LI

FESKI
LLS
LI
FESKI
LLS 
COURSE 
 OUTLI
NE

GENERALOBJECTI
VES.

1.Todev elopandcr eateawar enessofeverydaydemandsandchal lengest hrough

crit
ical thi
nking.
2.Deal wi t
hheal thproblems, f
earsandanx i
eti
esr elat
ingtogrowi ngup, sexuali
tyand
i
nr elationships.
3.Toenhancesel f-
esteem andasserti
venessi nrelati
onshipwithpeer sandadul ts.
4.Dev elopappr eciati
onoff emalesandmal esasequal par
tnersinsoci ety.
5.Makeopt imum useoft i
meandav ai
lableresourcesi nor
dert oimpr ovethequal i
tyof
l
ife.
6.Dev elopat ti
tudes,valuesandskil
lsthatpromot eco-existence,positi
v eresponsibl
e
andheal thyli
festyl
es.
7.Dev elopunder standingofsupportandasenseofcar eandr esponsibili
tyfor
di
sadv antagedgr oupsi nthesoci
ety

1.
  
  
  
INTRODUCTI
ONTOLI
FESKI
LLS

-
  
  
  
  
 Def
ini
ti
onoft
het
erml
i
feski
l
ls.

-
  
  
  
  
 Cat
egor
iesofl
i
feski
l
lseducat
ion

-
  
  
  
  
 Benef
it
s

-
  
  
  
  
 Cor
eli
vi
ngv
aluest
hatenhancel
i
feski
l
ls.

-
  
  
  
  
 Out
comesofl
i
feski
l
lbasededucat
ion

-
  
  
  
  
 Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenl
i
feski
l
lsandl
i
vingv
alues.

2.
  
  
  
SELFAWARENESS

  -
Meani
ng

  
-Sel
fdescr
ipt
ion

  
-Sel
f-
assessment

  
-Chal
l
engest
hathi
nderat
tai
nmentofl
i
fegoal
s
  -
Str
ategi
esofov
ercomi
ngchal
l
enges.

  -
Val
uesassoci
atedwi
thl
i
feski
l
ls.

3.
  
  
  
SELFESTEEM

-
  
  
  
  
  Def
ini
ti
onofsel
fest
eem

-
  
  
  
  
 Si
gnsofhi
ghsel
f-
est
eem i
nani
ndi
vi
dual
.

-
  
  
  
  
 Si
gnsofl
owsel
f-
est
eem.

-
  
  
  
  
 Fact
orst
hatenhancehi
ghandl
owsel
fest
eem

-
  
  
  
  
 Ef
fect
sofl
ow/
highest
eem

-
  
  
  
  
 Fact
orst
hatenhancehi
gh/
lowsel
fest
eem

-
  
  
  
  
 Val
uesassoci
atedwi
thhi
ghsel
f-
est
eem.

-
  
  
  
  
 Way
sofboost
ingsel
f-
est
eem.

4.
  
  
  
COPI
NGWI
THEMOTI
ONS

-
  
  
  
  
 Themeani
ngofemot
ions.

-
  
  
  
  
 Goodandbadf
eel
i
ngs.

-
  
  
  
  
 Causesofgoodandbadf
eel
i
ngs.

-
  
  
  
  
 Meani
ngofemot
ional
int
ell
i
gence.

-
  
  
  
  
 Feel
i
ngswhi
chcanl
eadt
ori
skybehav
ior
.

-
  
  
  
  
 Way
sofcopi
ngwi
thnegat
iveemot
ions.

-
  
  
  
  
 Val
uesassoci
atedwi
themot
ional
int
ell
i
gence.

5.
  
  
  
STRESSANDSTRESSMANAGEMENT

-
  
  
  
  
 Def
ini
ti
onofst
ress

-
  
  
  
  
 Causesofst
ress

-
  
  
  
  
 Ef
fect
sofst
ress

-
  
  
  
  
 Copi
ngwi
thst
ress
-
  
  
  
  
 For
msofposi
ti
vest
ress.

-
  
  
  
  
 Val
uesassoci
atedwi
thst
ressmanagement

6.
  
  
  
TIMEMANAGEMENT

-
  
  
  
  
 Def
ini
ti
onoft
imemanagement

-
  
  
  
  
 Wor
kschedul
es.

-
  
  
  
  
 Ti
memanagementchar
t.

-
  
  
  
  
 Impor
tanceofmanagi
ngt
ime

-
  
  
  
  
 Ti
mewast
ers.

-
  
  
  
  
 Val
uesandl
i
feski
l
lsassoci
atedwi
tht
imemanagement
.

7.
  
  
  
ASSERTI
VENESS

-
  
  
  
  
 Def
ini
ti
onofasser
ti
veness

-
  
  
  
  
 Char
act
eri
sti
csofanasser
ti
veper
son

-
  
  
  
  
 Si
tuat
ionst
hatcal
lforasser
ti
veness.

-
  
  
  
  
 Dev
elopi
nganasser
ti
ver
esponse

-
  
  
  
  
 Impor
tanceofbei
ngasser
ti
ve.

-
  
  
  
  
 Di
ff
erencebet
weenasser
ti
veness,
aggr
essi
venessandpassi
veness.

-
  
  
  
  
 Di
ff
erencebet
weenpeerpr
essur
eandpeeri
nfl
uence.

-
  
  
  
  
 Val
uesassoci
atedwi
thasser
ti
veness.

8.
  
  
  
EMPATHY

-
  
  
  
  
 Meani
ngof
 empat
hy

-
  
  
  
  
 Di
ff
erencebet
ween 
sympat
hyand 
empat
hy

-
  
  
  
  
 Way
sofexpr
essi
ng 
empat
hy.

-
  
  
  
  
 Si
tuat
ionst
hatr
equi
re 
empat
hy.

-
  
  
  
  
 Li
vi
ngv
aluest
hatenhance 
empat
hy.
 9.
  
  
  
CRI
TICALTHI
NKI
NG

-
  
  
  
  
 Meani
ngofcr
it
ical
thi
nki
ng.

-
  
  
  
  
 Consequencesofmaki
ngdeci
si
onsbef
oret
hinki
ngcr
it
ical
l
y.

-
  
  
  
  
 Val
uesassoci
atedwi
thcr
it
ical
thi
nki
ng.

10.
  
NEGOTI
ATI
ON 
SKI
LLS

-
  
  
  
  
 Themeani
ngof
 negot
iat
ion

-
  
  
  
  
 Impor
tance/benef
it
sof
 negot
iat
ion.

-
  
  
  
  
  
Negot
iat
ion 
techni
ques

-
  
  
  
  
 Si
tuat
ionst
hatr
equi
re 
Negot
iat
ion.

-
  
  
  
  
 Val
uesassoci
atedwi
th 
negot
iat
ion.

11.
  
NON-VI
OLENTCONFLI
CTRESOLUTI
ON

-
  
  
  
  
 Def
ini
ti
onofconf
li
ct.

-
  
  
  
  
 Causesofconf
li
cts.

-
  
  
  
  
 Consequencesofconf
li
cts

-
  
  
  
  
 Ty
pesofconf
li
cts.

-
  
  
  
  
 Inst
it
uti
onst
hatr
esol
veconf
li
ctsi
nthesoci
ety
.

-
  
  
  
  
 Ski
l
lsnecessar
yforconf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on.

-
  
  
  
  
 Val
uesr
elat
edt
oconf
li
ctr
esol
uti
on.

12.
  
EFFECTI
VEDECI
SIONMAKI
NG

-
  
  
  
  
 Meani
ngofef
fect
ivedeci
si
onmaki
ng.

-
  
  
  
  
 Si
tuat
ionst
hatr
equi
redeci
si
onmaki
ng

-
  
  
  
  
 Fact
orsi
nfl
uenci
ng 
deci
si
onmaki
ng

-
  
  
  
  
 Chal
l
engest
hatf
acet
hey
out
hindeci
si
onmaki
ng.

-
  
  
  
  
 Deci
si
onmaki
ngi
nst
it
uti
onswi
thi
nthecommuni
ty.
-
  
  
  
  
 Ef
fect
ivedeci
si
onmaki
ngpr
ocess

-
  
  
  
  
 Val
uesassoci
atedwi
thef
fect
ivedeci
si
onmaki
ng.

-
  
  
  
  
 Consequencesofnotmaki
ngef
fect
ivedeci
si
ons.

13.
  
DRUGANDSUBSTANCEABUSE

-
  
  
  
  
 Def
ini
ti
onoft
ermse.
g.Dr
ug,
Drugabuse,
Addi
cti
on.

-
  
  
  
  
 Commonl
yabuseddr
ugs.

-
  
  
  
  
 Causesofdr
ugandsubst
anceabuse.

-
  
  
  
  
 Si
gnsandsy
mpt
omsofdr
ugandsubst
anceabuse.

-
  
  
  
  
 Ef
fectofdr
ugandsubst
anceabuse.

-
  
  
  
  
 Managementofdr
ugandsubst
anceabuse.

-
  
  
  
  
 Rel
ati
onshi
pbet
weendr
ugabuseandHI
V/AI
DS.

-
  
  
  
  
 Measur
est
opr
eventdr
ugandsubst
anceabuse.

-
  
  
  
  
 Li
feski
l
lsandv
aluesnecessar
ytopr
eventdr
ugandsubst
anceabuse.

14.
  
HIV/
AIDS

-
  
  
  
  
 Meani
ng

-
  
  
  
  
 Way
sinwhi
chaHI
Vist
ransmi
tt
ed.

-
  
  
  
  
 Si
gnsandsy
mpt
omsofAI
DS.

-
  
  
  
  
 Fact
orst
hatenhancet
hespr
eadofHI
V.

-
  
  
  
  
 Way
sofpr
event
ingt
hespr
eadofHI
V.

-
  
  
  
  
 Int
erv
ent
ionsf
orHI
VandAI
DS.

-
  
  
  
  
 My
thsandmi
sconcept
ionsaboutHI
VandAI
DS.

-
  
  
  
  
 Car
eandsuppor
toft
hei
nfect
edandaf
fect
ed(
e.g.Homebasedcar
e).

-
  
  
  
  
 Fact
orst
hatf
aci
l
itat
ethespr
eadofHI
V
I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOLI
FESKI
LLS

- Areabil
i
tiesf
oradapti
veforposi
ti
vebehav
iort
hatenabl
esi
ndi
vi
dual
stodeal
wit
h
demandsandchall
engesofever
ydayli
fe?

- Aswegothr
oughli
feweoft
enfacev
ari
ouschal
lengesandt her
eforet
heneedt
ohave
speci
fi
cski
l
lst
hatwil
lenabl
eusover
comethechal
l
engesandt heseskil
lsar
eknownasl
if
e
ski
ll
s.

- Li
feski
l
lseducat
ioni
sthest
udyt
hatenabl
eusdeal
eff
ect
ivel
ywi
thchal
l
engesand
t
oday
’sl
if
e.

- Itempowersi
ndiv
idual
stot
hinkandbehav
econst
ruct
ivel
ywhendeal
i
ngwi
tht
hemsel
ves
andastheyr
elat
ewit
hothers.

- Itser
vesasafundamentalt
ool
thatenabl
espeopl
etoadaptandchangeaccor
dingt
othe
si
tuat
ionstheyfi
ndt
hemselvesin.

- I
tgi
vesy
oungpeopl
ecapabi
l
ityt
oenabl
ethem managet
hei
rli
febet
ter
.

- Li
feski
l
lsar
eacqui
redt
hrought
eachi
ngaddi
rectl
i
feexper
ience.
LI
FESKI
LLEDUCATI
ONI
SDI
VIDEDI
NTO3CATEGORI
ES.

1. Skil
l
sofknowi
ngonesel
f
- Theseski
l
lsi
ncr
easessel
f-
awar
eness,
sel
f-
est
eem,
copi
ngwi
themot
ionsandst
ress.

- Theyalsoenabl
esoneappr
eci
ateshi
m/her
sel
fanddeal
wit
hot
herper
sonal
probl
ems
andst
resses.

- Theskil
l
salsoputoneinabet
terposi
ti
ontosol
veprobl
emst hataf
fectt
hemsel
ves,
t
aki
ngcaretorel
yupourstr
engt
handlearntoworkonyourweakness.

- I
tisacat
egor
ythathel
psaper
sont
ounder
standwhot
heyar
eandappr
eci
atet
hemel
ves.

2. Skil
l
sofknowinghowtoli
vewi
thot
hers.
- Ski
ll
sthathel
pyouov
ercomeanydi
ff
icul
ti
est
haty
oumayf
aceasy
oui
nter
actwi
th
ot
her
s.

- Ski
ll
sthatwi
thhel
pyouavoidconfl
i
cts,
riskybehav
ior
sandf
orm pr
operandconst
ruct
ive
r
elat
ionshi
pasweinter
actwi
thothers.

- Suchski
l
lenhancessoci
alcompl
ement
ari
tyashumanbei
ngsar
esoci
alani
mal
swho
i
nter
actandbenefi
tfr
om eachother
.

- Effect
ivecommuni cat
ion,non-v
iol
entconf
li
ctresol
uti
on,
fri
endshi
pfor
mat
ionand
mai
ntenance,asser
ti
veness,creat
ivethi
nki
ng,pr
oblem sol
vi
ngskil
lset
c.

NB: Educat
iontodayshoul
denableachi
ldorlear
nertodealef
fect
ivel
ywi
ththeenvi
ronment
andmakemaxi mum useofresour
ces,
discer
navail
ableoppor
tuni
ti
esandfacethechal
lenges
ofthesociety
.

- Toenabl
ethi
sbehavior
alt
ransf
ormat
ioninl
earner
s,educat
ionalsy
stemsneedt
obe
enr
ichedwit
hhighl
yresear
chedandeff
ect
ivel
if
eskil
l
st r
aini
ngprogramme.

- Educati
ontodaytheref
oreshouldhel
plear
ner
sfi
ghtf
rust
rat
ions,
anxi
etyanddepr
essi
on
ast
heypursuethei
rprofessi
onalcar
eer

3. Skil
l
sofdeci
sionmaking
- Theyi
ncl
udecreat
ivethi
nki
ngandpr
obl
em sol
vi
ng

- Hel
pyoumakechoicest
hatar
ewel
lthoughtandt
hatf
ull
yaddr
essest
hei
ssuesand
pr
obl
emsyoumayface.

- Effect
ivecommuni cat
ion,non-v
iol
entconf
li
ctresol
uti
on,
fri
endshi
pfor
mat
ionand
mai
ntenance,asser
ti
veness,creat
ivethi
nki
ng,pr
oblem sol
vi
ngskil
lset
c.

NB: Educat
iontodayshoul
denableachi
ldorlear
nertodealef
fect
ivel
ywi
ththeenvi
ronment
andmakemaxi mum useofresour
ces,
discer
navail
ableoppor
tuni
ti
esandfacethechal
lenges
ofthesociety
.
- Toenabl
ethi
sbehavior
alt
ransf
ormat
ioninl
earner
s,educat
ionalsy
stemsneedt
obe
enr
ichedwit
hhighl
yresear
chedandeff
ect
ivel
if
eskil
l
st r
aini
ngprogram.

- Educati
ontodaytheref
oreshouldhel
plear
ner
sfi
ghtf
rust
rat
ions,
anxi
etyanddepr
essi
on
ast
heypursuethei
rprofessi
onalcar
eers.

- Li
feski
l
lsactasaf
aci
l
itat
ort
ost
rengt
hent
hesur
viv
alski
l
lscapabi
l
iti
esofani
ndi
vi
dual

OUTCOMESOFLI
FESKI
LLBASEDEDUCATI
ON

Lessenedviol
entbehav i
oramongl earners.
Incr
easedpro-socialbehav i
or.
Decreasednegat i
veandsel f-
destructivebehavi
or.
Incr
easedabil
itytopl anaheadandchooseef f
ecti
vesol
uti
onst
opr
obl
ems.
Improvedself
-awar eness.
Socialandemot i
onal adjust
ment .
Incr
easedacquisiti
onofknowl edge.
Improvedconstructiveandconf l
i
ctr esoluti
onwit
hpeers.
Impulsecontr
ol andasser ti
vebehav ior.
Delayofsexualdebut .

BENEFI
TSOFLI
FESKI
LLS

1. Educati
onal
benef
it
s
(a)Enabl
eyouavoi
dtobeder
ail
edandt
oqui
ckl
ydeal
wit
hyourpr
obl
ems

(
b)Hel
pyouconcent
rat
eincl
ass

(
c) I
mpr
ovesdi
sci
pli
nei
nschool

(
d)Hel
psbet
terst
udent–t
eacherr
elat
ionshi
p

2. Soci alandcul
turalbenefi
ts
(a)Helpshav eheal
thierrel
ati
onshi
pwi
thi
mmedi
atef
ami
l
ymember
sandot
hermember
sof
thel
argersociet
y.

(
b)Av
oidhar
mful
cul
tur
alpr
act
icede.
g.FGM,
ear
lymar
ri
ages

(
c) I
dent
if
icat
ionandav
oidanceofr
iskybehav
ior
.
3. Heal
thbenefi
ts
(a)Toav
oiddrugsandsubst
anceabusee.
g.al
cohol
,mi
raa,
bhang

(
b)Hel
psav
oidengagi
ngi
npr
emar
it
alsex

(
c) Hel
psdeal
wit
hment
alchal
l
engest
hatwi
l
laf
fecty
ou

4. Economi cbenef
its
(a)Lif
eskil
l
seducationencouragesexpl
anati
onanduseoft
alent
sandabi
l
iti
es.Tal
ent
sand
abi
li
ti
escanbeexploi
tedforeconomicgain.

CORELI
VINGVALUES

- Theyar
est
andar
dsandpr
inci
plest
hatgui
deourbehav
iorandact
ions.

- Theyarel
iv
ingv
aluesaper
soni
srequi
redt
ouphol
dinor
dert
oli
vewi
tht
hemsel
vesand
ot
her
sinpeace.

1. Co-
operat
ion
- Worki
ngtoget
herwi
thanot
herper
son/
groupofpeopl
etoachi
evecommongoal
s

2. Si
mpli
cit
y
- I
sthequal
i
tyofbei
ngeasyt
ounder
standt
heuncompl
i
cat
edandnat
ural

3. ToleranceAbil
it
yt oacceptot
her
seventhoughtheyhol
dvi
ews,
bel
i
efsandpr
act
icest
hat
ar
edi
fferentfr
om yours.
4. Respect
- Tohav ehighopinionofsomeoneorsomethi
ng.

- I
talsomeansadmir
ingot
her
sbecauseoft
hei
rgoodqual
i
tiesandseest
hem as
i
mpor
tantduet
othei
rachi
evement
s.

5. Peace: Thequal
it
yofbeingcal
m andquietandli
vi
ngwit
hother
sinfri
endshipand
harmony
6. Fr eedom
- Abil
it
ytoactorsayt
hingswit
houtbei
nghinder
edorbei
ngsuccessf
ull
yinf
luencedby
other
s

7. Unit
y
- Thest
atei
nwhi
chpeopl
ear
einagr
eementandwor
kingt
oget
her
.

8.Lov
e
- Adeepf
eel
i
ngofaf
fect
iononanani
mal
,per
son,
obj
ect

9.Honest
y

- Thequal
i
tyofal
way
stel
l
ingt
het
rut
h.

10.Responsi
bil
i
ty

- Hav
ingasenseofdut
yandbei
nganswer
abl
eforonesact
ion

11.Humi
li
ty
- Qual
it
yofnott
hinki
ngt
haty
ouar
ebet
tert
hanot
her
s.

12.I
ntegr
it
y
- Quali
tyofhav
ingst
rongmor
alpr
inci
plesandnotal
l
owi
ngonesel
ftobecor
rupt
ed.

Topi
c2
Sel
f-
awar
eness
SELFAWARENESS

 Sel
f-
awar
enessi
sanaccur
ateappr
aisal
andunder
standi
ngofonesel
fint
ermsof
abil
it
ies,compet ences,capabi
l
iti
es, str
engths,weaknesses, emot i
onset c.
 Iti
sthecapaci tytointr
ospectandr ecognizeonesel fasani ndi
vi
dual separat
efrom
theenv i
ronmentanenv i
ronmentwhi chincludesot herpeople.
 Iti
sthesubj ectofknowi ngwhoy ouar eandt hatareuni queamongot herper
sons.
 Itmeansadi agnosisofoneselfandhav eaclearper cepti
onofy ourself
.Your
personalit
y,character
,psycho-
social abi
li
ty,emotionset c.
 Iti
saboutknowi ngwhatmakesy ou, whoy ouareandt heref
orethequest i
on,
 DO
YOUKNOW YOURSELF.

 Sel
f-descr
ipt
ion.

Sel
f-
descr
ipt
ioni
nvolvesthequesti
ons-
,whoyouar
e,whatar
eyourphy
sical
att
ri
but
es,
your
l
if
evisi
onandmission,personal
val
ues,bel
i
efs,
goal
sandambi
ti
ons

 Sel
f-
assessment
-I
nvol
vesunder
standi
ngy
our
sel
fint
ermsofst
rengt
hsand
weaknesses

Benef
it
sofsel
f-
awar
eness

1.Iti
mpr ov esther elati
onshi pwi thot hersbecausei tenhancesy ouremot ional
i
nt elli
gencebybecomi ngcogni zantorawar eofy ouract i
onsandhowt heyaf fect
thosear oundy ouandhowt ohandl eyour self.
2.Reduct i
onofgui l
tandr egret si nlife.Self-awar enesshel psaper sonmakebet ter
deci sionsbear i
ngi nmi ndt hepossi blereper cussi onsorconsequences( decisi ons
hav econsequences) .
3.Self -
awar enessbr i
ngsaboutopt i
mi sm inl if
ebecausei tgivesaper sont heabi l
ityto
over comechal l
enges.Todeal wi tht hechal lengesofl ifeyouneedt ounder st and
yourcapabi l
ityot herwisei fy ourcapabi li
tydoesnotmat cht hechal lenges, aper son
maybecomef r
ust rat
edduet ot hei nabi
litytoov ercomet hem.
4.Ithel psaper sonwhenset ti
nggoal inli
fe.Thi sisbecauseknowi ngy ourselfwi ll
ensur ey oudonotsetgoal st hatar eov erambi tiousandbey ondy ourcapabi l
ity .Over
ambi tiousgoal sar eunachi ev abl eandani ndivi
dual maybecomef r ustrated, stressed
andev endepr essedt ot hef ailuret oachi ev ethem.
5.Itsimpl i
fiesper sonal decisionmaki ngbecausey oualreadyknowwhaty ouwantand
ther eforedeci sionsar emadef ast erbasedont hepl anthatonehasi nlif
e
6.Itmakesaper sonunder standt hatt heyar edi fferentandnoti nferiort oot hers.Each
per soni suni queandt her efor ey oushoul dnotf eel defi
cientorinfer i
ort oot her s.Self
-awar enesshel paper sont ounder standwhot heyar eandt haty ouar enotsupposed
tobel i
keot hers

Fact
orst
hathi
nderat
tai
nmentofl
i
fegoal
s

1.1.
  
  
  
Personaldoubtsorlowself-
est eem.
2.2.
  
  
  
Backgroundofani ndivi
duale.
g.poorbackgr
ound.
3.3.
  
  
  
Drugandsubst anceabuse
4.4.
  
  
  
Lackofself-awareness.
5.5.
  
  
  
Procrast
inati
on.
6.6.
  
  
  
Poorplanningorlackofplanning.
7.7.
  
  
  
Lackofper sonalbasi
ccoreliv
inghumanv al
ues.e.
g.I
ntegr
it
y,honest
yet
c.

Li
vi
ngv
aluest
hatenhancesel
f-
awar
eness

1.Honesty
2.Si
mpl i
cit
y
3.Respect
4.Humili
ty
5.Pati
ence

Appr
eci
ati
ngour
sel
vesasuni
quebei
ngsi
simpor
tantbecause
  I
tisbecauseofuniquenessofevery
oneintheworldthattheworl
disi
nter
est
ing.
 Thereisalway
ssomet hi
nguniqueineachoneofusasi ndivi
dual
.
 Ap er
son’suni
quenessisevi
dentinphysi
calappear
ancethewayonerelat
eswith
ot
her
sandhowonef
eel
sindi
ff
erentsi
tuat
ions.
                           
   

Aper
sonuni
quenessi
sev
idencedi
nthef
oll
owi
ng;

1.1.
  
  
  
Phy
sicalappear
ance

 Eachonehascer
tai
nphy
sical
feat
urest
hatsetusapar
tfr
om ot
herpeopl
e.e.
g.body
si
ze,
ski
ncol
or,
bogyf
eat
ures.

1.2.
  
  
  
Soci
alaspect
s

 Thi
siswhaty
ourf
ami
l
ymember
s/f
ri
endsdescr
ibey
ourabi
l
ityt
oint
eract

1.3.
  
  
  
Emotionalaspect
s Ashumanbeingswehavefeel
i
ngsandr
espondt
odi
ff
erent
si
tuat
ionsdif
ferent
lye.
g.joy
,sor
row,
frust
rat
ionset
c

CHANGESTHATTAKESPLACEDURI
NGADOLESCENT

PHYSI
CALCHANGESI
NBOYS

1.Broadeningofchest
2.Voicedeepens
3.Experienci
ngwetdr eams
4.Growthofhai rinpubicar
e
5.I
ncreasei nheight
6.I
ncreasei nsizeofpenis
7.Hav ebodyodour
8.Develop roughskin

PHYSI
CALCHANGESI
NGI
RLS

1.Skinbecomessof t
er
2.Breastenlargement
3.Menst ruat
ion
4.Growt hofpubichair
5.Enlargementofv agi
na
6.I
ncr easeinheightandwei
ght
7.Hav ebodyodour

PSYCHOLOGI
CALCHANGES

1.Highlevelofcur
iosi
ty
2.Easil
ydist
racted
3.Establ
ishi
ngidenti
ti
es
 4.Abstractthi
nkinganddef ection;t
hinkingaboutissuesthatar
enotnecessary
,
tangi
bl eandvisi
blee. g.whatot hersthinkaboutme
5.Feeli
ngofbei ngmi sunder stood.Onebegi nstothinkt
hatnooneunderstandsthem
orbelievesthatt
hei rexper i
encesar eunique.

HORMONALCHANGES

 Dur
ingpuber
tyv
ari
ousendocr
inegl
andspr
oducehor
monest
hatcausebody
changesanddevel
opofsecondarychanges.
 Ingi
rlst
hehormoneestr
ogencauses changes
 Inboysthehor
monetestost
eronecauseschange.

SOCI
AL

 Adolescentt
endt ocomparet hechangest heyaregoingt
hroughwit
hot hers
 Incr
easedconfli
ctswit
haut hori
ty,
parentsorguar di
an
 Prefer
enceforandapplicat
iontogroups
 Thereisagreaterdesi
retoassociatewitht heopposi
tesex
 Thereisatendencyforadolescenttodissociat
ethemselvesfr
om parents/
guar
dians
astheyseekindependence
TOPI
C3

Sel
f-Est
eem
 
SELFESTEEM

 Referstotheopi nionorf eeli

ngyouhaveabouty ourself
 Howy ouvaluey ourself
 Howi mpor t
anty ouconsi deryoursel
ftobe.
 Theseopi ni
onsmaybebasedonhowy oulookaty ourabili
ti
es,bodyfeatures,
and
familybackground.
 Aper sonissaidt ohav eei therl
oworhi ghselfesteem
 Wheny oufeelgoodandi mpor t
antabout yourselfwesayt hatyouhav ehighself
esteem
 Whenonef eelswor thlessandhol dslowopi ni
onabouthi mself
/herselft
heper sonis
sai
dt ohav elowsel f-
est eem.
 Self-
esteem isthepr icet agthatyouattachtoy ourselfj
ustli
kethepriceofapr oduct
i
nasuper market.

Si
gnsofhi
ghsel
fest
eem

1.Aper sontal
ksposi t
ivel
yaboutthemselv
es.
2.I
nteractwithothersfreel
y.
3.Acceptsbeingcor r
ected.
4.Communi catesclearl
yandconf i
dentl
y.
5.Oneisnoteasilyinfl
uencedbyot her
s.
6.Wil
lnotallowot her
st oputthem down.
7.Appreciat
eandcompl ementothersfr
eel
y.

Si
gnsofl
owsel
fest
eem

1.Tal
ksnegat i
velyaboutthemselves.
2.Appearshyandhav edif
fi
cult
iesini nteractingandt oavoidother
s.
3.Tendtobedef ensivewhenconf rontedorchal lenged.
4.Tendtotalkinlowt oneandinaudibl etonesandhasdi ff
icul
tylooki
ngatpeopl
e
whentalki
ngt othem.
5.Takesacti
onst hatgoagainsthis/herv aluesj usttopl
easeothers.
6.Oft
enblameshi m/ hersel
feveni fthemi stakeisnottheir
s.
7.Fi
ndithardtocompl ementandappr eciateother s.
 

Fact
orst
hathi
nderposi
ti
vesel
f-
est
eem

 Havi
ngaposi
ti
veselfesteem i
ssomethi
ngthatonedevel
opsovert
ime.
 I
nthecour
seofdevelopmentther
earesever
alobst
aclesonemaycomeabout
.

1.1.
  
  
  
lackof
 sel
f-
awar
eness

 I
fyoul
acksel
funder
standi
ngi
tmeansy
ouar
enotawar
eofy
ourst
rengt
hsand
weaknesseshenceyouarel
ikelyt
ounderval
ueyoursel
fhencel
owsel
f-
est
eem.
 Lackof 
self
-awar
eness 
makei ndi
vi
dual
setoverambiti
ousgoal
whi
chwhenthey
don’
tmeetleadtofr
ustr
ati
onandhencel owsef-
est
eem.

1.2.
  
  
  
Poorupbr
ingi
ng andnegat
ivef
ami
lyi
nfl
uences

 Ani
ndi
vi
dual
sel
fest
eem i
shi
ghl
yinf
luencedbyhi
s/heri
nter
act
ionwi
thf
ami
l
y
member
s.
 I
toccur
sthr
oughsoci
ali
zat
ioni
nthef
ami
l
yandot
hersoci
ali
nst
it
uti
onsl
i
ket
he
chur
ch,
school
e.t
.c.

1.3.
  
  
  
Inabi
li
tyt
ocopewi
tht
raumat
icexper
iences

 Theymayincl
udephy
sical
abuse,
disast
ers,
rej
ect
ionbyahighl
yregar
dedper
sons
 Ap er
sonwhohasgonesuchanexperi
encemayfeelunwant
ed,hopel
ess,
power
less
andinadequate.
 Disast
ersandphy si
calabusemayleaveaper
sonwithphy
sical
scar
swhi
chr
esul
ts
tosomeonef eel
ingunattr
acti
vehencel
owselfest
eem.

1.4.
  
  
  
Negat
ivecomment
sandcompar
isonbyot
her
s

 Whenpeopl
eimpor
tantt
ousmakebadcomment
saboutuswet
endt
ofeel
badand
i
nadequate.
 I
fthesepeoplecompar
eusandtal
kofourweaknesswebegi
ntof
eel
wor
thl
essand
i
ncapabl
eofdoingsomethi
ngwort
hwhi
le.

1.5.
  
  
  
Const
ant
lycompar
ingour
sel
vest
oot
her
s

 Compar
ingour
sel
vest
oot
her
smayhel
pusbutdoi
ngsomaynegat
ivel
yaf
fectour
sel
fest
eem.
 Thi
shappenswhenwest
artwi
shi
ngt
obel
i
ket
hem orhav
ingwhatt
heyhav
e
f
orget
ti
ngwear
euni
queandspeci
alanddonothav
etobel
i
keot
her
s.
 Notcompar
ingy
our
sel
fwi
thot
her
smakesusr
espectour
sel
vesandendupf
eel
i
ng
wear
especi
al.
 1.6.
  
  
  
Unr
eal
ist
icexpect
ati
onsf
rom onesel
fandot
her
s

 Some t
imeswemaysetver
yhi
ghgoalsforoursel
ves.
 Otherpeopl
ee.
g.par
ent
smayalsosetv
eryhighgoalsforusandwhenwedon’
t
meetthesegoal
swemayf
eelf
rust
rat
ed,
inadequacyandsel
f-bl
ameour
sel
vesand
t
hisresul
tst
oLowSel
fEst
eem.

STEPSI
NENHANCI
NGLOW SELFESTEEM

 I
fyouhav
elowsel
fest
eem i
tispossi
blet
odev
elopHi
ghSel
fEst
eem.

THEFOLLOWI
NGAREWAYSOFDEVELOPI
NGHI
GHSELFESTEEM.

1.1.
  
  
  
Sel
f-
ident
it
y

 Knowy
ourst
rengt
hsandweaknesses,
yourpot
ent
ial
andl
i
mit
ati
ons,
phy
sical
appear
anceandy
ourchar
act
er.

1.2.
  
  
  
Anal
yzi
ngf
eel
ingsaboutonesel
f

 I
nthi
sst
agey
oudescr
ibehowy
ouf
eel
abouteachandev
eryaspectofy
ou.

1.3.
  
  
  
Assessmentofsel
f-
wor
th

 Thef
eel
i
ngsy
ouhav
eaboutv
ari
ousaspect
sofy
ou,
det
ermi
nehowmuchv
aluey
ou
att
acht oyoursel
fe. g.i
fyouarehappywit
hyourappearance.
 Comf or
tablewithyourchar act
ers,
capabl
eofchal
lengesthenyouatt
achhi
ghvalue
becausey oufeelimportant.
 Ontheot herhandify oufeelyouhavemanyweaknessesandy ouhat
eyour
sel
fthen
youvaluey our
selfless.

1.4.
  
  
  
Sel
f-
accept
ance

 Accepty
ourweaknessandl
i
mit
ati
onsasmuchasy
ouaccepty
ourpot
ent
ial
s,
st
rengt
hsandabi
l
iti
es

 
 1.5.
  
  
  
Def
ini
ngy
oupr
ior
it
ies

 I
denti
fyareasthatneedworki
ngoninordert
odev
elopsel
f-
est
eem.
 Ar
rangetheareasinorderofi
mport
ance.

1.6.
  
  
  
Ident
if
yasoci
alsuppor
tsy
stem

 Thi
smeanst
haty
oushoul
dident
it
ypeopl
eandor
gani
zat
ionst
hatwi
l
lhel
pyouas
devel
ophighself-
esteem.
Thismayincludetr
ustedf
ri
ends,
fami
l
y,counsel
i
ngpr
act
it
ioner
s,peergr
oups,
rel
i
giousgroups,et
c..

I
MPACTS/
EFFECTSOFLOW SELFESTEEM

1.1.
  
  
  
Vul
ner
abi
li
tyt
ori
skybehav
ior

 Aper
sonwi
thal
owsel
fest
eem wi
l
leasi
l
yacceptt
oengagei
nar
iskybehav
ior
becausei
tgi
vesaper
sonasenseofbel
ongi
ngandachi
evement
.
 Suchbehav
iorl
i
kecr
ime,
irr
esponsi
blesexual
behav
ior
,dugandsubst
anceabuse,
r
adi
cal
i
zat
ion.

1.2.
  
  
  
Recr
uit
menti
ntor
ebel
l
iousgangs

 Lowsel
fest
eemedmaymeant
hatonef
eel
sal
one,
det
ached,
aloofandunwant
ed
andsuchaper soncanbeeasilyr
ecrui
tedi
ntoanti
-soci
algr
oupsl
i
keet
hni
cvi
olent
groups,
radi
calizedgangs,
cri
minalgangs,
drugtr
affi
cki
ngwheret
heyf
eel
wanted
andappreci
ated

1.3.
  
  
  
Ident
it
ycr
isi
s

 Thest
ageofnotknowi
ngwhoy
our
eal
l
yar
eischar
act
eri
zedbycopy
ingchar
act
er
andmanneri
sm ofot
herpeopl
ewhi
chatt
heendt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
hassev
eral
conf
li
cti
ngchar
acter
s.

1.4.
  
  
  
Sel
f-
pit
y

 Wheny
ouf
eel
badabouty
our
sel
fandal
sof
eel
inf
eri
ort
oot
herpeopl
e,y
oul
i
kel
yto
st
artf
eel
i
ngext
remel
yunhappyabouty
our
sel
f.

1.5.
  
  
  
Pooracademi
cper
for
mance

 Lowsel
fest
eem mayl
eadt
opoorper
for
manceasar
esul
tofnotgi
vi
ngy
ourbesti
n
cl
asst
asks.
  Youf
indi
tdi
ff
icul
ttoacqui
reandcl
ari
fyt
hingsy
oudonotunder
standi
ncl
ass.

1.6.
  
  
  
Reducedi
nter
act
ionwi
thot
her
s

 Peopl
ewi
thl
owsel
fest
eem t
endt
obequi
et,
reser
ved,
det
achedandal
oofand
i
sol at
ed
 Th eyalsostayawayfr
om ot
herpeopl
eforf
earofbei
nghurtbyothers.
 Du etot hei
rdef
ensi
vebehav
iorot
herpeopl
emayfindthem unpl
easanttobewi
th
them.

EFFECTSOFHI
GHSELFESTEEM

1.1.
  
  
  
Enhancedposi
ti
vesel
f-
image

 Sel
fimagei
sthementalpi
ctur
eyouhaveofyoursel
f.
 Thi
simagei
sinfl
uencedbywhatyout
hinkaboutyoursel
f-i
fyouhav
ehi
ghsel
f
est
eem y
ouar
eli
kel
ytoseey
our
sel
fascar
ing,
tal
ent
ed,
etc.

1.2.
  
  
  
Enhancedabi
l
ityt
oint
eractwi
thot
her
s

 Wheny
ouhav
ehi
ghsel
fest
eem,
youar
enotaf
rai
dofcr
it
ici
sm nei
therdoy
ouf
eel
l
essi
mpor
tant
.

1.3.
  
  
  
Abi
li
tyt
oresi
stnegat
ivepeerpr
essur
e

 Havi
nghi
ghsel
fest
eem meanst
haty
ouconsi
dery
ouropi
nions,
val
uesandbel
i
eves
assuper
ioret
c.
 Thi
senabl
esy
our
esi
stnegat
ivei
nfl
uencesf
rom y
ourpeer
s(negat
ivepeerpr
essur
e)
whoar
einconf
li
ctwi
tht
hingsy
ouhol
dasi
mpor
tant
.

1.4.
  
  
  
Dev
elopmentofsel
fconf
idence

 Aper
sonwi
thhi
ghsel
fest
eem bel
i
evest
hathe/
shei
scapabl
eandi
ntel
l
igentand
wellappr
eciat
edbyother
sduet
othi
s,sel
fimageofi
ndi
vi
dual
int
eract
swi
thot
her
peoplewit
houtfear
.

1.5.
  
  
  
Enhanceacademi
cachi
evement
  I
fyouhav
ehi
ghsel
f-
est
eem y
ouwi
l
lnotbedest
ruct
edbysuchnegat
ivef
eel
i
ngse.
g.
sel
f-
pit
yther
efor
ecanconcent
rat
eincl
ass.

6.Enhancedandef
fect
ivecommunicati
on.I
ndi
vi
dualswi
thhighsel
f-
est
eem ar
easser
ti
ve,
f
earless,
notti
midandtheyexpr
essthemsel
veswit
hcourage

Li
vi
ngv
aluest
hatenhancehi
ghsel
fest
eem

1.Si
mpl i
city
2.Co-operati
on
3.Respect
4.Unit
y
5.Humi l
i
ty
6.Sel
fcont r
ol
7.Honesty

Topi
c4
Copi
ngwi
thEmot
ions
Speci
fi
cobj
ect
ives:Byt
heendoft
het
opi
cthel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

a)
  
  
 Def
inet
het
erm emot
ion

b)
  
  
 Ident
if
ygoodandbadf
eel
i
ngs

c)
  
  
 Expl
aincausesofeachf
eel
i
ng

d)
  
  
 Expl
aint
hemeani
ngofemot
ional
int
ell
i
gence.

e)
  
  
 Di
scusst
hef
eel
i
ngwhi
chcanl
eadt
ori
skybehav
ior
.

f
) 
  
  
 Suggestway
sofcopi
ngwi
thnegat
iveemot
ions.

g)
  
  
 St
atev
aluesassoci
atedwi
themot
ional
int
ell
i
gence.

EMOTI
ONS:
Emot
ionsareastr
ongf
eeli
ngsderi
vi
ngfrom one'
sci
rcumst
ances,
mood,
orr
elat
ionshi
ps
wi
thother
s.Theyar
est
rongfeel
i
ngse.g.of
:

 Love
 Hatred
 Sadness
 Anger
 Sorrow
 Fear
 Anx i
ety
 Excitement
 Disgust
 Shyness

Posi
ti
veway
sofexpr
essi
ngandr
espondi
ngt
oemot
ions

1.Smili
ng
2.Laughing

   
3.Cr
ying

   
4.Si
ngi
ng

   
5.Sl
eepi
ng

   
6.Danci
nget
c.

   
7.Don’
tbl
owt
hingsoutofpr
opor
ti
onbygoi
ngov
ert
hem t
imeandagai
niny
our
        
 mi
nd.

   
8.Tr
ytobereasonabl
e-acceptthatbadfeel
i
ngsar
eoccasi
onal
l
yunav
oidabl
eand      
  t
hinkofway
st omakey our
sel
ffeelbett
er.

   
9.Rel
ax-usepl
easantact
ivi
ti
esl
i
ker
eadi
ng,
wal
ki
ngort
alki
ngt
oaf
ri
end.

  10.Lear
n-not
icehowgri
ef,
lossandangermakey
ouf
eel
andwhi
chev
ent
str
igger
      
   
thosefeel
i
ngssoyoucanprepar
einadvance.

  11.Exer
cise-aerobi
cact
ivi
tyl
owersy
ourl
evel
ofst
resschemi
cal
sandal
l
owsy
out
o   
  
   copebet t
erwit
hnegati
veemoti
ons.

  
12.
Letgoofthepast-const
ant
lygoi
ngov
ernegat
iveev
ent
srobsy
ouoft
hepr
esent
   
  
  
andmakesyoufeelbad.

Negat
iveway
sofexpr
essi
ngandr
espondi
ngt
oemot
ions

1.Engagi
ngi
nfi
ght
s
 2.Quarreli
ng
3.I
nsulti
ngot hers
4.Shoutinginplaceswherey
ouar
enotr
equi
red
5.I
ndulgingindr ugs
6.Destr
oy i
ngpr opert
yet
c.

Way
stoi
mpr
oveonhowt
oexpr
essandr
espondt
oemot
ions

1.Accessandunder standhowy oucurrentl

yrespondtoemotions.Thiscanbedoneby
taki
ngtestevaluationofsel f.
2.Acceptwhaty ouf indoutabouty ourself
3.I
dentif
yweakar eas.
4.Planonhowy oushal li
mprov eontheweakar eas.
5.I
dentif
yasuppor tnet work;r
equestaf r
iendoranyothert
rustworthypersont
ohelp
youputincheck.
6.Goaheadandputy ourplanintoacti
on.

ManagementofEmot
ions

1.Exer
cisesel
f-
cont
rol

 Thi
smeansst
oppi
ngy
our
sel
ffr
om engagi
ngi
nanyf
orm ofexpr
essi
on/
response
t
hatmaybehur
tful
toy
our
sel
fandot
her
s.

   
2.Sel
f-
det
ract
ion

 Thi
smeansoccupy
ingy
our
sel
fwi
tht
hought
sandact
ivi
ti
est
hatt
akey
ourmi
nd
awayf
rom emot
ionsy
ouar
eexper
ienci
nge.
g.r
eadi
ngabi
ble

   3.
Del
ayi
ngact
ions

 Someemot
ionse.
g.j
eal
ousorangermaydr
ivey
oui
ntot
aki
ngi
nst
antact
ionl
eadi
ng
tonegati
veconsequences.
 Delay
ingacti
ongivesyouti
met
ocool
andt
hinkr
ati
onal
l
y.

   
4. 
Wal
kingawayandcomi
ngbackl
ater

 Gi
vesy
out
imet
ocool
offandl
ett
heemot
ionssubsi
de.

    
5. 
Anal
yzi
ngconsequencesoft
heact
ion

 Thi
sinv
olv
esl
ooki
ngatwhatwi
l
lhappeni
fsuchapar
ti
cul
aract
ioni
staken.

Emot
ional
int
ell
igence

 Thecapaci
tyt
obeawar
eof
,cont
rol
,andexpr
essone'
semot
ions,
andt
ohandl
e
i
nter
per
sonal
rel
ati
onshi
psj
udi
ci
ousl
yandempat
hical
l
y.
  I
tisal
sorefer
redtoasEmoti
onal Quoti
ent(E.
Q)
 E.
Q/E.
Iiti
sthe abi
li
tyt
ounderst
and,use,andmanagey emot
ourown  ions 
i
n
positi
vewayst oreli
evest ress,communi cateef
fectivel
y,empathiz
ewithothers,
overcomechal l
engesanddef useconfl
ict.
 Emot i
onali
ntell
igencer ef
er stothecapabi l
it
yofaper sontomanageandcont rolhis
orheremot i
onsandpossesst heabil
it
ytocontroltheemot i
onsofothersaswel l
.In
otherwords,theycani nfl
uencet heemot ionsofotherpeoplealso.
 Pe opl
ewithhighE.Iunder standt hei
remot i
onsandt heydon’tl
etthei
rfeel
ingsr ul
e
them.Theyknowt hei
rst r
engt hsandweaknesses, andt heyworkonthesear easso
theycanperform better.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofEmot
ional
int
ell
i
gence

a) 
 Self
-awareness-Peoplewit
hhighEIunderst
andt
heiremotionsandtheydon’
tlett
heir
feel
ingsrulethem.Theyknowt heirst
rengt
hsandweaknesses,andtheyworkonthese
areassot heycanperform bet
ter
.

b) Sel
f-
regulation-Thi
sistheabil
it
ytocont r
olemoti
onsandi mpulses.Peopl
ewhoself
-
regul
atetypicall
ydon’tal
lowthemselvestobecomet ooangryorjealous,
andtheydon’
t
makeimpul sive,carel
essdeci
sions.Theythi
nkbefor
et heyact

c)Motivat
ion-Peopl
ewit
hahighEIarewil
l
ingt
odef eri
mmediat
eresul
tsf
orlong-term
success.Theyarehi
ghl
yproduct
ive,
lov
eachal
lenge,andar
eeff
ecti
veinwhatevertheydo.

d) 
 Empat
hy 
-Thisi
stheabi
li
tyt
oident
if
ywithandunderst
andthewant
s,needs,and
vi
ewpoint
softhosear
oundyou.Empat
heti
cpeopleavoi
dster
eotypi
ngandjudgi
ngtoo
qui
ckly
,andt
heyliv
ethei
rli
vesi
nanopen,honestway.

e)Soci al
skill
s-Peopl
ewi t
hstrongsoci
alski
ll
sarety
pical
l
yteam pl
ayers.Rat
herthan
focusont heirownsuccess,t
heyhelpother
stodevel
opandshine.Theycanmanage
disputes,areexcel
l
entcommuni cat
ors,
andaremastersatbui
ldi
ngandmai nt
aini
ng
relat
ionships.

Char
act
eri
sti
csofaper
sonwi
thhi
ghemot
ional
int
ell
igence.

1.Theyhav eself-controlandawar eness.

2.Takeamomentt ost opandt hink.
3.Theyhav ethoughtcont r
ol.
4.Learnfr
om cr i
ticism andt hereforedesistfrom bi
tt
erness
5.Showaut henticit
y -theysti
ckt ot hei
rvaluesandprinci
ples.
6.Demonst rat
e empat hy.
7.Givehel
pf ulf
eedbackt oot hers.
8.Theyareapol oget ic
9.Theyforgiveandf orget.

Val
uesassoci
atedwi
thEmot
ional
int
ell
igence
 1.Honest y.
2.Responsibil
it
y
3.Tolerance
4.I
ntegr i
ty
5.Sel
f -
control
6.Empat hy.
7.Calmness
8.Patience

Topi
c5
St
ressandst
ressmanagement
 

 St
ressi
sani
ndi
vi
dual
responset
oamaj
orpsy
chol
ogi
cal
andphy
sical
demandt
hat
causespr
essur
eov
erwhel
mingani
ndi
vi
dual
.
 Afeel
ingofofbeingundertoomuchmentaloremotional
pressure.
 Thi
spressur
eturnsi nt
ostr
esswhenyoufeelunabl
etocopewi t
ht hepr
essur
e.
 Peopl
ereactdi
fferentl
ytost
ressandasi
tuat
ionthatmaybest r
essfult
ooneperson
maybemot
ivat
ingt
osomeoneel
se.

TYPESOFSTRESS

 Di
str
ess
 Eust
ress

1.Di
str
ess

 I
sanegat
ivest
resst
hatcausedphysi
calandpsychologi
cal
dist
urbance?
 Maymakeyoufal
lsi
ck,
actirr
ati
onal
ly
,leadtodepressi
onaswellasengagei
nri
sky
behav
ior
.
 I
tiscausedbye.
g.Rej
ect
ion,
pov
ert
y,l
osi
ngacl
oser
elat
ivee.
t.
c

2.Eust
ress

 Aposi
ti
vest
ressexper
iencedwheny
ouachi
eveagoal
orwhenhi
ghl
ymot
ivat
edt
o
achi
eveagoal
.E.
g.dur
ingexam per
iod.

Causesofst
ress

1.Divorce
2.Losingacl
osef
ri
end
 3.Growt handdev elopment
4.Financi albreakdown
5.Peerpr essur e
6.Debt s
7.Fami l
yconf lict
s
8.Bet r
ay al
9.Acci dent sandi njuri
es
10.
Stigmat i
zation/reject
ion
11.
Lowsel fest eem
12.
Jobl essness
13.
Beingor phaned.
14.
Chr onici l
lness.
15.
Disabi l
ity.
16.
Failurei nlif
eegacademi cf
ail
ure.
17.
Bullying
18.
Abuse

Wor
krel
atedst
ress

St
ressi
nawor
kenv
ironmentmaybeassoci
atedwi
tht
hef
oll
owi
ng

 Longwor kinghour s
 Riskyworkenv ironmentegr i
skytoinfectioninhospi
tal
s.
 Excessivejobdemands.
 Jobinsecur i
ty.
 Confli
ctwi t
hot herempl oyeesandsuper v i
sors.
 Inadequateauthor it
ynecessaryt ocarryoutt hej
ob
 Lackofadequat etraini
ngandski ll
stodot hejob
 Makingpr esentati
onsi nfrontofcolleaguesorcl i
ent
s
 Unproductiveandt i
meconsumi ngmeet ings
 Commut i
ngandt ravelschedules

Val
uesassoci
atedwi
thposi
ti
vest
ressmanagement

 Pat i
ence
 Asser t
iveness
 Responsi bi
li
ty
 Integri
ty.
 Loy al
ty
 Tolerance
 Effecti
vecommuni
cat
ion.
 Kindness.

Commonway
sofcopi
ng/
managi
ngwi
thst
ress

I
fst
ressi
snotmanaged,
itcanbedet
ri
ment
alt
oaper
son’
sheal
th.
1.
  
  
  
Recogni
zet
heonsetofst
ress

I
tisi
mpor t
anttor
ecogniz
ethebegi
nni
ngofstr
essasmuchaspossi
ble.Thi
senabl
esy
ou
t
ostartdeal
ingwi
thstr
essearl
ybef
orei
tbecomesser
ious

2.
 I
dent
if
ythecausesofst
ress

I
fyoudonotknoworunderst
andt
hecausesofstr
essyoumaybeunabl
etomanage
i
t.
Ident
if
yingt
hecausewi
ll
enabl
eyouavoi
ditordealwi
thi
t.

3.
 I
mpr
ovi
ng 
sel
f-
awar
eness 
ski
ll
s

Thi
shel
psy
ounot
iceandr
ecogni
zet
heonsetofst
ress.

I
tal
sohel
psy
our
eal
i
zechangescausedbyst
ressi
nyour
sel
f.

4.
  
Engagei
nphy
sicalexer
cise

I
t’
simpor
tanti
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s;

(
a) 
 Hel
psy
our
elax

(
b) 
 Agoodwayofav
oidi
ngst
ress

(
c) 
 
 Hel
psy
oubecomef
lexi
ble

5.
   
 Tal
kingt
oat
rust
edf
ri
end-seeksoci
alsuppor
t

Pr
ovi
desar
eli
ef.

Enabl
esy
out
othi
nkt
hrought
hei
ssueandper
hapsseei
tfr
om adi
ff
erentangl
e.

Helpsyouanal
yzet
heissuemor ecr
it
ical
l
yandpr
ovi
desy
ouwi
thsuppor
tand
encour
agementtodealwit
hissues

6.
 Set
ti
ngr
eal
ist
icgoal
s

Someti
mesweexper i
encest
ressduet
osett
ingofgoal
sthatwecannotachi
evewithi
nthe
per
iodwegiveour
selvesaswetryt
oachi
evethegoal
swhichcanleadtofr
ustr
ati
onsand
di
sappoi
ntmentswhenweareunablet
omeetthem

7.
  
Goodt
imemanagement

Sett
imewel
lbyusi
ngawat
ch,
hav
ingat
imet
abl
e,cal
endaret
c

8.
  
Maki
ngr
ati
onaldeci
sions
Thesear
edeci
sionsmadeaf
tert
hor
oughr
esear
chandt
hinki
ng.

Suchdeci
si
onshel
pyounott
oov
erwhel
myour
sel
fwi
thgui
l
tandr
egr
ets.

I
tal
sohel
psy
out
oav
oidwor
ryi
ngaboutt
henegat
iveconsequencesofdeci
sionswemake.

9.
 Bei
ngasser
ti
ve

Anasser
ti
veper
sonwi
l
lbeabl
etor
esi
stpr
essur
efr
om ot
her
s.

I
fyouar
easser
ti
vey
ouwi
l
lnotal
l
owt
hedemandsot
her
stoov
erwhel
myou.

Asser
tyourf
eel
i
ngs,
opi
nionsorbel
i
efsi
nst
eadofbei
ngaggr
essi
ve,
angr
y,def
ensi
veor
passi
ve.

10.
  
Engagi
ngi
nposi
ti
veact
ivi
ti
es

Thesear
ethi
ngst
hatmakey
our
elaxandent
ert
ainy
our
sel
f.Theseact
ivi
ti
es

(
a) 
 Di
str
act
syouf
rom st
ressf
ult
hought
s

(
b) 
 Takesawayment
alandphy
sical
fat
igue

(
c) 
 
 Hel
pyour
elaxandt
hinkcl
ear
ly

11.
  
Choosi
ngandkeepi
nggoodf
ri
ends

Foodf
ri
endsencour
ageuswhenwear
est
ruggl
i
ngi
nchal
l
enge

Theyal
soshar
ejoyandsadnessandkeepuscompany

Theypoi
ntourchangesi
nusandof
feradv
iceandsuppor
t

Theydonotputpr
essur
eonusr
athert
heymakeusf
eel
lov
edandcar
edf
or.

12.
  
Nur
tur
ingper
sonalv
alues

Thi
smeansy ouidentif
ywithimport
antval
uesandwor ktowar
dsi
ntegr
ati
ngt
hem i
ntoy
our
dai
l
yli
fe.E.
gintegri
ty.Pat
ience,
responsi
bil
i
ty,
tol
eranceetc

1.Don’tr
elyondrugsorcompulsi
vebehavi
ort
omanagestr
ess.
2.Counseli
ngorpsychot
herapyfr
om aprof
essi
onal
.
3.Keepast r
essdiar
y.I
thel
psonebecomemor eawareoft
hesi
tuat
ionswhi
chcause
str
essinyouwithi
naspecifi
edperi
odofti
me.
4.Eatheal
thy.

  EFFECTSOFSTRESS
 St
ressaf
fect
s al
laspect
sofaper
sonwhoi
sexper
ienci
ngi
tandsomeoft
hear
eas  
  
i
ncl
ude;

1.
  
Heal
thef
fect
s

    
(a)
  I
tint
erf
ereswi
thbodyf
unct
ionsegdi
gest
ioncausi
ngul
cer
s

   (
b) 
 Canleadtor
educedimmunef
unct
ionsmaki
ngi
ndi
vi
dual
smor
evul
ner
abl
eto      
    
i
nfect
ionsanddi
seases.

    
(c)
  
 Cancausest
rongandf
requentheadachesandgener
albodyf
ati
gue.

2.
  
Educat
ionaspect
s

   (
a) 
 Makesi
tdi
ff
icul
ttoconcent
rat
eincl
asst
her
efor
eonei
sunabl
etounder
stand

   (
b) 
 Makesi
tdi
ff
icul
ttocompl
eteassi
gnmentont
ime

   (
c) 
  Keepssomeoneawayf
rom cl
assl
eadi
ngt
opoorper
for
mance

3.
  
Soci
alaspect
s

   St
ressedpeopl
etendt
obei
rr
it
abl
e,wi
thdr
awnandaggr
essi
ve.

   Thi
smeansf
ort
hem t
omai
ntai
nthei
rrel
ati
onshi
pwi
thot
her
sisdi
ff
icul
t.

   Peopl
eal
sot
endt
oav
oidst
ressedpeopl
e.

4.
  
Car
eeraspect
s

   St
ressl
eadstolackofconcent
rat
ion,
irr
ati
onal
behav
iorandl
ackofi
nter
esti
ndoi
ng    
  t
hedaytodayact
ivi
ti
es

   Apersonsuf
fer
ingf
rom st
resswi
l
lfi
ndi
tdi
ff
icul
ttoper
for
m hi
s/herwor
krel
ated       
 dut
ies

  Whent
hest
ressi
seust
resst
heper
sonwi
l
lwor
khar
dtoensur
egoodeconomi
cret
urns.

5.
  
Fami
lyaspect
s

  Mayl
eadt
osui
ci
de

  
Conf
li
cts

  
Div
orce

1.Economi
cef
fect
s
  Fai
l
uret
omakepr
opereconomi
cdeci
si
onswhi
chl
eadt
oloweconomi
c
per
for
mance.

Ot
her
s

1.Aggr
essi
on
2.Soci
almaladjust
ment
3.Ri
skybehavior–Immoral
i
ty

Val
uesassoci
atedwi
thposi
ti
vest
ressmanagement

 Pat i
ence
 Asser ti
veness
 Responsi bil
i
ty
 Integri
ty.
 Loy alt
y
 Tolerance
 Effectivecommuni
cat
ion.
 Kindness.
 Co- operat
ion
 Uni t
y
Topi
c6
Empat
hy
 
EMPATHY

 I
tist
heabi
l
ityt
ounder
standandi
dent
if
ywi
thci
rcumst
ancesandf
eel
i
ngsofanot
her
per
sonandof
fert
heappr
opr
iat
esuppor
t.
 I
tist
heabi
li
tyt
opl aceonesel
finanother
’sposi
ti
on.
 I
tmeansunder
standingandint
ernal
izi
ngotherpeopl
e’
sci
rcumst
ancesandf
indi
ng
tolessenthei
rburdenbyshar i
ngwi ththem rat
herthancondemni ngorlookingdown
upont hem.
 Itmeansseeingwi t
ht heey esofanot herandli
steni
ngwi ththeearsofanotherand
feel
ingwiththeheartofanot her.
 Emp athyisnotsympat hy.Sympat hyisthefeeli
ngofsorry,pit
yorcompassi onatet
o
someoneduet ot
hedi ffi
cultyexperi
encet heyaregoingthrough.
 Sympat hyisthef
eelingofconcer naboutsomeonegoi ngthroughadiff
icultsit
uati
on
andwi shi
ngtoseet heper songetbackt onor mal.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenEmpat
hyandSy
mpat
hy

EMPATHY

1.Experi
encesthefeeli
ngsoft heotherperson.
2.Oneisavail
able,hel
pfulandlist
ensact i
vely
3.Onegetsaffectedduet oful
lunderstandingofsit
uat
ions.
4.Looksforwaysofhel pi
ngt oreducethesuf f
eri
ng.
5.Evokesemot i
onalresponsesimilart
ot hatoftheper
soninthesi
tuat
ion.

SYMPATHY

1.
 Assumest
oknowt
heneedsoft
heot
herper
son.

2. 
 Oneisav
ail
abl
ebutnotnecessar
il
yhel
pful
/noact
ioni
stakent
orel
i
evet
heaf
fect
ed
person.

3.
  
Oneget
saf
fect
edwi
thoutnecessar
il
yunder
standi
ng.

4.
  Doesnoti
nvol
vehel
pingt
oreducesuf
fer
ingoft
heot
herper
son.

5.
  
Mightnotnecessar
il
yev
okeemot
ional
response
 

SI
TUATI
ONSTHATCALLFOREMPATHY

1.
  
  
  
Genderr
oles

 Thesear
edut
iesandr
esponsi
bil
i
tiest
hatsoci
etyexpect
speopl
etoper
for
m
based/def
inedby/onsex.
 Emp at
hyisrequi
redinor
derforonet
oappreci
ateandcontr
ibut
ether
olesofanother
gi
vengender .
 All
owsonet oprovi
deassi
stancetot
hosewhoserolesar
emanyandov er
whelming.

 
2. 
  
  
 Deal
ingwi
thper
sonswi
thspeci
alneeds

 Theyi
ncl
udet
heaged,
orphans,
ref
ugees,
I
DPS,
chi
l
dren,
andt
hosewi
thchal
l
enges
ofhear
ingandseei
ng.(disabl
ed)
 Havi
ngempathyenablesusf ull
ycompr
ehendt
hechal
l
engesandof
fersuppor
tev
en
bef
orehavi
ngthem askingf i
rst
.

 
3. 
  
  
 Tr
aumat
icsi
tuat
ions/
exper
iences

 A 
tr
aumat
icexper
iencei
sanemot
ional
responset
oat
err
ibl
eev
ente.
g.an
earthquake,f
loods,landsl
idesterror
istattacks,volcanicerupti
onset c
 Wh enpeoplegot hroughadi sasterorhighlyst r
essfulsit
uations,t
heyexper i
encea
l
otoft urmoil
.
 Byp utt
ingyourselfi
nt hei
rsit
uation,youar eablet ounderstandhowt heyfeeland
knowt hekindofsuppor ttheyrequir
eort oprovideeitherdir
ectlyorrefer
ral.
 Traumat i
csit
uationsleavethev i
ctimv ulnerablehopeless,desperate,defensel
ess
andIneedf orsuppor tandthesei sariskytot heirl
if
eandsur vi
val
.

 
4. 
  
  
 Peopl
eabusi
ngdr
ugs

 Addicti
onist hecl i
maxofdr ugandsubstanceabuse.
 Drugabuser sarewi ll
ingt omoveawayf rom drugusebutt heycan’
tduet oaddicti
on.
 Addicti
onhasgr eatnegat i
veconsequenceswhi chcall f
orempat hy
.
 Tounder standdr ugusery ouneedtobeempat heti
cinor dertoworkwi ththem and
helpthem goov ert hepr obl
em
 Theywi shtheycoul dst opdruguse/abusebutt heyfeeltrappedandov erwhelmed.
 Emp athyisthereforer equir
edtounderst
andt heirf
eelingsandwhatt heyar egoing
thr
ough.

 
5. 
  
  
 Peopl
eli
vi
ngwi
thHi
v/AI
DS

 HI
Vposi
ti
veaswel
last
hosesuf
fer
ingf
rom AI
DSatt
imeshav
eaf
eel
i
ngofgui
l
tand
l
onel
i
ness,
sel
fbl
ameandhopel
essness.
 Theymayal
sobel
i
vingi
ndeni
alaboutt
hei
rst
atusandhenceput
ti
ngt
hei
rli
vesat
gr
eat
err
isk.
  Weneedt
obeempat
het
icwi
tht
hem i
nor
derf
ort
hem t
oli
veaheal
thyl
i
feandshow
t
hem t
hatwecar
eandassi
stt
hem per
for
mthei
rdai
l
yact
ivi
ti
es.
 Thei
rsit
uati
onisworsenedbyst
igmaanddiscr
iminati
onbysoci
ety
.
 Empathyenabl
esthem gett
henecessar
ysupportandthusl
i
veabetterandf
ulf
il
li
ng
l
i
fe.

 
6. 
  
  
 Cul
tur
aldi
ver
sit
y

 Weof
teni
nter
actwi
thpeopl
efr
om di
ff
erentcommuni
ti
eswi
thcul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
es
theref
orewerequi
reempathyt ounderstandcult
uralbel
ief
sofother
swhichwi
l
l i
n
turnenabl
esusavoidconfl
ictsandmi sunder
standingduetodi
ff
erencesi
ncul
tur
e.
 7. 
  
   
Ret
rogr
essiv
ecultur
al pract
ices

 Somecul
tur
alpr
act
icesar
edehumani
si
ngandt
heymaket
hev
ict
imsf
eel
undi
gni
fi
ed.
 Theydonotr
especti
ndi
vi
dual
right
slegal
andconst
it
uti
onal
andt
heyv
iol
atehuman
ri
ght
sandaret
raumat
izi
ngt
othevi
cti
m.
 Theyi
ncl
udeFGM,ear
lymar
ri
ages,
wif
einher
it
ance,
etc

 
 Way
sofexpr
essi
ngempat
hy

1.
  
Prov
idi
ngemot
ionalsuppor
t

 Thi
smeanshel
pingt
heper
sondeal
wit
hemot
ionshe/
shei
sex
per
ienci
ng

 
2. 
 Pr
ovi
dingmat
eri
alsuppor
t

 I
nvol
vespr
ovi
dingoff
ood,
clot
hing,
shel
terandot
hergoods,
medi
cal
suppor
t,
educati
onalmat
eri
alssecur
it
y,t
empoar
ayaccommodat
ion(
gener
all
yfoodand
nonfoodit
ems)

3.
  
Act
ivel
ist
eni
ng

 I
nvol
vesmaki
ngsur
ethaty
ourv
erbal
andnonv
erbal
act
ionscl
ear
lyshowst
haty
ou
ar
efol
l
owi
ngwhattheot
herper
soni
ssay
ing.Thi
sshowsconcer
naboutwhatt
hey
ar
egoi
ngt
hrough.

4.Psy
cho-
soci
alsuppor
t

 Somet
imespeopl
eindi
ff
icul
tsi
tuat
ionneedshel
pinf
indi
ngopt
ionsandmaki
ng
deci
sionsbypr
ov i
dingt
hem wi
thopti
onsanddeci
sionst
hatwi
l
lhel
pthem make
gooddecisi
on.
(counsel
i
ngserv
ices)

5.Spi
ri
tualsuppor
t

 Whensomeonei
sgoi
ngt
hroughdi
ff
icul
tci
rcumst
ancest
heyneedt
obeencour
aged
ast
heyf
indpeacewi
thi
nthemsel
ves.Spi
ri
tual
suppor
tgi
veshopef
ort
hef
utur
e.
 
 6.
 Ref
err
al.
 Wher
eani
ndi
vi
dual
oror
gani
zat
ioni
snotabl
etopr
ovi
det
henecessar
y
support
,thenr
efer
ral
totherightser
viceprovi
deri
snecessar
ye.
g.or
phansar
e
ref
err
edtocerti
fi
edchil
drenorgani
zations.

 
  
  Li
vi
ngv
aluest
hatenhanceempat
hy

 Responsi
bil
i
ty-Ar
esponsi
bleper
sonknowst
hati
tispar
tofhi
sdut
iest
ohel
pfel
l
ow
humanbei ngswhoar esuf feri
ngorgoi ngthroughdi f fi
cul t
ysi t
uations.Thi ssenseof
responsi bi l
it
ymakesi timpossi bl eforonet oavoidof feringassi stancet oaper son
whoneedsi t.
 Lov e-itrequi resaper sont ocar ef orot hersandt reatt hem wi thkindness.Wheny ou
hav ethev alueofl ov ey oucannotst andt oseeanot herhumanbei ngsuf feri
ng.
Showi ngempat hycal l
sf orsacr ifi
ceandi tonlythroughl ov esaper sonwhocan
showt hiswi t
houtcompl ainingandexpect ingany t
hingi nreturn.
 Humi l
ity-Wheny ouar ehumbl e, youconsi derev eryonet obeasi mpor tantasy ouar e.
Youar et herefor ereadyandwi l
lingt ohel pothersev eni ftheyar enoty ourfriends,
rel
at i
ves, orpeopl eint hesoci al classasy ouare.
 Simpl i
city–Thi svaluehel psust ounder st
andt hesi tuat i
ont hataper soni sgoi ng
through.Thi si sbecausewear eabl et oeasi l
yseet hi ngsf rom t heot herperson’ s
per spectivebecausewedonott ryt omaket hesituat ionbi ggerorcompl exthati tis.
Simpl i
citymeansweappr eciatet hei nnerbeautyofot hersandr ecogni zethei rvalue
thusenabl ingust obeconsi derateoft hem.
 Integrity
-Thei nabil
itytobecor rupt edormani pulatedf orper sonal gains.Ithel ps
goodmanagementofr esour cesdi r
ectedt othosei nneede. g.Hi v/AIDSpr ogr am
resour ce, pandemi cslikecov i
d-19, fundsf orrefugeespr ogr ams, children,disabled,
aged.

Appl
icat
ionofEmpat
hy.

Act
ivi
ty:

Dur
ingt
hist
imet
hewor
ldi
sexper
ienci
ngt
heCOVI
D-19pandemi
c,

1.Ident i
fyagr oupof10y oungpeople(peers)
.
2.Ident i
fyaper sonorgroupofpersoninneedofhelporanenvir
onmental
rel
ated
activit
y, awarenesscreat
ionetc.
3.Assesst heneedpr operl
y.
4.Dev elopani nterv
enti
onpr ogr
am toaddresstheneedi
dent
if
iedin1abovekeepi
ng
your selfsafe
Topi
c7
Asser
ti
veness
 

Topi
cobj
ect
ives.
byt
heendoft
het
opi
c,t
hel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

1.Defi
neasser ti
veness
2.Explai
nchar act
eristi
csofassert
ivebehavior
.
3.Explai
ntheimpor tanceofbeingasserti
ve.
4.Dif
ferent
iateasser t
ivenessf
rom passi
venessandaggr
essi
veness.
5.Explai
npeerpr essureandpeerinfl
uence.
6.Outl
inevaluesassoci atedwi
thasserti
veness

Def
ini
ti
onofAsser
ti
veness.

 I
tisaski
l
lregul
arl
yref
err
edort
alkedabouti
nsoci
alandcommuni
cat
ionski
l
ls
trai
ning.
 Be i
ngasserti
vemeansbeingabl etostandf oryourownr i
ghtsandther i
ghtsof
othersinacalm wayandwithoutbei ngaggressiv
ebutwi t
hhumi l
it
y,respectand
kindness.
 Itistheabi
lit
ytoexpr
essyourdesi r
es, f
eel
ings,opini
onsandbelief
sandt odemand
yourr i
ght
sf i
rml
yandwithoutviolat
ingotherpeople’sri
ghtsorhurt
ingtheirfeeli
ngs.
 Itmeansdemandi ngyourri
ghtsandcommuni cat
ingyourviewswhilerespecting
otherpeople.

Ther
ear
eot
hert
wot
ermsr
elat
edt
oAsser
ti
veness

1.Aggr
essi
veness

 Ref
erst
otheactofdemandi
ngonesr
ight
sandexpr
essi
ngy
ourf
eel
i
ngs,
desi
res,
andopi
nionsi
nawayt
hathar
msort
hreat
ensot
her
s.
 Aggr
essi
veper
sonsar
egener
all
ychar
act
eri
zedbyv
iol
ence,
anger
,insul
ts.

   
  
2.Passi
veness

 Ref
erst
othe 
i
nabi
l
ityt
odemandy
ourr
ight
sorcommuni
cat
eyourf
eel
i
ngs,
desi
res,
opinions andwants
 Disregardi
ngyourownr
ightsandopini
onsi
nfavor
soft hoseofother
s
 Ap ersonmayactpassi
velyoutofl
ackofsel
f-
conf
idence/fearofhur
ti
ngot
her
s.

NB:
Asser
ti
venessi
sthemi
ddl
egr
oundbet
weenpassi
venessandaggr
essi
veness.

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 Aggr
essi
veness 
‹›
  
Asser
ti
veness 
‹›
 Passi
veness

                           

Fact
orst
hatenhanceasser
ti
veness

1.Ef
fect
ivecommuni
cat
ionski
l
ls

 I
tenhancesasser
ti
venessbecausey
ouar
eabl
etocommuni
cat
eyourf
eel
i
ngsand
y
ourposi
ti
onwi
thoutbei
ngmi
sunder
stood.
 I
tensuresyourver
bal andnonverbalmessagesconv
eysomemeani
ng.
 I
treducescontr
adict
ionandmisinter
pret
ati
onofamessage.
 I
treducesthechancesofconfl
i
ct

    
2.Sel
fconf
idence

 Asel
f-
conf
identper
sonabl
etocommuni
cat
efi
rml
ywhi
l
elooki
ngt
heot
herper
son
st
rai
ghtintheface.
 Thi
smakest heotherpersonstopfr
om maki
ngyouchangeyourmind
 Confi
dentpersonsareboredandconvi
ncedbywhatt
heydoandwhatt heysay.
 Thei
rlevelof
 sel
f-
awareness i
shi
ghandtheyar
enotti
midoreasi
lyint
imidat
ed.
 Theyarefear
lessandbeliev
einthemsel
ves.
 Thi
smakest heotherpersonstopfr
om maki
ngyouchangeyourmind

  3.
Respectf
orsel
fandot
her
s.

 Respectmeansupholdi
ngyourdi
gnit
yandthedigni
tyofot
hers.
  
Thisenhancesasser
tiv
enessbyensuri
ngpeopl
estandupforthei
rri
ght
swi
thout
t
hreat
eni
ng,
under
mini
ngorv
iol
ati
ngt
her
ight
sofot
her
s.

   
4.Knowl
edgeofper
sonal
right
sandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties

 I
tisnotpossi
bleforyout
odemandwhatyoudonotknow.
 Notknowingyourri
ghtsl
eav
esaroom f
orot
her
stodenyyourenj
oymentoft
hose
right
sandthereforeinordertoprot
ectyourri
ghtsandthoseofot
hersyoushoul
d
knowy ourri
ghts.
 Itisal
soimportanttounderstandresponsi
bil
i
tiest
hataccompanyyourri
ght
s.
 NB: TheBil
lofRights-chapter4oftheKenyanconsti
tut
ion.

    
5.Dev
elopi
ngv
aluest
hatenhanceasser
ti
veness.

 Suchv
aluespr
ovi
deast
andar
dagai
nstwhi
chweuset
omeasur
eorassessour
actions.
 Th ereareanumberofv al
uest
hathelpusbeasserti
veandprovi
deuswi t
ha
standardwhi chwemeasureandaccessouracti
ons.
 Someoft heseval
uesincl
udepat
ience,
underst
anding,
humil
i
t y
,responsi
bil
i
ty,
i
ntegr i
tyandhonesty
.
   
6.Model
i
ng.

 Model
i
ngcomesfr
om thewordmodel
.
 Model
i
ngi
nvol
vesobserv
ing 
someonewhoseasser
ti
vey
ouadmi
re.

   
7.Emot
ional
cont
rol
andst
abi
l
ity

 Asser
ti
vepeopl
ear
eincont
rol
oft
hei
remot
ionsandt
heyar
eawar
eoft
hef
actt
hat
i
femotionsar
enotcontr
oll
ed,t
heycant
ri
ggeracer
tai
nbehav
iorandact
ionnot
associ
atedwi
thasser
ti
veness.

   
8.Goodl
i
steni
ngski
l
ls.

 Thi
sistheassert
ivetool
kit.
 Ef
fect
ivel
ist
eningall
owsy outohearandunder
standwhatot
herper
sonst
hink,
feel
andneed.
 Itcr
eatesanopportuni
tyt
ol ear
nandt
odr
awt herightconcl
usi
onsfr
om whatpeopl
e
say.
 Goodl i
steni
ngmakesaper sonmaket
her
ightjudgmentandconsequent
ly
appropri
ateact
ion.

I
mpor
tanceofasser
ti
veness.

1.Helpsaper sont oav oidsocialproblemssuchaspar ti

cipatinginr iskybehaviorlike
drugandsubst anceabuse, crime,ir
responsi blesexetc.
2.Asser t
iv enessenabl esyoutor emai nfocusedony ourgoal s.
3.Anasser t
iveper soni sabletoav oi
dbei ngmani pul
atedandexpl oitedbyot hersor
takeadv antageof .
4.Asser t
iv enessenabl esonet ogetwhathewant swhileretainingy ourdigni
tyand
withoutdest royingy ourrel
ationshipwithot hers.Inthecont rary,aggressiv
epeopl e
mayachi evewhatt heywanti ninawayt hatendsupcompr omi singtheirr
elationship
withot herpeopl eandt hereforetheynev erliveIdignit
y.
5.Itenhances  self-
awar eness 
bymaki ngaper sonpr oudoft hemsel vesandt hus
boost st heirself-esteem andself-i
dentity.
6.Ithelpsaper soncommandr espectf r
om ot hersandconsequent lyimprovest heir
self-
est eem.

Si
tuat
ionst
hatr
equi
reust
orespondasser
ti
vel
y

1.Abusi
vesi
tuat
ions

 Abusei
sthet
reat
mentofothersi
nacruelwayorinavi
olentmanner
.
 Abusemaybever
bal
,physi
cal,
sexual
,oremoti
onal.

   a)
 Ver
bal
abuse–speaki
ngof
fensi
vel
yagai
nstanot
herper
son

   b)
 Phy
sical
abuse–i
tmeansi
nfl
i
cti
ngbodi
l
yhar
m onsomebodyf
orexampl
ebi
ti
ng,
    
   punchi
ng,
bur
ningwi
thf
ir
eorhotwat
eroraci
dorpul
l
ingpl
atedhai
r.

   c)Sexualabuse–Thisist
heactofforci
ngormanipul
atingapersoni
ntosexorsexual
  
    acti
on.E.g.Rape,
def
il
ement,i
ncest
,touchi
ngofaperson’spr
ivat
epart
s,showi
nga    
  personpornographi
cmater
ial
.

   d) Emotionalabuse–I t
’sanactdonewit
ht hei
ntenti
onofhur
tingthe 
  
 feel
i
ngsof     
 
  anotherperson.E.g.unex
plai
nedcri
ti
cism,cheat
ing,r
epri
mand,bull
yi
ngor            
i
gnoring  
aper son.

   2.
Negl
ect
.

 Negl
ecti
sther
efusal
tot
aker
esponsi
bil
i
tyei
therbyani
ndi
vi
dual
,or
gani
zat
ionor
evenastate/government.
 Examplesofgr oupsinthecommunit
yof
tennegl
ectedar
e:chil
dren,orphans,
the
aged,di
sabled,refugees,
IDPs.
 Neglect
edper sonsbecomev ul
ner
abl
eandthei
rri
ghtsar
eoftenv i
olat
ed.

   3.
Peerpr
essur
e.

 Peerpr
essur
eisast
rongI
nfl
uencef
rom f
ri
endsmost
lyt
owar
dsbadori
mmor
alact
s
andwhi
chmost
lyar
eagai
nstt
hel
aw.
 Asser
ti
venessmakesaper
sonov
ercomepeerpr
essur
eandi
tsconsequencese.
g
cr
ime,
arr
estbypol
i
ce,
joi
ningt
err
ori
stor
gani
zat
ionset
c.

   
4.Abuseofr
ight
s

 Ri
ghtsarebasi
cstandardswi
thoutwhi
chaper
soncannotl
ivei
ndigni
ty.
 Abuseofri
ghtsdepr
ivesaper
sondigni
tyandt
her
efor
ebeingasser
ti
vewill
demand
y
ourr
ight
sback.

    
5.Ret
rogr
essi
vecul
tur
alpr
act
ices

 Thesear
ecul
tur
alpr
act
icest
hatdonotr
espect
,honorandpr
otecthumanl
i
feand
dignity.
 Thecul t
ureofanycommuni tyisprogressiveieitchangesforthebet t
er.
 Culturei sdynami candispartofhumansoci ety
.
 Itislearnedt hroughsoci
ali
zati
onf r
om onegener ati
ontothenext .
 Thepr ocessbywhi chcult
uralpracti
cest hataddv al
uearetransmittedfr
om one
gener ati
ont othenextiscall
edcul t
uralcontinui
ty.
 Cu l
tural pr
acticeswhichdonotaddv aluetoacommuni tyarediscardedinaprocess
calledcul t
uraldeplet
ion

   6.
Danger
oussi
tuat
ions.

 Suchsi
tuat
ionsi
ncl
udewarandconf
li
ctar
easorsi
tuat
ionswher
eaper
soni
s
ki
dnappedorwhenaper
soni
sex
per
ienci
ngmobj
ust
ice.
  Aper
sonshoul
drespondt
odanger
oussi
tuat
ionsasser
ti
vel
yinor
dert
ogetoutof
suchsi
tuat
ionssaf
ely
.
 Donotbeaggr
essi
veot
her
wisey
ouwi
l
lpr
ovoket
heot
herpar
tywhi
l
epassi
veness
wi
l
lbet
reat
edasasi
gnofgui
l
t

   
7.Bul
l
ying

 Thi
sist
hreat
eni
ngandmi
str
eat
ingpeopl
ethatar
eper
cei
vedt
obeweaker
,smal
l
er
andharmless.
 Cantakeplaceinschool
s,wor
kpl
aceandcommuni
ty

Pr
ocessofdev
elopi
nganasser
ti
ver
esponse

1.Dev
elopsel
fconf
idence

 Thi
swill
enableyoudel
i
vermessagesfi
rmlyandtostandbywhatyoubeli
evei
n.
 Sel
f-
confi
dencecanbebui
ltt
hrough-
 Sel
f-
awareness,bei
ngknowl
edgeabl
e,hav
inga
hi
ghsenseofsel
f-wor
th.

   
2.Lear
ntoappr
eci
ateot
her
s

 Appr
eci
ati
ngot
her
sresul
tsi
nrespectt
oani
ndi
vi
dual
andt
husi
tenhanceshow
peopl
ewi
l
lrel
atewi
thy
ou.

   
3.Nar
tur
eval
uest
hatenhanceasser
ti
veness

 I
tisi
mpor
tantt
hatwedev
elopv
aluest
hatpr
omot
easser
ti
venessbecauset
heywi
l
l
pr
ovidegui
danceint
ermsofbehavi
or.
 Suchval
uesincl
udeHonest
y,i
ntegr
it
y,pat
ience,
responsi
bil
i
tyet
c.

  4.
Hav
ingacl
earunder
standi
ngofy
ourr
ight
sandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties

 I
twi
l
lputy
oui
naposi
ti
ont
obeasser
ti
veasy
oudemandy
ourr
ight
saswel
las
ensur
eyoudonothur
tther
ight
sofot
her
s.

   
5.Lear
ntobekeenandanal
yti
c

 Thi
swil
lhel
pyoutr
ulyunder
standthesituat
iony
ouar
ein.
 I
twil
lal
somakeyougiveagoodr esponse.

Fact
orst
hati
nhi
bitAsser
ti
veness

  1.
Indi
vi
dual
per
sonal
i
ty

 Peopl
ehav
edi
ff
erentchar
act
eri
sti
csandt
emper
amentt
heyt
her
efor
eexpr
ess
t
hemsel
vesdi
ff
erent
ly.
 Somepeopl
ear
equi
etandr
eser
vedandmaychoset
obequi
etev
enwhen
 dissat
isfi
edorwhent hei
rri
ghtsar
einfr
ingedon.
 Th i
sisapr ov
et hatpersonal
it
yacqui
redthroughaper
son’
sdev
elopmentdet
ermi
nes
theirl
evelofasserti
veness

  2.
Lackofknowl
edgeonper
sonal
right
sandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties

 Lackofknowl
edgeofy
ourr
ight
swi
l
lmakey
ouunabl
etodef
endt
he.E.
g.chi
l
drendo
notunderst
andt
hei
rri
ght
sandt
husar
emani
pul
ated,
mol
est
edorex
posedt
o
vi
olence

   
3.Cul
tur
alOr
ient
ati
on

 Somecul
tur
alpr
act
icest
houghr
etr
ogr
essi
vear
ehi
ghl
yrespect
edi
nthe
communi ti
eswheretheyarepract
iced.
 Thelevelatwhichapersonupholdthei
rcult
urewil
ll
eadtoinfl
uencei
nthei
rlev
elof
assert
ivenessespeci
all
ytowar
dspr act
iceswhoseconsequencesamongother
s
couldbebeingbrandedanoutcast.

   
4.Fai
l
uret
odev
elopv
aluesandbel
i
efsy
stemswhi
chmeansy
ouhav
enot
hingdef
end.

   5.
Reli
giousbeli
efsandpr acti
ces.It
’sbeli
evedthatmostoft heyouthinv
olvedin        
 radi
calmov ementshavegonet hroughcertai
nteachingt hati
ncor
poratesrel
igi
ous      
doctri
nesandt her
eforethosewhobel ieveinsuchreligi
ousmaynotasser t
ively
        
 chal
lengesuchact.Theyaret heref
oretiedbyrel
igion.
TOPI
C9
HI
V/AI
DS
Topi
cobj
ect
ives.Byt
heendoft
het
opi
c,t
hel
ear
nershoul
dbeabl
eto:

1.1.
  
  
  
Defi
netheterm HIVandAI DS.
2.2.
  
  
  
Descri
besignsandsy mptomsofAI DS.
3.3.
  
  
  
Expl
ainhowHI Vist ransmitt
ed.
4.4.
  
  
  
Expl
ainhowt hespr eadofHI Vcanprevent
ed.
5.5.
  
  
  
Outl
ineski
ll
sandv aluesthathel
pinthepreventi
onofHIVandAIDS.
6.6.
  
  
  
Expl
ainthemy t
hsandmi sconcepti
onsassociatedwit
hHI VandAIDS.
7.7.
  
  
  
Expl
ainway softakingcar eofandsupport
ingtheinf
ectedandaff
ected

Def
ini
ti
onoft
erms

 HI
Vmeanshumanimmunevir
usanditi
sthevir
ust
hatcausesAIDS.
 AI
DSmeans-Acqui
redi
mmunedef
ici
encysyndr
omeanditisthecombi
nat
ionof
i
nfect i
onst hataffectthebodywhent hebodyl osesi mmuni tyduetothedest r
ucti
on
ofbodyi mmuni t
ybyt hev i
rus.
 Viralload-theamountofHI Vv ir
usint hebodyofani nfect
edper son.
 CD4cel l
s-Theyar ecellsinthebodyt hatfi
ghtdiseasesi nfecti
onandt hecell
s
tar
get edbyHI Vt huslower i
ngthebodyi mmuni ty.
 Nb: Thel owertheCD4cel l
st hehigherthevir
al l
oadandv i
cev ersa.Peopl
ewi thhigh
vir
al l
oadar ehighlyinfecti
ousandt husARVsar er ecommendedt olowertheirvi
ral
l
oad.
 Pat hogens-Theyar ediseasecausingmi croor
gani smsort heet i
ologyofdiseases.
Ther earefourmai ndi
seasescausi ngpathogenicor gani
sms.

1.Bacteri
a-bacter
ialdi
seasese. g.t
ubercul
osis
2.Fungi-f
ungal di
seasese.g.candidi
asiscausedbycandidaal
bican
3.Vir
us-viral
diseasese.g.i
nfluenza,cor
onaorCov i
d-19
4.Prot
ozoae. g.pl
asmodi um whichcausesmal ar
ia.

-AI
DSisacondi
ti
oninhumanbeingsinwhi
chprogressi
vefai
l
urei
nthebodyimmune
syst
em al
l
owsli
fethr
eateni
ngopport
uni
sti
cinf
ecti
onstothri
vei
nthebody.

-HI
Vdest
roy
sthebodyi
mmunesy
stem andpr
edi
sposesaper
sont
oacqui
reAI
DS.

-
Thev
irusdest
roy
sthebodydef
enseandt
husi
ncr
easest
hev
iral
loadi
nthebody
.

-Themor esuppr
essedtheimmunesyst
em themoret
hechanceofacqui
ri
ngAIDSand
ther
efor
eARVt herapyi
srecommendedtoboostt
hebodyi
mmunityandreducethev
iral
l
oadandt hechanceofacquir
ingAI
DS.

HowHI
Visspr
ead/
Transmi
tt
ed.
 1.Unpr ot ectedsexual intercoursewi thani nf ectedper sonespeci al
lythoseon
ARVs. Thisar ebecauset heyhav ehighv ir
al loadandt husahi ghconcent rati
onof
HI Vi nt heirbodyf l
uids.
2.Tr ansf usionwi thi nf
ectedbl ood.Thi soccur swhenbl oodi snotpr oper lyscreenedfor
HI Vaf terdonat ionandbef orest orage.Or dinaril
y,afterbloodi sdonat editis
scr eenedf orHIV, Bl
oodgr oup,Hepat iti
sAandB, STIs.
3.Mot hert ochi ld.HI Vcanbet r
ansmi tt
edf rom t hemot hertot hechi lddur i
ng
pregnancy ,bi
rthandt hroughbr eastf eeding.Expect antmot her swhot estpositi
veto
HI Var eputonARVSt osuppr esst heirv i
ral loadandt husreducet hechanceof
transmi t
tingHI Vt ot heunbor nchi l
d.Hi vcanal sobet ransmi tteddur ingbi rt
hduet o
thepr essur eexer tedont hesof tskinoft hechi ldwhi chmaycauseabr asionsand
creat eanoppor tunityfort heent ryoft hev i
rusi ntothebodysy stem.
4.Tr aditional ci
rcumci sion.I twasbel i
ev edt hatshar ingacommoncut t
inginstrument
dur ingci r
cumci si onwoul denhancet hebondbet weent heinitiates/candi dates.The
tool susedwer enotsat i
rizedandt her eforet hel i
keli
hoodoft hespr eadofHI Vfrom
candi dat etot henex t.

Si
gnsandsy
mpt
omsofAI
DS

1.Rapidl ossofbodywei ght

.
2.Developmentofoppor t
uni
sti
cinf
ecti
ons
3.Soresdev el
opi nthemout
handinthegeni
tal
s.
4.Thi
nni ngofhai r
5.Nausea
6.Persi
st entdiarrhea.
7.Chronicf ati
gue
8.Persi
st entcough
9.Recurrentf ever.
10.
Sweat i
ngatni ght.

Howt
ocur
b/pr
eventspr
eadofHI
V.

1.Properuseofcondoms.
2.Awar enesscr eationoncauses, spr eadandpr eventi
on.
3.Mor ef undingt oHi v/AIDSpr ograms
4.Prev entst igmaanddi scriminati
on
5.Increasi ngt estingandcounsel ing
6.Incor porateHI Veducat ioninmai nstream educati
oncur r
icul
um.
7.Account abi l
it
yi nuseofr esourcesf orHI V/AI
DSpr ograms.
8.Managementofoppor tunisti
cinf ecti
onst oreduceprogressiontoAI DS.
9.Enhancehomebasedcar epr ogram t oreducecongest i
oninhealthfacil
it
ies.
10.
Enactl egislat
iont ocur bv ol
untar yinfecti
on.
11.
Eradi cater etr
ogr essivecul t
uret hatenhancesspr ead.egwi f
einherit
ance,ear
ly
mar riage.
12.
Adher encet oARVt her apysot hati nfect
edpeopl ecanbel essinfecti
ousby
suppr essingt heirvir
al l
oad
Whywomenar
emor
evul
ner
abl
etoHI
Vinf
ect
iont
hanmen.

1.Highsexual v i
olenceagainstwomen.
2.Retr
ogressivecul tureegwifeinher
it
anceandear lymar r
iage.
3.Natureofthei rsexualanatomycharacter
izedbysof tti
ssuespr onetoteardur
ing
coit
us,
4.Herbalsex.
5.Economi csubmi ssi
venessbywomenandt hereforehighlydependedonmenf or
economi csuppor t
.Thiseconomicdependencycr eatesroom foreconomic
manipulati
on.
6.Commer ci
al sexcommoni nwomen.
7.Poli
ti
calv i
olencewhi chmakewomanv ul
nerabletoabuse.

Chal
l
engesf
acedbyHI
V/AI
DSpr
ogr
amsi
nKeny
a.

1.Lackofproperadher encetoARVt herapy

2.Lowlit
eracylev elsofHIV/AIDS.
3.Povert
ymost lyi nurbaninformalset t
lement sandrural
Kenya.
4.Opportuni
sti
ci nfecti
ons.Theycompl icatethemanagementofAI DSandincreaset
he
costi
nt hetr
eat mentofi nfecti
onsr el
atedt oHI Vi
nfect
ion.
5.Donorfati
gueanddonorwi thdrawal i
nt hesupportofHIVprogr
amsi nKenya.
6.Misal
locati
onandmi sappropri
ati
onofr esourcesearmarkedHI
V/ AI
DSactivi
ti
es.
7.Retr
ogressi
vecul tur
alpracti
ces.
8.Sti
gmaanddi scriminati
onassoci atedwi thHIV/AI
DS

Howt
otakecar
eoft
hei
nfect
edandaf
fect
ed.

1.Counseli
ngwher erequir
ed.
2.Fi
nancialandnon-fi
nancialsuppor
t
3.Avoidsti
gmaanddi scr
iminati
onagai
nstt
hem.
4.Provi
sionofARVs
5.Provi
detherightnutri
ti
on.
6.Spir
it
ualsupporttogivethem hope.

Act
ivi
ty.I
norderf
oryoutoplanyourfut
ureli
fey
ouneedtoknowyourHIVst
atus.Each
i
ndi
vidualhasanHIVstat
usanditisi
mpor t
antt
oknowyourHIVstat
us.Got
oa
gov
ernmentfundedhealt
hfaci
li
tyandtestf
orHIVi
nthnextoneweek.
Topi
c10
Dr
ugandSubst
anceabuse
Whati
sadr
ug?

 Whati
sadr
ug-I
tsanychemi
cal
subst
ancet
hatwhent
akeni
ntot
hebodyal
ter
sor
changesy
ourf
eel
i
ngs,
thought
s,andbehav
ior
.
 Dr
ugsdi
rect
lyaf
fectt
hecent
ral
ner
voussy
stem e.
g.t
hebr
ainandt
hespi
nal
cor
d.

Whydopeopl
etakedr
ugs?

1.Peerpr essur e
2.Gaincour age.
3.Forent er tainment .
4.Frustrations.
5.Medi ai nfluence.
6.Reli
gi ousj ust i
fi
cations.
7.Poorr ol emodel sfrom parentsandcommuni t
y.
8.Inordert ost ayawake.
9.Availabilityofdr ugs
10.
Curiosity
11.
Lowsel fest eem
12.
Tocopeupwi thtraumat i
cexperiences
13.
Poorr ol emodel sfrom parentsandcommuni t
y.
14.
Permi ssi venessi nt hesociet
y.Somepeopl ebeli
evetheyhavear
ightt
odowhat
ever
theywantwi tht heirli
ves.
15.
Parent al negl ect–somepar entsgettoobusytogetqualit
yti
metospendwi
tht
heir
chil
dr en.Ot her sarei gnor
antaboutt hei
rrol
esofparenti
ng
16.
Possessi onoft oomuchmoney
17.
Availabilityofdr ugs

Rout
esofdr
ugadmi
nist
rat
ion(
howt
hedr
ugget
sint
othebody
)

1.Oral-bymouthlikeal cohol
,medici
ne.
2.Topical-appl
i
edont heskinli
keoint
ment s,
creams.
3.I
ntravenous-thr
ought hevei
ns.
4.I
ntra-masculi
ne-throughmuscl esti
ssues.
5.Smoki ng–cigarett
es, bhang.
6.Nasal.

Howt
oident
if
yaper
sonabusi
ngdr
ugs.

1.Generalchangesi
nphysi
calappear
ance.
2.Restl
essness.
3.Suddenchangesineat
inghabit
s.
 4.Chewi ngflavor
edgums.
5.Talki
ngal one
6.Burntfiguresandi njectionmarksonthei
rski
n.
7.Poorheal t
handhy gi ene.
8.Criminalbehavior.
9.Isol
ation/withdrawal
10.
Indi
scipli
neespeci allyforst
udents.
11.
Dropingener alperf ormance.
12.
Habitoflyingdev elops.
13.
Tendencyt ojoinst rangecult
s.

Commonl
yabuseddr
ugs.

1.Alcoholl
egalandil
l
ici
t.
2.Mar i
j
uana.
3.Heroine.
4.Prescri
pti
ondrugs.
5.Tobacco
6.Miraa
7.Cocaine.
8.Volati
lesubst
ancese.
g.gl
ue

Ef
fect
sofal
cohol
.

a)
  
  
 Impot
encei
nmen.

b)
  
  
 Incr
easeddomest
icv
iol
ence.

c)
  
  
 Di
seases-l
i
verci
rr
hosi
s.

d)
  
  
 Gout
-accumul
ati
onofl
act
icaci
dint
hej
oint
s.

e)
  
  
 Lossofsi
ghtespeci
all
yfori
l
li
ci
tal
cohol
wit
hhi
ghconcent
rat
ionofet
hanol
.

f
) 
  
  
 Gast
ro-
int
est
inal
probl
emse.
g.st
omachul
cer
s.

g)
  
  
 Addi
cti
on

h)
  
  
 Vul
ner
abi
l
ityt
ori
skybehav
ior
se.
g.sexual
behav
ior

i
) 
  
  
  Sex
ual
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
edi
nfect
ions

j
) 
  
  
  Wast
eofr
esour
ceswhi
chcoul
dbeusedf
ori
nvest
ment
.

Ef
fect
sofTobacco.

 Nor
mal
l
ytakeni
nfor
m ofci
gar
ett
esandsnuf
f.
  Cont
ainssubst
anceshar
mful
tohumanbodywhi
chi
ncl
udesni
cot
inecar
bon
monoxi
de,
tarandot
hercar
cinogeni
csubst
ancewi
thpot
ent
ial
tocausecancer
.
 Ni
cot
ine–makesaper
sonaddi
ctedt
osmoki
ng

1.
  Addi
cti
on–Asmokeruserhasacont
inuouspsy
chol
ogi
cal
need

•
  
 Thecompul
sionf
ort
hedr
ugwi
l
lmakehi
m doany
thi
ngt
ogeti
t.

2.
  Chestandr
espi
rat
orypr
obl
ems

3.
  Womensmokersmayexper
iencemi
scar
ri
ageorgi
vebi
rt
htobabi
eswhoar
e
under
wei
ghtorhav
eheartpr
obl
ems

4.
  Mi
suseofresourcesati
ndi
vi
dual
andf
ami
l
ylev
elasal
otofpeopl
espendal
otof
moneyoncigar
ettes

5.
  Soci
alpr
obl
emsassmoker
sir
ri
tat
esot
her
s

6.
  Fi
reacci
dent
scausedbypoordi
sposal
ofci
gar
ett
est
ubs.

Ef
fect
sofbhang.

a)
  
  
 Lackofsl
eep.

b)
  
  
 Hi
ghbl
oodpr
essur
e.

c)
  
  
 Hal
l
uci
nat
ions.

d)
  
  
 Sl
owandconf
usedt
hinki
ng.

e)
  
  
 Chestpr
obl
ems.

Ef
fect
sofmi
raa.

a)
  
  
 Pooror
alheal
thi
ncl
udi
ngaf
etaor
is.

b)
  
  
 Lossofsl
eep.

c)
  
  
 Gast
ro-
int
est
inal
discomf
ort
.

d)
  
  
 Sper
mat
orr
hea.

e)
  
  
 Impot
encei
nmen

f
) 
  
  
 Ef
fectoneducat
ioni
nmi
raagr
owi
ngar
eas.

g)
  
  
 Mi
suseoft
imeasmanymi
raachewer
sspental
otoft
imei
dli
ngatt
heexpenseof
ot
hereconomi
cact
ivi
ty

h)
  
  
 Fami
l
ypr
obl
emsandbr
eakups

Pr
event
ionofdr
ugandsubst
anceabuse.

1.Lif
eski lls 
educat ionf oryoungadul t
s.
2.Compul sorydr ugt estforstudent str
ansf err
ingtodi ff
erentschools.
3.Rehabi l
itati
on.
4.Legislation.Legal i
nterventi
onst oprev entdrugabuse.
5.Regulat emar ket i
ngofsubst ancesthatar eaddi cti
ve.
6.Heav ypenal ti
esondr ugt r
aff i
ckingespeci al
lyforout l
aweddr ugsandsubstances.
7.Educat ingpar entsont heirroles–Par entsneedt onur tur
etheirchil
drenandinstal
l
inthem t her i
ghtmor alval
ues.
8.Theyshoul dunder standef f
ect sofdr ugsandgi v ethesameknowl edgetotheir
chil
dren
9.Inf
usingdr ugeducat ionintoexi sti
ngschool curri
culum
10.
Campai gningagai nstdrugsabuse( NACADA)
11.
Civi
cant i-
drugl obby i
ngandadv ocacy .
12.
Provisionofsoundgui danceandcounsel ingservicesinschool andcommuni ti
es

 
Topi
c11
Negot
iat
ion
 Aspeopl
eint
eractwi
theachot
heri
ntheenv
ironmentt
heymaydi
ff
eri
nter
msof
opi
nionandi
ssuest
heymayconsi
deri
mpor
tant
.
 Conf
li
ctsar
einev
itabl
einhumansoci
etyandt
her
efor
enegot
iat
ioncanbeusedt
o
manageconf li
ctother
wiseitcanculminateintov
iol
encewi thseri
ousdestr
ucti
ve
consequences.
 Duetot henatureofhumansocietyandhumanbehav iornegoti
ati
onplay
sakeyr ol
e
i
nconf li
ctmanagement .
 Refer
st otheprocessthr
oughwhi chdisagreedpart
iescomeupwi t
hasoluti
onthat
i
sagr eeablet
obot hpart
ies.
 Negotiati
onmayi nvol
vemakingaf ewcompr omi
sesbybot hparti
es.
 Negotiati
onisalsoaprocesswher ebyoneisabletogetwhathewant s.

Pr
ocessofNegot
iat
ion

1.
 Est
abl
i
shi
ngt
hei
ssueofconcer
n

 Thi
smeansbeingcl
earaboutwhatyouaredisagreei
ngabout
.
 Agoodexampl
eistwostudentsshar
ingatextbookmaydisagr
eeoverit
.
 Est
abl
i
shingi
ssueofconcer
nwi l
li
nvolv
edeterminingwhet
herthedi
sagreementi
s
aboutwhot
ocar
ryt
ext
bookhome.
 Thi
sst
epensur
est
haty
oudonotgoi
ntonegot
iat
ionofapr
obl
em t
hatdoesnot
exi
st.

 
2. 
Ident
if
yingpar
ti
esi
nvol
ved

 Youmustestabl
i
shallt
hepeopl
einv
olv
edinadisagreementsoastoputt
hem al
l
 I
tensur
esthatal
lpar
ti
esacceptt
hesol
uti
onsbecausetheywerei
nvol
vedincoming
upwi
tht
hem

 
3. 
Present
ati
onofi
deasbyconcer
nedpar
ti
es

 Atthi
sstage,
all
thoseconcer
nedexplai
nsituati
onf
rom t
hei
rper
spect
ive.
 Theyalsomakesuggest
ionsaboutwhattheythi
nkshoul
dbedone.

 
4. 
 Consensusbui
ldi
ng

 Thismeansworki
ngtoreachanagreement
.
 I
tinvol
vesgi
veandtakewherethepart
iesi
nvol
vedmakecompr
omi
sesandof
fer
s
unt
ilanagr
eementi
sreached.

Si
tuat
ionst
hatr
equi
resnegot
iat
ion
1.
  
Whenexper
ienci
ngpeerpr
essur
e

 I
nsuchsi
tuat
ionsweneedt
onegot
iat
einor
dert
oensur
ethatwedonott
akeup
har
mful
pract
ices.

 
2. 
 Ri
skysi
tuat
ions

 Thesei
ncl
udesi
tuat
ionst
hatmayl
eadt
opr
e-mar
it
al,
sex,
breaki
ngt
hel
awandot
her
si
tuat
ionst
hatmayexposey
out
odanger
.

 
3. 
 I
nit
iat
ioni
ntodr
ugs

 Whenat
tempt
stoi
nvi
tey
out
otakedr
ugs,
negot
iat
ionwi
l
lhel
pyouav
oiddr
ugs
wi
thouthur
ti
ng,
humi
l
iat
ingandof
fendi
ngt
heot
herper
son.

 
4. 
 Busi
nesst
ransact
ions

 Negot
iat
ioni
snecessar
yint
hiski
ndofsi
tuat
ioni
fyouwantt
ogett
hebestdeal
possi
ble.
 Youmaynegotiat
eforacuti
npr
icef
ormoreitemsorforbet
terser
vices
 Wit
houtnegot
iati
onyoumaybeexpl
oit
edorenduplosi
ngonagooddeal .

 
5. 
 Conf
li
ctsi
nrel
ati
onshi
ps

 Some t
imeswegetint
oconfl
ict
swi t
ht hepeopl
ewehav erelat
ionshi
pwi
th.
 Suchconfl
i
ctsmakeusuncomf or
tableandlosethebenef
itsthatcomewit
hit
.
 Withnegot
iat
ionweresol
veandmanageconf li
cts.

 
6. 
 I
nmar
ri
agemat
ter
s

 Negot
iationisnecessarybefor
eandaf t
ermarri
age.
 Theparent sandcouplenegoti
ateoverthedowr
ytobepai
d.
 Thecoupl esnegoti
ateonwheret ol
i
v eaft
ermarri
age.
 7.
Harmf ultradi
ti
onalpract
ices

 Thi
sincl
udepr
act
icessuchasear
lymar
ri
ages,
FGM,
excl
usi
onf
rom i
nher
it
ance
basedongender
 Negot
iat
ionwi
l
lther
efor
egi
vey
ouawayofav
oidi
ngt
hesepr
act
iceswi
thout
of
fendi
ngpeopl
econcer
nedandensur
ingy
oudonotl
oseout

Val
uest
hatenhancenegot
iat
ionski
ll
s

 Theyar
eval
uest
hathel
ptoi
mpr
ovenegot
iat
ionski
l
lsi
naper
sonandhence
i
mpr
ovet
hepr
ocessofnegot
iat
ion.
 1.
Respect
.

 Negot
iat
ioni
sunat
tai
nabl
einanenv
ironmentofdi
srespect
.
  Respectensur
est
haty
oupr
esenty
ourcaseandcr
it
ici
zet
heot
herpar
tyi
namanner
t
hati
snotof
fensi
ve.
 Di
srespectmaybeasour
ceofv
iol
ence.
 2.
Responsibi
l
ity
.

 I
fal
lthepar
ti
esi
nvol
vedi
nnegot
iat
ionpr
ocesshav
ethi
sval
ue,
theywi
l
lful
l
yand
wi
ll
i
ngl
ypar
ti
cipat
eincomi
ngupwi
thasol
uti
onbecauset
heyknowi
t’
supt
othem
t
odoso

3.
Humi
li
ty.

 I
tmeansbeinghumbl eandpat i
ent.
 Negoti
ati
onisnotanev entbutaprocesswhichcantakeal
ongtime.
 Pat
ienceandhumili
tyisnecessaryi
nor dert
opreser
vether
igor
ousnegot
iat
ion
[pr
ocess.Someti
mestheprocesscanstal
latsomepointandrestar
tagai
ninf
utur
e
andthuspati
enceandcommi t
mentisnecessary
.
 Humili
tyensur
esyoudon’
tpercei
vetheotherpart
ytobeinfer
ior
.

4.
Int
egr
it
y.

 I
tensur
est
hatnopart
ytri
estomanipulat
eortakeadvantageoft
heother.
 I
tensur
est
hateachpart
yissi
ncer
ewhenshar ingthei
rvi
ewsandconcerns.
 I
tensur
est
hereare“
Nodangerouscardsunderthetabl
e”duri
ngthenegot
iat
ion
pr
ocess.

5.
Cooper
ati
on.

 I
tenabl
esy
out
owor
kwi
tht
heot
herpar
tyi
nreachi
ngasol
uti
onr
athert
hant
ryi
ngt
o
comeupwi thasol
uti
onandi
mposingitont
heotherperson.
 Wh enal
lthepar
ti
esarei
nvol
vedi
nthenegoti
ati
onprocess,t
heyt
akeowner
shi
pof
thesol
uti
onandworktoimpl
ementit
.

QUESTI
ONONE.

A) Di
ff
erent
iat
ebet
weenEmpat
hyandSy
mpat
hy.(
2MARKS)
.

B) St
atef
oursi
tuat
ionst
hatcal
lforempat
hy. (
8MARKS)
.

C) St
ateandbr
ief
lyexpl
ainf
ive. 20.
00mar
ks

Quest
ion2

a)Enumer
atef
ivechangesi
nadol
escent
sthatmayaf
fectsel
f-
est
eem andmayr
equi
rel
i
fe
ski
l
leducat
ion. (
5MARKS)

b)St
ateandbr
ief
lyexpl
ainf
iveway
sofmanagi
ngst
ressi
n..
.

Quest
ion3

Expl
ainFI
VEri
ght
sofchi
l
drenaccor
dingt
otheUNconv
ent
ion.
(10MARKS)

b)Hi
ghl
i
ghtf
iveci
rcumst
ances.
..

Quest
ion4

a)Expl
ainf
ivesoci
alf
act
orst
hati
nfl
uencet
hespr
eadofHI
VinKeny
a
(10MARKS)

b)
Bri
efl
yexpl
ainf
ivemeasur
est
o..
.

Quest
ion5

Def
inet
heter
m negot
iat
ionandst
atef
oursi
tuat
ionst
hatr
equi
renegot
iat
ion.
(5MARKS)

B)
Manyi
nst
it
uti
onsofl
ear
ninghav
eexper
ienced.
..