SRI RAMAKRISHNA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

COIMBATORE-10
DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Two Standard Forms of Voltage and

Current Equations
Mr.V.Ganesh
AP/ECE
R = Series resistance per unit length in /m
L = Series inductance per unit length in H/m
G = Shunt conductance per unit length in mho/m
C= Shunt capacitance per unit length in F/m
For Sinusoidal steady state condition,
𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝑉0 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝜕𝑉(𝑧,𝑡) 𝜕𝑉0 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
• =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑉(𝑧,𝑡)
• = 𝑉0 (𝑗)𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 = 𝑗𝑉0 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 = 𝑗𝑉(𝑧, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑡
 𝜕𝑉(𝑧,𝑡)
• = 𝑗𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡 (1)
𝜕𝑡
• 𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡 = 𝐼0 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝜕𝐼(𝑧,𝑡) 𝜕𝐼0 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
• =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐼(𝑧,𝑡)
• = 𝐼0 (𝑗)𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑗𝐼0 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑗𝐼(𝑧, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐼(𝑧,𝑡)
• = 𝑗𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡 (2)
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑉(𝑧,𝑡)
• = 𝑅𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡 + 𝑗𝐿𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡
𝜕𝑧
 𝜕𝑉(𝑧,𝑡)
• = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝐿 𝐼 𝑧, 𝑡
𝜕𝑧
• Consider spatial variation alone,
𝑑𝑉
• = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝐿 𝐼 𝑧 (3)
𝑑𝑧
• 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝐿 (4)
• Substitute equation (4) in equation (3)
𝑑𝑉
• (3) = 𝑍𝐼 𝑧 (5)
𝑑𝑧
𝜕𝐼(𝑧,𝑡)
• = 𝐺𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡 + 𝑗𝐶𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡
𝜕𝑧
 𝜕𝐼(𝑧,𝑡)
• = 𝐺 + 𝑗𝐶 𝑉 𝑧, 𝑡
𝜕𝑧
• Consider spatial variation alone,
𝑑𝐼
• = 𝐺 + 𝑗𝐶 𝑉 𝑧 (6)
𝑑𝑧
• 𝑌 = 𝐺 + 𝑗𝐶 (7)
• Substitute equation (7) in equation (6)
𝑑𝐼
• (6) = 𝑌𝑉 𝑧 (8)
𝑑𝑧
The two equations (5) & (8) can be solved simultaneously to give wave
equations for V(z) & I(z).
𝑑2 𝑉 𝑑𝐼
(5)  =𝑍 (9)
𝑑𝑧 2 𝑑𝑧
Substitute (8) in (9)
𝑑2 𝑉
(9)  = 𝑍𝑌𝑉(𝑧) (10)
𝑑𝑧 2
𝑑2 𝐼 𝑑𝑉
(8)  2 =𝑌 (11)
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
Substitute (5) in (11)
𝑑2 𝐼
(11)  = 𝑍𝑌𝐼(𝑧) (12)
𝑑𝑧 2
• Equations (10) and (12) are differential equations.
• Auxiliary Equation of (12) is
• 𝑚2 = 𝑍𝑌
• 𝑚 = ± 𝑍𝑌
• The solution of equation (10) is Complimentary function alone.
• (10)  𝑉 𝑧 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + 𝐵𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧 (13)
• Similarly the solution for equation (12) becomes,
𝑍𝑌𝑧
• 𝐼 𝑧 = 𝐶𝑒 + 𝐷𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧
(14)
• 𝐴𝑡 𝑧 = 0, 𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑉𝑅 , 𝐼 𝑧 = 𝐼𝑅 (15)
• VR and IR are receiving end voltage and current respectively.
• Substitute (15) in (13) & (14)
• (13)  𝑉𝑅 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 (16)
• (14)  𝐼𝑅 = 𝐶 + 𝐷 (17)
• Differentiate (13) & (14) with respect to ‘z’
𝑑𝑉
• (13)  = 𝐴 𝑍𝑌𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧
+ 𝐵(− 𝑍𝑌)𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑉 𝑍𝑌𝑧
• = 𝑍𝑌 𝐴𝑒 − 𝐵𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧 (18)
𝑑𝑧
• Substitute (5) in (18)
• (18)  𝑍𝐼(𝑧) = 𝑍𝑌 𝐴𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧
− 𝐵𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧

𝑍𝑌𝑧
• 𝑍√𝑍𝐼(𝑧) = 𝑍𝑌 𝐴𝑒 − 𝐵𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧

𝑍𝐼(𝑧) 𝑍𝑌𝑧
• = 𝐴𝑒 − 𝐵𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧
(19)
√𝑌
𝑍 𝑅+𝑗𝐿
• 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍0 = = (20)
𝑌 𝐺+𝑗𝐶
• Substitute (20) in (19)
• (19)  𝑍0 𝐼(𝑧) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧 − 𝐵𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧 (21)
 𝑑𝐼
• (14)  = 𝐶 𝑍𝑌𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + 𝐷(− 𝑍𝑌)𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧
𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝐼 𝑍𝑌𝑧
• = 𝑍𝑌 𝐶𝑒 − 𝐷𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧 (22)
𝑑𝑧
• Substitute (8) in (22)
• (22)  𝑌𝑉(𝑧) = 𝑍𝑌 𝐶𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧 − 𝐷𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧

• 𝑌√𝑌𝑉(𝑧) = 𝑍𝑌 𝐶𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧 − 𝐷𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧

𝑌𝑉(𝑧) 𝑍𝑌𝑧
• = 𝐶𝑒 − 𝐷𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧
√𝑍
𝑉(𝑧) 𝑍𝑌𝑧
• √𝑍
= 𝐶𝑒 − 𝐷𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧 (23)
√𝑌
• Substitute (20) in (23)
𝑉(𝑧)
• (23)  = 𝐶𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧 − 𝐷𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧 (24)
𝑍0
• Substitute (15) in (21) & (24)
• (21) 𝑍0 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 (25)
𝑉𝑅
• (24)  = 𝐶−𝐷 (26)
𝑍0
• Solve (16) & (25)
• 𝑉𝑅 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 (16)
• 𝑍0 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 (25)
• (16) +(25)  𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍0 𝐼𝑅 = 2𝐴
𝑉𝑅
• 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍0 = 2𝐴
𝑍𝑅
𝑉𝑅 𝑍0
•𝐴= 1+ (27)
2 𝑍𝑅
• (17)-(26)  𝑉𝑅 − 𝑍0 𝐼𝑅 = 2𝐵
𝑉𝑅
• 𝑉𝑅 − 𝑍0 = 2𝐵
𝑍𝑅
𝑉𝑅 𝑍0
•𝐵= 1− (28)
2 𝑍𝑅
• Solve (17) & (26)
• 𝐼𝑅 = 𝐶 + 𝐷 (17)
𝑉𝑅
• = 𝐶−𝐷 (26)
𝑍0
𝑉𝑅
• (17) + (26)  𝐼𝑅 + = 2C
𝑍0
𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑅
• 𝐼𝑅 + = 2𝐶
𝑍0
𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑅
•𝐶= 1 + (29)
2 𝑍0
 𝑉𝑅
• (17)- (26)  𝐼𝑅 − = 2D
𝑍0
𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑅
• 𝐼𝑅 − = 2𝐷
𝑍0
𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑅
•𝐷= 1 − (30)
2 𝑍0
• Substitute (27) & (28) in (13)
𝑉𝑅 𝑍0 𝑉𝑅 𝑍0
• (13)  𝑉 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧
+ 1 − 𝑒− 𝑍𝑌𝑧
(31)
2 𝑍𝑅 2 𝑍𝑅
 𝑉𝑅 𝑍0 𝑍𝑌𝑧 𝑍0
•𝑉 𝑧 = 1+ 𝑒 + 1− 𝑒− 𝑍𝑌𝑧
(32)
2 𝑍𝑅 𝑍𝑅

𝑉𝑅 𝑍𝑅 +𝑍0 𝑍𝑌𝑧 𝑍𝑅 −𝑍0

•𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑍𝑌𝑧
2 𝑍𝑅 𝑍𝑅
𝑉𝑅 𝑍𝑌𝑧
•𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍0 𝑒 + 𝑍𝑅 − 𝑍0 𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧
2𝑍𝑅
𝑉𝑅 𝑍𝑅 +𝑍0 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + 𝑍𝑅 −𝑍0
•𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑒− 𝑍𝑌𝑧 (33)
2𝑍𝑅 𝑍𝑅 +𝑍0
• Substitute (29) & (30) in (14)
 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑅 𝑍𝑌𝑧 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑅
•𝐼 𝑧 = 1+ 𝑒 + 1− 𝑒− 𝑍𝑌𝑧
2 𝑍0 2 𝑍0
𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑅 𝑍𝑌𝑧 𝑍𝑅
•𝐼 𝑧 = 1+ 𝑒 + 1− 𝑒− 𝑍𝑌𝑧 (34)
2 𝑍0 𝑍0

𝐼𝑅 𝑍0 +𝑍𝑅 𝑍𝑌𝑧 𝑍0 −𝑍𝑅

•𝐼 𝑧 = 𝑒 + 𝑒− 𝑍𝑌𝑧
2 𝑍0 𝑍0
𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑌𝑧 −
•𝐼 𝑧 = 𝑍𝑅 + 𝑍0 𝑒 𝑍𝑅 − 𝑍0 𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧
2𝑍0
𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑅 +𝑍0 𝑍𝑌𝑧 − 𝑍𝑅 −𝑍0
•𝐼 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑒− 𝑍𝑌𝑧 (35)
2𝑍0 𝑍𝑅 +𝑍0
 𝑉𝑅 𝑍0 𝑍0
• (32)  𝑉 𝑧 = 1+ 𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + 1− 𝑒− 𝑍𝑌𝑧
2 𝑍𝑅 𝑍𝑅
𝑉𝑅 𝑍𝑌𝑧 𝑍0 𝑍0 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧
•𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + 𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧 − 𝑒
2 𝑍𝑅 𝑍𝑅
𝑉𝑅 𝑍𝑌𝑧 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧 𝑍0 𝑍𝑌𝑧 𝑍0 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧
•𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑒 +𝑒 + 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 𝑍𝑅 𝑍𝑅
𝑉𝑅 𝑍𝑌𝑧 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧 𝑍0 𝑍𝑌𝑧
•𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑒 +𝑒 + 𝑒 − 𝑒− 𝑍𝑌𝑧
2 𝑍𝑅

𝑉𝑅 𝑍0
•𝑉 𝑧 = 2 cosh 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + (2 sinh 𝑍𝑌 𝑧
2 𝑍𝑅
 𝑍0
•𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑉𝑅 cosh 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + 𝑉𝑅 sinh 𝑍𝑌 𝑧
𝑍𝑅

𝑍0
•𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑉𝑅 cosh 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + 𝐼 𝑍 sinh 𝑍𝑌 𝑧
𝑍𝑅 𝑅 𝑅

• 𝑉 𝑧 = 𝑉𝑅 cosh 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍0 sinh 𝑍𝑌 𝑧 36

𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑅 𝑍𝑅
• (34)  𝐼 𝑧 = 1+ 𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + 1− 𝑒− 𝑍𝑌𝑧
2 𝑍0 𝑍0
𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑌𝑧 𝑍𝑅 𝑍𝑅 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧
•𝐼 𝑧 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + 𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧 − 𝑒
2 𝑍0 𝑍0
 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑌𝑧 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧 𝑍𝑅 𝑍𝑅 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧
•𝐼 𝑧 = 𝑒 +𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧 − 𝑒
2 𝑍0 𝑍0
𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑌𝑧 𝑍𝑅
•𝐼 𝑧 = 𝑒 + 𝑒 − 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑍𝑌𝑧 − 𝑒− 𝑍𝑌𝑧
2 𝑍𝑂

𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑅
•𝐼 𝑧 = 2 cosh 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + (2 sinh 𝑍𝑌 𝑧
2 𝑍0

𝑍𝑅
•𝐼 𝑧 = 𝐼𝑅 cosh 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + 𝐼𝑅 sinh 𝑍𝑌 𝑧
𝑍0
 𝑍𝑅 𝑉𝑅
•𝐼 𝑧 = 𝐼𝑅 cosh 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + sinh 𝑍𝑌 𝑧
𝑍0 𝑍𝑅
𝑉𝑅
• 𝐼 𝑧 = 𝐼𝑅 cosh 𝑍𝑌𝑧 + sinh 𝑍𝑌 𝑧 37
𝑍0

• Propagation Constant  = 𝑍𝑌 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝐿 𝐺 + 𝐽𝐶

References
• David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, Wiley India (P) Ltd.,2008.
• Ryder J.D, Networks, Lines and Fields, Prentice Hall of India, New
Delhi, 2015.