the two complementary principal methods
of angle modulation; phase modulation is often used as an intermediate step to achieve frequency
modulation. These methods contrast with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the
carrier wave varies, while the frequency and phase remain constant.

Lab Tasks

In-Lab Task 1:
Implement the task implemented in lab as in-lab task 1.

Task description (derivationetc):In this task we want to perform the to see the different
graph like Modulation signal, Carrier signal and Frequency of modulated signal.

Brief description of blocks used in VI:

Waveform Graph:
POC(LAB) Page 2
A Waveform Graph accepts arrays of data in various forms, e.g. array, waveform, or dynamic
data. It then plots all the received points at once. It does not accept single point values.

Graph Indicator:

We use graph indicator which contain the waveform.

Sin Waveform:

This VI initializes the phase on the first run. After the first run, if reset signal is TRUE, phase sets the
initial phase of the input signal.This VI is reentrant so that it can be used to simulate a continuous
acquisition from a sine wave function generator.

Math Script node:

The Math Script Node is a structure on the LabVIEW block diagram that gives you the ability to put text-
based Math Script code in line with graphical LabVIEW code.

Convert from dynamic:

Use the Convert from Dynamic Data Express VI to convert dynamic data to numeric, waveform, and
array data types for use with other VIs and functions. When you wire dynamic data to an array
indicator, LabVIEW places the Convert from Dynamic DATA.

SCREENSHOT

POC(LAB) Page 3
POSTLAB:

TASK 1:
Implement single tone FM in Mathscript by selecting both message signal and carrier signal a
cosine wave. Derive the final expression and also observe the effect of varying modulation index
β.

Task description (derivationetc):

In this task we want to perform the to see the different graph like Modulation signal, Carrier
signal and Frequency of modulated signal by using frequency modulation system.

Brief description of main blocks used in VI:

Waveform Graph:

A Waveform Graph accepts arrays of data in various forms, e.g. array, waveform, or dynamic
data. It then plots all the received points at once. It does not accept single point values.

Graph Indicator:

We use graph indicator which contain the waveform.

Sin Waveform:

This VI initializes the phase on the first run. After the first run, if reset signal is TRUE, phase
sets the initial phase of the input signal.This VI is reentrant so that it can be used to simulate a
continuous acquisition from a sine wave function generator.

Math Script node:The Math Script Node is a structure on the LabVIEW block diagram that

gives you the ability to put text-based Math Script code in line with graphical LabVIEW code.

POC(LAB) Page 4
Convert from dynamic:Use the Convert from Dynamic Data Express VI to convert
dynamic data to numeric, waveform, and array data types for use with other VIs and functions.
When you wire dynamic data to an array indicator, LabVIEW places the Convert from
Dynamic Data.

Derivation:
Y=cos[ωc + β cos (ωmt)]

Y=cosα cos β – sinα sin β

α = ωc

β = β cos (ωmt)

y = cos(ωct)cos β(cos(ωmt))-sin(ωct)sin(β(cos(ωmt)

SCREEN SHOT:

POC(LAB) Page 5
Results:
In this task we want to see the graph of carrier signal, modulated signal and frequency of the
modulated signal and difference between them by using frequency modulation.

Conclusion:
In this lab I conclude that we learned about the introduction of Lab View. After performing this
lab, we are familiar to perform the different function like implementation of modulation in
Mathscript node and observe the different type of frequency and signals.

POC(LAB) Page 6