Assignment-1

Engineering Materials-1
Submission Deadline-13th February 2021
Question-1(20)
Sketch within a cubic unit cell the following planes:
(a) ( 1̄1 1̄) , (b) (1 2̄ 2̄) , (c) ( 1̄2 3̄) , (d) (0 1̄ 3̄)

Solution

The planes called for are plotted in the cubic unit cells shown below.

Question-2(15)
Determine the indices for the directions shown in the following cubic unit cell:
Solution

Direction A is a [0 1̄ 1̄] direction, which determination is summarized as follows. We first position the
origin of the coordinate system at the tail of the direction vector; then in terms of this new coordinate system

x y z

Projections 0a –b –c
Projections in terms of a, b, and c 0 –1 –1
Reduction to integers not necessary
Enclosure [0 1̄ 1̄]

Direction B is a [ 2̄10] direction, which determination is summarized as follows. We first position the
origin of the coordinate system at the tail of the direction vector; then in terms of this new coordinate system

x y z
b
Projections –a 2 0c
1
Projections in terms of a, b, and c –1 2 0
Reduction to integers –2 1 0
Enclosure [ 2̄10]

Direction C is a [112] direction, which determination is summarized as follows. We first of all position the
origin of the coordinate system at the tail of the direction vector; then in terms of this new coordinate system
x y z
 a b
Projections 2 2 c
1 1
Projections in terms of a, b, and c 2 2 1
Reduction to integers 1 1 2
Enclosure [112]

Direction D is a [11 { 2̄]¿ direction, which determination is summarized as follows. We first of all position
the origin of the coordinate system at the tail of the direction vector; then in terms of this new coordinate system

x y z
a b
Projections 2 2 –c
1 1
Projections in terms of a, b, and c 2 2 –1
Reduction to integers 1 1 –2
Enclosure [11 { 2̄]¿

Question-3(8)
Above 882ºC, titanium has a BCC crystal structure, with a = 0.332 nm. Below this temperature, titanium
has a HCP structure, with a = 0.2978 nm and c = 0.4735 nm. Determine the percent volume change
when BCC titanium transforms to HCP titanium. Is this a contraction or expansion?

Solution:
Two atoms are present in BCC and six atoms are present in HCP titanium unit cells, so the
volumes of the unit cells can be directly compared after dividing them by number of atoms.

VBCC = (0.332 nm)3 = 0.03659 nm3

VBCC/atom=0.018297

VHCP = 3 (0.2978 nm)2(0.4735 nm) cos30 = 0.1091 nm3

VHCP/atom=0.018183
V HCP −V BCC
∆V = ×100=−0.6 %
V BCC

Therefore titanium contracts 0.6% during cooling.

Question-4(12)
Given that the radius of metallic atom is R, express the following geometric factors of simple cubic (SC)
structure and body centered cubic (BCC) structure in terms of R.
a) axial length of a unit cell, a:
b) unit cell volume, VC:
c) # of atoms per unit cell, N:
d) volume of atoms in a unit cell, VS:
e) atomic packing factor, APF:
f) coordination number:

Solution

Coordination
a VC N VS APF
number
16
FCC 4 R/ √ 2 16 √ 2 R3 4 π R3 0.74 12
3
4 64 3 8
BCC R R 2 π R3 0.68 8
√3 3 √3 3

Question-5(18)
Write the electron configurations for the following element and their ions:
Fe Al Cu Ba Br O
2+ 3+ + 2+ -
Fe Al Cu Ba Br O2-

Solution
Fe 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2 Fe2+ 1s22s22p63s23p63d6
Al 1s22s22p63s23p1 Al3+ 1s22s22p6
Cu 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1 Cu+ 1s22s22p63s23p63d10
Ba 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p66s2 Ba2+ 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p64d105s25p6
Br 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5 Br- 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6
O 1s22s22p4 O2- 1s22s22p6
Question-6(3.5+3.5)
Calculate the fractions of ionic and covalent bondings in MgO & CdS, and find which bonding is
dominant.

Solution:

Question-7(20)
Consider the brass alloy for which the stress-strain behavior is shown in the figure. (a) A cylindrical
specimen of this material 6 mm in diameter and 50 mm long is pulled in tension with a force of 5000 N .
If it is known that this alloy has a Poisson's ratio of 0.30, compute the extended length of the specimen
and the reduction in specimen diameter. (b) Compute the final specimen length when the load is
increased to 10,500 N and then released.
Solution

(a) For uniaxial tension;

F F 5000 N
s= = = =177Ê ´ Ê106 N/m 2 =177ÊMPa(25,000 psi )
A0 d 2 −3
6 ´ 10 m
2
p 0
2( ) (p
2 ) (4)

From the stress-strain plot in the given figure, this stress corresponds to a strain of about 2.0  10-3. From the
definition of strain; (3)

Dl = el 0=( 2 . 0 ´ 10-3 )( 50 mm) = 0 .10 mm (4 ´ 10-3 in .) (3)

In order to determine the reduction in diameter ∆d, it is necessary to use the definition of Poisson’s ratio;

−ε x −ε y
ν= =
εz εz
Then, the lateral strain,  x
x =   z
From the definition of lateral strain (i.e., ex = ∆d/d0) we may write

d = d0  x

Substitution of this expression for ex into the preceding equation, and incorporating values of parameters given
in the problem statement results in

d = d0  x =  d0  z =  (6 mm)(0.30) (2.0  10-3 )

= –3.6  10-3 mm (–1.4  10-4 in.) (4)

(b) In this portion of the problem we are asked to calculate the final length, after load release, when the load is
increased to 10,500 N. Again, computing the stress

10,500 N
 = 2
= 371 MPa
 6  103 m 
 
 2  (3)

The point on the stress-strain curve corresponding to this stress is in the plastic region. We are able to estimate the
amount of permanent strain by drawing a straight line parallel to the linear elastic region; this line intersects the
strain axis at a strain of about 0.08 which is the amount of plastic strain. The final specimen length li may be

determined from a rearranged form the definition of strain as;

li = l0(1 + e) = (50 mm)(1 + 0.08) = 54 mm (2.12 in.) (3)