Listening Gap-Filling 20 Ted Talks-Các Trang Đã Xóa

Listening: 20 TED Talks

5 hours of Gap-filling for better listening
Book 1: Talks 1-10

By T
u Pham (IELTS Speaking 9
.0) and I PP Prep Team
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Contents
LINKS TO TALKS 2
EXERCISES 3
1. How to raise successful kids without over parenting 3
2. Perspective is everything 11
3. My stroke of insight 25
4. The global food waste scandal 36
5. The missing link to renewable energy 43
6. Do schools kill creativity? 49
7. The rise of the new global super-rich 67
8. Why I must speak out about climate change 74
9. How public spaces make cities work 82
10. What do we do when antibiotics don't work any more? 89
KEY 98
1. How to raise successful kids without over parenting 98
2. Perspective is everything 108
3. My stroke of insight 121
4. The global food waste scandal 131
5. The missing link to renewable energy 138
6. Do schools kill creativity? 145
7. The rise of the new global super-rich 163
8. Why I must speak out about climate change 169
9. How public spaces make cities work 177
10. What do we do when antibiotics don't work any more? 185

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LINKS TO TALKS
https://www.ted.com/talks/julie_lythcott_haims_
1. How to raise successful kids how_to_raise_successful_kids_without_over_par
without over parenting enting
https://www.ted.com/talks/rory_sutherland_per
2. Perspective is everything spective_is_everything
https://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_my_
3. My stroke of insight stroke_of_insight
https://www.ted.com/talks/tristram_stuart_the_
4. The global food waste scandal global_food_waste_scandal
5. The missing link to renewable https://www.ted.com/talks/donald_sadoway_th
energy e_missing_link_to_renewable_energy
https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_do
6. Do schools kill creativity? _schools_kill_creativity?language=en
https://www.ted.com/talks/chrystia_freeland_th
7. The rise of the new global e_rise_of_the_new_global_super_rich?language
super-rich =en
https://www.ted.com/talks/james_hansen_why_
8. Why I must speak out about i_must_speak_out_about_climate_change?lang
climate change uage=en
https://www.ted.com/talks/amanda_burden_ho
9. How public spaces make cities w_public_spaces_make_cities_work?language=
work en
https://www.ted.com/talks/maryn_mckenna_w
10. What do we do when antibiotics hat_do_we_do_when_antibiotics_don_t_work_a
don't work any more? ny_more?language=en

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EXERCISES
1. How to raise successful kids without over parenting
00:04
You know, I didn't set out to be a parenting _________1. In fact, I'm not very _________2

in parenting, per se. It's just that there's a _________3 style of parenting these days
that is kind of _________4 kids, impeding their chances to _________5 into themselves.
There's a certain style of parenting these days that's getting in the way.

00:28
I _________6 what I'm saying is, we _________7 a lot of time being very concerned
about parents who aren't _________8 enough in the lives of their kids and their
_________9 or their _________10, and rightly so. But at the other end of the _________11,
there's a lot of harm going on there as well, where parents feel a kid can't be
_________12 unless the parent is protecting and _________13 at every turn and hovering
over every _________14, and micromanaging every _________15, and steering their kid
towards some small subset of _________16 and careers.

01:02
When we raise kids this way, and I'll say we, because Lord knows, in raising my two
teenagers, I've had these tendencies myself, our kids end up leading a kind of
checklisted childhood.

01:16
And here's what the checklisted _________17 looks like. We keep them safe and sound
and fed and watered, and then we want to be _________18 they go to the right
schools, that they're in the right classes at the right schools, and that they get the
right grades in the right classes in the right schools. But not just the grades, the
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scores, and not just the grades and scores, but the accolades and the _________19 and
the sports, the activities, the _________20. We tell our kids, don't just join a club,
_________21 a club, because colleges want to see that. And check the box for
_________22 . I mean, show the colleges you _________23 about others.

01:49
(Laughter)

01:51
And all of this is done to some hoped-for _________24 of perfection. We expect our
kids to perform at a level of perfection we were never asked to perform at ourselves,
and so because so much is _________25, we think, well then, of course we parents
have to _________26 with every teacher and _________27 and coach and _________28
and act like our kid's concierge and personal handler and secretary.

02:19
And then with our kids, our precious kids, we spend so much time nudging, cajoling,

hinting, _________29, haggling, nagging as the case may be, to be sure they're not
screwing up, not closing doors, not _________30 their future, some hoped-for
_________31 to a tiny handful of colleges that deny almost every applicant.

02:46
And here's what it feels like to be a kid in this checklisted childhood. First of all,
there's no time for free play. There's no room in the _________32, because everything
has to be enriching, we think. It's as if every piece of _________33, every quiz, every
activity is a make-or-break moment for this _________34 we have in mind for them,
and we absolve them of _________35 around the house, and we even absolve them of
getting enough _________36 as long as they're _________37 the items on their
checklist. And in the checklisted childhood, we say we just want them to be happy,
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but when they come home from school, what we ask about all too often first is their
_________38 and their _________39. And they see in our faces that our _________40, that
our love, that their very worth, comes from A's. And then we walk alongside them
and offer clucking praise like a _________41 at the Westminster Dog Show --

03:45
(Laughter)

03:46
coaxing them to just jump a little higher and soar a little farther, day after day after
day. And when they get to high school, they don't say, "Well, what might I be
interested in studying or doing as an activity?" They go to _________42 and they say,
"What do I need to do to get into the right college?" And then, when the grades start
to roll in in high school, and they're getting some B's, or God forbid some C's, they
frantically _________43 their friends and say, "Has anyone ever gotten into the right
college with these grades?"

04:21
And our kids, regardless of where they end up at the end of high school, they're
_________44. They're brittle. They're a little _________45. They're a little old before their
time, wishing the grown-ups in their lives had said, "What you've done is enough,
this effort you've put forth in childhood is enough." And they're withering now under
high rates of _________46 and depression and some of them are wondering, will this
life ever _________47 to have been worth it?

04:53
Well, we parents, we parents are pretty sure it's all worth it. We seem to behave -- it's

like we literally think they will have no future if they don't get into one of these tiny
sets of colleges or careers we have in mind for them.
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05:09
Or maybe, maybe, we're just afraid they won't have a future we can brag about to
our friends and with stickers on the backs of our cars. Yeah.

05:22
(Applause)

05:28
But if you look at what we've done, if you have the _________48 to really look at it,
you'll see that not only do our kids think their worth comes from grades and scores,
but that when we live right up inside their _________49 developing minds all the
time, like our very own version of the movie "Being John Malkovich," we send our
children the _________50: "Hey kid, I don't think you can actually achieve any of this
without me." And so with our overhelp, our _________51 and over-direction and
hand-holding, we _________52 our kids of the chance to build self-efficacy, which is a
really _________53 tenet of the human psyche, far more important than that
_________54 they get every time we applaud. Self-efficacy is built when one sees that
one's own actions lead to outcomes, not -- There you go.

06:21
(Applause)

06:25
Not one's parents' actions on one's _________55, but when one's own actions lead to
_________56. So simply put, if our children are to develop self-efficacy, and they must,
then they have to do a whole lot more of the thinking, planning, deciding, doing,
hoping, _________57, trial and error, dreaming and _________58 of life for themselves.
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06:52
Now, am I saying every kid is hard-working and motivated and doesn't need a
parent's involvement or interest in their lives, and we should just back off and let go?
Hell no.

07:04
(Laughter)
07:06
That is not what I'm saying. What I'm saying is, when we treat grades and scores and

accolades and _________59 as the purpose of childhood, all in furtherance of some
hoped-for _________60 to a tiny number of colleges or _________61 to a small number
of careers, that that's too _________62 a definition of success for our kids. And even
though we might help them achieve some _________63 wins by over-helping -- like
they get a better grade if we help them do their homework, they might end up with
a longer childhood _________64 when we help -- what I'm saying is that all of this
comes at a long-term cost to their sense of self. What I'm saying is, we should be less
concerned with the _________65 set of colleges they might be able to apply to or
might get into and far more concerned that they have the _________66, the mindset,
the skill set, the wellness, to be _________67 wherever they go. What I'm saying is, our
kids need us to be a little less _________68 with grades and scores and a whole lot
more interested in childhood providing a foundation for their success built on things
like love and chores.

08:19
(Laughter)

08:22
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(Applause)

08:26
Did I just say chores? Did I just say chores? I really did. But really, here's why. The
longest longitudinal _________69 of humans ever _________70 is called the Harvard
Grant Study. It found that professional success in life, which is what we want for our
kids, that professional success in life _________71 having done chores as a kid, and the
earlier you started, the better, that a roll-up-your-sleeves- and-pitch-in mindset, a
mindset that says, there's some _________72 work, someone's got to do it, it might as
well be me, a mindset that says, I will _________73 my effort to the _________74 of the
whole, that that's what gets you ahead in the _________75. Now, we all know this. You
know this.

09:08
(Applause)

09:11
We all know this, and yet, in the checklisted childhood, we absolve our kids of doing
the work of chores around the house, and then they end up as _________76 in the
workplace still waiting for a checklist, but it doesn't _________77, and more
importantly, lacking the impulse, the _________78 to roll up their sleeves and pitch in
and look around and wonder, how can I be useful to my _________79? How can I
_________80 a few steps ahead to what my boss might need?
09:39
A second very important finding from the Harvard Grant Study said that _________81
in life comes from love, not love of work, love of humans: our spouse, our partner, our
friends, our family. So childhood needs to teach our kids how to love, and they can't
love others if they don't first love themselves, and they won't love themselves if we
can't offer them _________82 love.
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10:08
(Applause)

10:13
Right. And so, instead of being obsessed with grades and scores when our precious
_________83 come home from school, or we come home from work, we need to close
our _________84, put away our phones, and look them in the eye and let them see the
_________85 that fills our faces when we see our child for the first time in a few hours.
And then we have to say, "How was your day? What did you like about today?" And
when your teenage daughter says, "Lunch," like mine did, and I want to hear about
the math test, not lunch, you still have to _________86 in lunch. You gotta say, "What
was great about lunch today?" They need to know they matter to us as _________87,
not because of their GPA.

11:03
All right, so you're thinking, chores and love, that sounds all well and good, but give
me a break. The colleges want to see top scores and grades and accolades and
awards, and I'm going to tell you, sort of. The very biggest brand-name schools are
asking that of our _________89, but here's the good news. Contrary to what the
college rankings racket would have us believe --

11:29
(Applause)

11:35
you don't have to go to one of the biggest brand name schools to be happy and
successful in life. Happy and successful people went to _________90 went to a small
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college no one has heard of, went to _________91, went to a college over here and
flunked out.

11:49
(Applause)

11:56
The evidence in this room is in our communities, that this is the truth. And if we
could widen our _________92 and be willing to look at a few more colleges, maybe
remove our own _________93 from the equation, we could accept and _________94
this truth and then realize, it is hardly the end of the world if our kids don't go to one
of those big brand-name schools. And more _________95, if their childhood has not
been lived _________96 a tyrannical checklist then when they get to college,
whichever one it is, well, they'll have gone there on their own volition, fuelled by their
own _________97, capable and ready to thrive there.

12:40
I have to _________98 something to you. I've got two kids I mentioned, Sawyer and
Avery. They're teenagers. And once upon a time, I think I was treating my Sawyer and
Avery like little bonsai trees --

12:54
(Laughter)

12:56
that I was going to carefully _________99 and prune and _________100 into some
perfect form of a human that might just be _________101 enough to warrant them
admission to one of the most highly _________102 colleges. But I've come to realize,
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after working with thousands of other people's kids --

13:15
(Laughter)

13:17
and raising two kids of my own, my kids aren't bonsai trees. They're _________103 of
an unknown genus and species --

13:30
(Laughter)

13:32
and it's my job to provide a _________104 environment, to _________105 them through

chores and to love them so they can love others and _________106 love and the
college, the major, the career, that's up to them. My job is not to make them become
what I would have them become, but to _________107 them in becoming their
_________108 selves.

13:58
Thank you.

14:00
(Applause)
2. Perspective is everything
00:04
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What you have here is an 1. __________ cigarette. It's something that, since it was
invented a year or two ago, has given me untold 2. __________.
00:15
(Laughter)

00:16
A little bit of it, I think, is the 3.__________, but there's something much bigger than
that; which is, ever since, in the UK, they banned smoking in 4.__________, I've never
enjoyed a drinks 5.__________ ever again.

00:29
(Laughter)

00:31
And the reason, I only worked out just the other day, which is: when you go to a
drinks party and you 6.__________ and hold a glass of red wine and you talk
7.__________ to people, you don't actually want to spend all the time talking. It's really,
really tiring. Sometimes you just want to stand there 8. __________, alone with your
thoughts. Sometimes you just want to stand in the corner and stare out of the
window. Now the problem is, when you can't 9.__________, if you stand and stare out
of the window on your own, you're an antisocial, 10. __________ idiot.

01:02
(Laughter)

01:04
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If you stand and stare out of the window on your own with a cigarette, you're a
fucking 11. __________.

01:09
(Laughter)

01:12
(Applause)

01:18
So the power of reframing things cannot be 12. __________. What we have is exactly
the same thing, the same activity, but one of them makes you feel 13. __________ and
the other one, with just a small 14.__________ of posture, makes you feel terrible. And I
think one of the problems with 15.__________ economics is, it's absolutely preoccupied
with 16.__________. And reality isn't a 17.__________ good guide to human 18.__________.
Why, for example, are pensioners 19.__________ than the young unemployed? Both of
them, after all, are in 20.__________ the same stage of life. You both have too much
time on your hands and not much money. But pensioners are 21.__________ very, very
happy, whereas the unemployed are 22.__________ unhappy and depressed. The
reason, I think, is that the pensioners believe they've chosen to be pensioners,
whereas the young unemployed feel it's been 23.__________ upon them.

02:18
In England, the upper-middle classes have actually solved this problem 24.__________,
because they've re-branded unemployment. If you're an upper-middle-class English
person, you call unemployment "a year off."

02:29
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(Laughter)

02:32
And that's because having a son who's unemployed in Manchester is really quite
25.__________. But having a son who's unemployed in Thailand is really viewed as
quite an 26.__________.

02:42
(Laughter)

02:44
But actually, the power to re-brand things -- to understand that our 27.__________,
costs, things don't actually much depend on what they really are, but on how we
view them -- I genuinely think can't be overstated.

02:59
There's an experiment I think Daniel Pink 28.__________, where you put two dogs in a

box and the box has an electric floor. Every now and then, an electric shock is
29.__________ to the floor, which pains the dogs. The only difference is one of the dogs
has a small button in its half of the box. And when it nuzzles the button, the electric
shock 30.__________. The other dog doesn't have the button. It's exposed to exactly
the same level of pain as the dog in the first box, but it has no control over the
31.__________. Generally, the first dog can be relatively 32.__________. The second dog
lapses into complete 33.__________.

03:42
The 34.__________ of our lives may actually matter less to our happiness than the
sense of 35.__________ we feel over our lives. It's an 36.__________ question. We ask the
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question -- the whole debate in the Western world is about the level of 37.__________.
But I think there's another debate to be 38.__________, which is the level of control we
have over our 39.__________, that what costs us 10 pounds in one context can be a
40.__________; what costs us 10 pounds in a different context, we may actually
41.__________. You know, pay 20,000 pounds in tax toward 42.__________, and you're
merely feeling a 43.__________. Pay 20,000 pounds to endow a hospital ward, and
you're called a 44.__________. I'm probably in the wrong country to talk about
__________ to pay tax.

04:31
(Laughter)

04:33
So I'll give you one in return: how you frame things really matters. Do you call it "The
bailout of Greece"? Or "The bailout of a load of stupid banks which lent to Greece"?

04:44
(Laughter)

04:45
Because they are actually the same thing. What you call them actually 45.__________
how you react to them, viscerally and 46.__________. I think psychological value is
great, to be absolutely 47.__________. One of my great friends, a professor called Nick
Chater, who's the Professor of Decision Sciences in London, 48.__________ we should
spend far less time looking into humanity's hidden 50.__________, and spend much
more time exploring the hidden 51.__________. I think that's true, actually. I think
52.__________ have an insane effect on what we think and what we do. But what we
don't have is a really good 53.__________ of human 54.__________ -- at least
pre-Kahneman, perhaps, we didn't have a really good model of human psychology
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to put alongside models of 55.__________, of neoclassical economics.

05:31
So people who believed in psychological 56.__________ didn't have a model. We didn't
have a 57.__________. This is what Warren Buffett's business partner Charlie Munger
calls "a latticework on which to hang your ideas." Engineers, economists, classical
economists all had a very, very 58.__________ existing latticework on which practically
every idea could be hung. We merely have a 59.__________ of random individual
60.__________ without an overall model. And what that means is that, in looking at
solutions, we've probably given too much 61.__________ to what I call technical
engineering solutions, Newtonian solutions, and not nearly enough to the
62.__________ ones.

06:10
You know my example of the Eurostar: six million pounds spent to reduce the
63.__________ time between Paris and London by about 40 minutes. For 0.01 percent
of this money, you could have put wi-fi on the 64.__________, which wouldn't have
reduced the 65.__________ of the journey, but would have improved its 66.__________
and its usefulness far more. For maybe 10 percent of the money, you could have paid
all of the world's top male and female 67.__________ to walk up and down the train
handing out free Château Pétrus to all the 68.__________.

06:40
(Laughter)

06:41
You'd still have five million pounds in change, and people would ask for the trains to

be slowed down.
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06:46
(Laughter)

06:51
Why were we not given the chance to solve that problem 69.__________? I think it's
because there's an 70.__________, an asymmetry in the way we treat 71.__________,
emotionally driven psychological ideas versus the way we treat 72.__________,
numerical, spreadsheet-driven ideas. If you're a creative person, I think, quite rightly,
you have to share all your ideas for 73.__________ with people much more rational
than you. You have to go in and have a cost-benefit 74.__________, a feasibility
75.__________, an ROI study and 76.__________. And I think that's probably right. But
this does not apply the other way around. People who have an 77.__________
framework -- an economic framework, an engineering framework -- feel that,
actually, 78.__________ is its own answer. What they don't say is, "Well, the numbers
all seem to add up, but before I present this 79.__________, I'll show it to some really
crazy people to see if they can come up with something 80.__________." And so we –
81.__________, I think -- prioritize what I'd call mechanistic ideas over psychological
ideas.

07:51
An 82.__________ of a great psychological idea: the single best improvement in
passenger 83.__________ on the London Underground, per pound spent, came when
they didn't add any extra, nor change the frequency of the trains; they put dot matrix
84.__________ on the platforms -- because the nature of a wait is not just dependent
on its numerical 85.__________, its duration, but on the level of 86.__________ you
experience during that wait. Waiting seven minutes for a train with a 87.__________ is
less frustrating and irritating than waiting four minutes, knuckle biting, going,
"When's this train going to damn well arrive?"

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08:26
Here's a beautiful example of a psychological solution 88.__________ in Korea. Red
traffic lights have a countdown 89.__________. It's proven to reduce the accident rate
in 90.__________. Why? Because road rage, 91.__________ and general irritation are
92.__________ reduced when you can actually see the time you have to wait. In China,
not really understanding the principle behind this, they applied the same
93.__________ to green traffic lights --

08:49
(Laughter)

08:53
Which isn't a great idea. You're 200 yards away, you realize you've got five seconds to

go, you floor it.

08:59
(Laughter)

09:02
The Koreans, very assiduously, did test both. The accident rate goes down when you
apply this to red traffic lights; it goes up when you apply it to green traffic lights.

09:11
This is all I'm asking for, really, in human 94.__________, is the consideration of these
three things. I'm not asking for the 95.__________ primacy of one over the other. I'm
merely saying that when you 96.__________ problems, you should look at all three of
these 97.__________, and you should seek as far as 98.__________ to find solutions
which sit in the sweet spot in the middle.
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09:29
If you actually look at a great 99.__________, you'll nearly always see all of these three
things coming into play. Really successful businesses -- Google is a great, great
technological success, but it's also based on a very good psychological 100.__________:
people believe something that only does one thing is better at that thing than
something that does that thing and something else. It's an 101.__________ thing called
"goal dilution." Ayelet Fishbach has written a paper about this.

09:55
Everybody else at the time of Google, more or less, was trying to be a 102.__________.
Yes, there's a search function, but you also have weather, sports scores, bits of news.
Google understood that if you're just a 103.__________, people assume you're a very,
very good search engine. All of you know this, actually, from when you go in to buy a
104.__________, and in the shabbier end of the row of flat-screen TVs, you can see, are
these rather despised things called "combined TV and DVD players." And we have no
105.__________ whatsoever of the quality of those things, but we look at a combined
TV and DVD player and we go, "Uck. It's probably a bit of a crap telly and a bit
106.__________ as a DVD player." So we walk out of the 107.__________ with one of each.
Google is as much a psychological 108.__________ as it is a technological one.

10:42
I propose that we can use 109.__________ to solve problems that we didn't even
110.__________ were problems at all. This is my 111.__________ for getting people to
finish their course of 112.__________. Don't give them 24 white 113.__________; give them
18 white pills and six blue ones and tell them to take the white pills 114.__________,
and then take the blue ones. It's called "chunking." The 115.__________ that people will
get to the end is much greater when there is a 116.__________ somewhere in the
middle.

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11:08
One of the great mistakes, I think, of economics is it fails to understand that what
something is -- whether it's retirement, unemployment, cost -- is a function, not only
of its amount, but also its meaning.

11:21
This is a toll crossing in Britain. Quite 117.__________ queues happen at the tolls.
Sometimes you get very, very 118.__________ queues. You could apply the same
119.__________, actually, to the security lanes in 120.__________. What would happen if
you could actually pay twice as much money to cross the 121.__________, but go
through a lane that's an 122.__________ lane? It's not an 123.__________ thing to do; it's
an 124.__________ efficient thing to do. Time means more to some people than others.
If you're waiting trying to get to a 125.__________, you'd patiently pay a couple of
pounds more to go through the 126.__________ lane. If you're on the way to visit your
mother-in-law, you'd probably prefer --

11:55
(Laughter)

11:57
you'd probably prefer to stay on the left.

11:59
The only problem is if you introduce this economically 127.__________ solution, people

hate it ... because they think you're deliberately creating 128.__________ at the bridge
in order to maximize your 129.__________, and, "Why on earth should I pay to subsidize
your incompetence?" On the other hand, change the frame 130.__________ and create
charitable yield 131.__________, so the extra money you get goes not to the
132.__________ company, it goes to charity ... and the mental willingness to pay
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133.__________ changes. You have a relatively economically efficient solution, but one
that actually 134.__________ with public approval and even a small degree of
135.__________, rather than being seen as bastardy.

12:38
So where economists make the 136.__________ mistake is they think that money is
money. Actually, my pain experienced in paying five pounds is not just 137.__________
to the amount, but where I think that money is going. And I think 138.__________ that
could revolutionize 139.__________. It could revolutionize the 140.__________. It could
actually change things quite 141.__________.

13:00
[Ludwig Von Mises is my hero.]

13:01
Here's a guy you all need to 142.__________. He's an Austrian School economist who
was first active in the 143.__________ of the 20th century in Vienna. What was
interesting about the Austrian School is they actually grew up alongside Freud. And
so they're 144.__________ interested in psychology. They believed that there was a
145.__________ called praxeology, which is a 146.__________ discipline to the study of
economics. Praxeology is the study of human 147.__________, action and
148.__________. I think they're right. I think the 149.__________ we have in today's world
is that the study of economics considers itself to be a 150.__________ discipline to the
study of human psychology. But as Charlie Munger says, "If economics isn't
behavioural, I don't know what the hell is."

13:45
Von Mises, 151.__________, believes economics is just a 152.__________ of psychology. I
think he just 153.__________ to economics as "the study of human praxeology under
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conditions of scarcity." But Von Mises, among many other things, I think uses an
154.__________ which is probably the best 155.__________ and explanation for the value
of 156.__________, the value of perceived value and the fact that we should treat it as
being absolutely 157.__________ to any other kind of value.

14:14
We tend to, all of us, even those of us who work in 158.__________, think of value in
two ways: the real value, which is when you make something in a factory or provide a
159.__________, and then there's a 160.__________ value, which you create by
161.__________ the way people look at things. Von Mises completely rejected this
162.__________. And he used this following 163.__________: he referred to strange
economists called the French physiocrats, who believed that the only 164.__________
value was what you 165.__________ from the land. So if you're a 166.__________ or a
quarryman or a farmer, you created true value. If however, you 167.__________ some
wool from the shepherd and 168.__________ a premium for 169.__________ it into a hat,
you weren't actually creating value, you were 170.__________ the shepherd.

14:54
Now, Von Mises said that modern economists make exactly the same 171.__________
with regard to 172.__________ and marketing. He says if you run a restaurant, there is
no 173.__________ distinction to be made between the value you create by
174.__________ the food and the value you create by 175.__________ the floor. One of
them creates, perhaps, the primary product -- the thing we think we're paying for --
the other one creates a 176.__________ within which we can enjoy and 177.__________
that product. And the idea that one of them should have priority over the other is
188.__________ wrong.

15:24
Try this quick thought experiment: imagine a restaurant that serves Michelin-starred

food, but where the restaurant smells of sewage and there's human faeces on the
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floor.

15:33
(Laughter)

15:35
The best thing you can do there to create value is not actually to 189.__________ the
food still further, it's to 190.__________ the smell and clean up the floor. And it's
191.__________ we understand this.

15:48
If that seems like a sort of 192._________, abstruse thing -- in the UK, the post office
had a 98 percent success rate at delivering 193.__________ mail the next day. They
decided this wasn't good 194.__________, and they wanted to get it up to 99. The
195.__________ to do that almost broke the 200.__________. If, at the same time, you'd
gone and asked people, "What percentage of first-class mail arrives the next day?"
the 201.__________ answer, or the modal answer, would have been "50 to 60 percent."
Now, if your perception is much worse than your 202.__________, what on earth are
you doing 203.__________ to change the reality? That's like trying to improve the food
in a restaurant that 204.__________. What you need to do is, first of all, tell people that
98 percent of first-class mail gets there the next day. That's pretty good. I would
205.__________, in Britain, there's a much better frame of 206.__________, which is to
tell people that more first-class mail arrives the next day in the UK than in Germany,
because 207.__________, in Britain, if you want to make us 208.__________ about
something, just tell us we do it better than the Germans.

16:50
(Laughter)
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16:52
(Applause)

16:54
Choose your frame of reference and the 209.__________ value, and 210.__________, the
actual value is completely 211.__________. It has to be said of the Germans that the
Germans and the French are doing a 212.__________ job of creating a united Europe.
The only thing they didn't 213.__________ is they're uniting Europe through a shared
mild 214.__________ of the French and Germans. But I'm British; that's the way we like
it.

17:15
(Laughter)

17:17
What you'll also notice is that, in any case, our 215.__________ is leaky. We can't tell the

216.__________ between the quality of the food and the 217.__________ in which we
consume it. All of you will have seen this 218.__________ if you have your car washed or
valeted. When you drive away, your car feels as if it drives better.

17:33
(Laughter)

17:34
And the reason for this -- unless my car valet 219.__________ is changing the oil and
220.__________ work which I'm not paying him for and I'm 221.__________ -- is because
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perception is, in any case, leaky.

17:44
Analgesics that are branded are more effective at 222.__________ pain than analgesics
that are not branded. I don't just mean through 223.__________ pain reduction --
actual measured pain reduction. And so 224.__________ actually is leaky in any case.
So if you do something that's perceptually bad in one 225.__________, you can
damage the other.

18:03
Thank you very much.

18:04
(Applause)
3. My stroke of insight
00:03
I (1) __________ to study the brain because I have a brother who has been (2)__________
with a brain disorder, schizophrenia. And as a sister and later, as a (3)__________, I
wanted to understand, why is it that I can take my (4)__________, I can connect them
to my __________, and I can make my dreams come true? What is it about my
brother's brain and his schizophrenia that he cannot (5)__________ his dreams to a
common and shared reality, so they instead become (6)__________?

00:35
So I dedicated my career to research into the severe mental (7)__________. And I
moved from my home state of Indiana to Boston, where I was working in the
(8)__________ of Dr. Francine Benes, in the Harvard Department of Psychiatry. And in
the lab, we were asking the (9)__________, "What are the biological differences
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between the brains of (10 )__________ who would be diagnosed as normal (11
)__________, as compared with the brains of (12)__________ diagnosed with
schizophrenia, schizoaffective or (13)__________?"

01:08
So we were (14 )__________ mapping the microcircuitry of the (15)__________: which
cells are communicating with which cells, with which (16)__________, and then in
what (17)__________ of those chemicals? So there was a lot of (18)__________ in my life
because I was performing this type of research during the day, but then in the
evenings and on the (19)__________, I travelled as an (20)__________ for NAMI, the
National Alliance on Mental Illness.

01:35
But on the morning of December 10, 1996, I woke up to (21)__________ that I had a
brain disorder of my own. A blood vessel (22)__________ in the left half of my brain.
And in the (23)__________ of four hours, I watched my brain completely (24)__________
in its ability to process all information. On the morning of the haemorrhage, I could
not walk, talk, read, write or (25)__________ any of my life. I essentially became an
(26)__________ in a woman's body.

02:08
If you've ever seen a human brain, it's obvious that the two hemispheres are
completely (27 )__________ from one another. And I have brought for you a real
human brain.

02:20
(Groaning, laughter)

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02:28
So this is a real human brain. This is the (28)__________ of the brain, the (29)__________

of brain with the spinal cord (30)__________ down, and this is how it would be
(31)__________ inside of my head. And when you look at the brain, it's (32)__________
that the two cerebral cortices are (33)__________ separate from one another.

02:49
For those of you who understand (34)__________, our right hemisphere
(35)__________like a (36)__________ processor, while our left hemisphere functions like
a (37)__________ processor. The two hemispheres do (38)__________ with one another
through the corpus callosum, which is made up of some 300 (39)__________ axonal
fibres. But other than that, the two hemispheres are completely separate. Because
they process information (40)__________, each of our hemispheres (41)__________
about different things, they (42 )__________ about different things, and, dare I say,
they have very different (43)__________. Excuse me. Thank you. It's been a joy.

03:32
Assistant: It has been.

03:33
(Laughter)

03:36
Our right human hemisphere is all about this (44)__________ moment. It's all about
"right here, right now." Our right hemisphere, it thinks in (45)__________ and it learns
kinaesthetically through the movement of our (46)__________. Information, in the
form of energy, (47)__________ in simultaneously through all of our sensory 48
__________ and then it explodes into this (49 )__________ collage of what this present
moment looks like, what this present moment smells like and tastes like, what it
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feels like and what it sounds like. I am an energy-being (50)__________ to the energy
all around me through the (51)__________ of my right hemisphere. We are
energy-beings connected to one another through the consciousness of our right
hemispheres as one human (52)__________. And right here, right now, we are brothers
and sisters on this planet, here to make the world a (53)__________. And in this
moment we are (54)__________, we are whole and we are (55)__________.

04:47
My left hemisphere, our left hemisphere, is a very different (56)__________. Our left
hemisphere thinks linearly and methodically. Our left hemisphere is all about the
(57)__________ and it's all about the (58)__________. Our left hemisphere is
(59)__________ to take that enormous collage of the present moment and start
(60)__________ details, and more details about those details. It then (61)__________ and
organizes all that (62)__________, associates it with everything in the past we've ever
(63)__________, and projects into the future all of our (64)__________. And our left
hemisphere thinks in (65)__________. It's that ongoing brain chatter that
(66)__________ me and my internal world to my external world. It's that little
(67)__________ that says to me, "Hey, you've got to remember to pick up bananas on
your way home. I need them in the morning." It's that calculating (68)__________ that
reminds me when I have to do my (69)__________. But perhaps most (70)__________,
it's that little voice that says to me, "I am. I am."

05:58
And as soon as my left hemisphere says to me "I am," I become (71)__________. I
become a single (72)__________ individual, separate from the (73)__________ around
me and separate from you. And this was the (74)__________ of my brain that I lost on
the morning of my (75)__________.

06:15
On the morning of the stroke, I woke up to a (76)__________ pain behind my left
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(77)__________. And it was the kind of (78)___________ pain that you get when you bite
into (79)__________. And it just (80)__________ me -- and then it (81)__________ me. And
then it just gripped me -- and then it released me. And it was very unusual for me to
ever (82)__________ any kind of pain, so I thought, "OK, I'll just start my normal
routine."

06:43
So I got up and I jumped onto my cardio (83)__________, which is a full-body,
full-exercise (84)__________. And I'm jamming away on this thing, and I'm
(85)__________ that my hands look like primitive (86)__________ grasping onto the
(87)__________. And I thought, "That's very peculiar." And I looked down at my body
and I thought, "Whoa, I'm a weird-looking thing." And it was as though my
(88)__________ had shifted away from my normal (89)__________ of reality, where I'm
the person on the machine having the (90)__________, to some esoteric space where
I'm (91)__________ myself having this experience.

07:20
And it was all very peculiar, and my (92)__________ was just getting worse. So I get off

the machine, and I'm walking (93)__________ my living room floor, and I realize that
everything inside of my body has (94)__________ way down. And every step is very
(95)__________ and very deliberate. There's no fluidity to my (96)__________, and there's
this constriction in my area of (97)__________, so I'm just focused on internal systems.
And I'm standing in my (98)__________ getting ready to step into the (99)__________,
and I could actually hear the (100)__________ inside of my body. I heard a little voice
saying, "OK. You muscles, you've got to (101)__________. You muscles, you
(102)__________."

07:55
And then I lost my (103)__________, and I'm propped up against the (104)___________.
And I look down at my arm and I realize that I can no longer define the
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(105)__________ of my body. I can't define where I begin and where I end, because the
atoms and the molecules of my arm (106)__________ with the atoms and molecules of
the wall. And all I could (107)__________ was this energy -- energy.

08:21
And I'm asking myself, "What is wrong with me? What is going on?" And in that
moment, my left hemisphere brain chatter went totally (108)__________. Just like
someone took a (109)__________ and pushed the (110)__________ button. Total silence.
And at first I was (111)__________ to find myself inside of a silent (112)__________. But
then I was immediately (113)__________ by the magnificence of the (114)__________
around me. And because I could no longer identify the (115)__________ of my body, I
felt enormous and (116)__________. I felt at one with all the energy that was, and it was
beautiful there.

09:01
Then all of a sudden my left hemisphere comes back (117)__________ and it says to
me, "Hey! We've got a problem! We've got to get some help." And I'm going, "Ahh!
I've got a problem!"

09:10
(Laughter)

09:12
So it's like, "OK, I've got a problem." But then I (118)__________ drifted right back out
into the (119)__________ -- and I affectionately (120)__________ to this space as La La
Land. But it was beautiful there. Imagine what it would be like to be totally
(121)__________ from your brain chatter that connects you to the (122)__________ world.

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09:31
So here I am in this (123)__________, and my job, and any stress related to my job -- it
was (124)__________. And I felt lighter in my body. And imagine all of the
(125)__________ in the external world and any stressors (126)__________ to any of those
-- they were gone. And I felt this sense of (127)__________. And imagine what it would
feel like to lose 37 years of emotional (128)__________! (Laughter) Oh! I felt euphoria --
euphoria. It was beautiful.

10:06
And again, my left hemisphere comes online and it says, "Hey! You've got to
(129)__________. We've got to get help." And I'm thinking, "I've got to get help. I've got
to (130)__________." So I get out of the shower and I (131)__________ dress and I'm
walking around my (132)__________, and I'm thinking, "I've got to get to work. Can I
drive?"

10:23
And in that moment, my right arm went totally (133)__________ by my side. Then I
(134)__________, "Oh my gosh! I'm having a stroke!" And the next thing my brain says
to me is, Wow! This is so cool!

10:36
(Laughter)

10:38
This is so cool! How many brain scientists have the (135)__________ to study their own

brain from the inside out?"

10:45
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(Laughter)

10:47
And then it crosses my mind, "But I'm a very busy woman!"

10:51
(Laughter)

10:52
"I don't have time for a stroke!" So I'm like, "OK, I can't stop the stroke from
(136)__________, so I'll do this for a week or two, and then I'll get back to my
(137)__________. OK. So I've got to call help. I've got to call work." I couldn't remember
the number at work, so I remembered, in my office I had a (138)__________ with my
number. So I go into my business room, I (139) __________ a three-inch stack of
business cards. And I'm looking at the card on top and (140__________ I could see
(141)__________ in my mind's eye what my business card looked like, I couldn't tell if
this was my card or not, because all I could see were (142)__________. And the pixels of
the (143)__________ blended with the pixels of the (144)__________ and the pixels of the
symbols, and I just couldn't tell. And then I would (145)__________ for what I call a
wave of (146)__________. And in that moment, I would be able to (147)__________ to
normal reality and I could tell that's not the card... that's not the card. It took me 45
minutes to get one inch down inside of that stack of cards. In the (148)__________, for
45 minutes, the haemorrhage is getting (149)__________ in my left hemisphere. I do
not understand (150)__________, I do not understand the (151)__________, but it's the
only plan I have.

11:59
So I take the phone pad and I put it right here. I take the business card, I put it right
here, and I'm matching the shape of the squiggles on the card to the shape of the
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squiggles on the phone pad. But then I would (152)__________ out into La La Land,
and not remember when I came back if I'd already (153)__________ those numbers. So
I had to wield my (154)__________ arm like a stump and (155)__________ the numbers
as I went along and (156)__________ them, so that as I would come back to
(157)__________ reality, I'd be able to tell, "Yes, I've already dialled that number."

12:33
Eventually, the whole number gets dialled and I'm listening to the phone, and my
(158)__________ picks up the phone and he says to me, "Woo woo woo woo."
(Laughter)

12:42
(Laughter)

12:46
And I think to myself, "Oh my gosh, he sounds like a Golden Retriever!"

12:51
(Laughter)

12:52
And so I say to him -- clear in my mind, I say to him: "This is Jill! I need
(159)__________!" And what comes out of my (160)__________ is, "Woo woo woo woo
woo." I'm thinking, "Oh my gosh, I sound like a Golden Retriever." So I couldn't know
-- I didn't know that I couldn't speak or understand (161)__________ until I tried. So he
(162)__________ that I need help and he gets me help.

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13:13
And a little while (163)__________, I am riding in an (164)__________ from one hospital
across Boston to [Massachusetts] General Hospital. And I (165)___________ into a little
fetal ball. And just like a balloon}} with the last bit of (166)__________, just right out of
the balloon, I just felt my (167)__________ lift and just I felt my (168) __________
surrender.

13:39
And in that moment, I knew that I was (169)__________ the choreographer of my life.
And either the doctors (170)__________ my body and give me a second (171)__________
at life, or this was perhaps my moment of (172)__________.

13:58
When I woke later that afternoon, I was shocked to (173)__________ that I was still
(174)__________. When I felt my spirit surrender, I said (175)__________ to my life. And
my mind was now (176)__________ between two very opposite (177)__________ of
reality. (178)__________ coming in through my sensory (179)__________ felt like pure
pain. Light burned my brain like (180)__________, and sounds were so (181)__________
and chaotic that I could not pick a voice out from the (182)__________, and I just
wanted to (183)__________. Because I could not identify the position of my body in
(184)__________, I felt enormous and expansive, like a genie just (185)__________ from
her bottle. And my spirit soared (186)__________, like a great (187)__________ gliding
through the sea of silent euphoria. Nirvana. I found Nirvana. And I remember
(188)__________, there's no way I would ever be able to squeeze the enormousness of
myself back inside this (189)__________ little body.

15:17
But then I (190)___________, "But I'm still alive! I'm still alive, and I have found Nirvana.

And if I have found Nirvana and I'm still alive, then everyone who is alive can find
Nirvana." And I (191)__________ a world filled with beautiful, (192)__________,
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compassionate, (193)__________ people who knew that they could come to this space
at any time. And that they could (194)__________ choose to step to the right of their
left hemispheres -- and find this peace. And then I realized what a (195)__________ gift
this experience could be, what a stroke of (196)__________ this could be to how we live
our lives. And it motivated me to (197)__________.

16:13
Two and a half weeks after the haemorrhage, the (198)__________ went in, and they
removed a (199)__________ clot the size of a (200)__________ ball that was pushing on
my (201)__________ centres. Here I am with my mama, who is a true (202)__________ in
my life. It took me eight years to completely (203)__________.

16:32
So who are we? We are the life-force (204)__________ of the universe, with manual
dexterity and two cognitive (205)__________. And we have the power to
(206)__________, moment by moment, who and how we want to be in the
(207)__________. Right here, right now, I can step into the (208)__________ of my right
hemisphere, where we are. I am the life-force power of the universe. I am the
life-force power of the 50 trillion beautiful molecular (209)__________ that make up
my form, at one with all that is. Or, I can choose to step into the consciousness of my
left hemisphere, where I become a (210)__________ individual, a (211)__________.
Separate from the flow, separate from you. I am Dr. Jill Bolte Taylor: intellectual,
neuroanatomist. These are the "we" inside of me. Which would you choose? Which
do you choose? And (212)__________? I believe that the more time we spend
(213)__________ to run the deep inner-peace circuitry of our right hemispheres, the
more (214)__________ we will project into the (215)__________, and the more
(216)__________ our planet will be. And I thought that was an idea worth
(217)__________.

18:04
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Thank you.
4. The global food waste scandal

00:04
The job of uncovering the global food waste 1.__________ started for me when I was 15

years old. I bought some 2.__________. I was living in Sussex. And I started to feed
them in the most traditional and 3.__________ way. I went to my 4.__________, and I
said, "Give me the scraps that my school friends have turned their noses up at." I
went to the local 5.__________ and took their 6.__________ bread. I went to the local
greengrocer, and I went to a farmer who was throwing away 7.__________ because
they were the wrong shape or size for supermarkets. This was great. My pigs turned
that food waste into 9.__________ pork. I sold that pork to my school friends' parents,
and I made a good 10.__________ addition to my teenage allowance.

00:44
But I noticed that most of the food that I was giving my pigs was in fact fit for
11.__________, and that I was only 12.__________ the surface, and that right the way up
the 13.__________ chain, in supermarkets, greengrocers, bakers, in our homes, in
factories and farms, we were haemorrhaging out food. Supermarkets didn't even
want to talk to me about how much food they were 14.__________. I'd been round the
back. I'd seen bins full of food being locked and then trucked off to 15.__________, and
I thought, surely there is something more 16.__________to do with food than waste it.
01:16
One morning, when I was feeding my pigs, I noticed a 17.__________tasty-looking sun

18.__________tomato loaf that used to crop up from time to time. I grabbed hold of it,
sat down, and ate my breakfast with my pigs. (Laughter) That was the first
19.__________of what I later learned to call freeganism, really an 20.__________of the
injustice of 21.__________, and the 22.__________ of the solution to food waste, which is
simply to sit down and eat food, rather than throwing it away. That became, as it
were, a way of confronting 23.__________in the business of wasting food, and
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24.__________, most importantly, to the public, that when we're talking about food
being thrown away, we're not talking about 25.__________stuff, we're not talking
about stuff that's beyond the pale. We're talking about good, fresh food that is being
wasted on a 26.__________scale.

02:04
Eventually, I set about writing my book, really to 27.__________ the extent of this
problem on a global scale. What this shows is a nation-by-nation 28.__________of the
likely level of food waste in each country in the world. Unfortunately, 29.__________
data, good, hard stats, don't exist, and therefore to prove my point, I first of all had to
find some 30.__________way of uncovering how much food was being wasted. So I
took the food supply of every single country and I 31.__________it to what was actually
likely to be being consumed in each country. That's based on diet intake
32.__________, it's based on levels of 33.__________, it's based on a range of factors that
gives you an 34.__________ guess as to how much food is actually going into people's
35.__________. That black line in the middle of that table is the likely level of
36.__________ with an 37.__________ for certain levels of inevitable waste. There will
always be waste. I'm not that 38.__________that I think we can live in a 39.__________
world. But that black line shows what a 40.__________should be in a country if they
allow for a good, stable, secure, 41.__________diet for every person in that country. Any
dot above that line, and you'll quickly notice that that includes most countries in the
world, represents 42.__________surplus, and is likely to 43.__________levels of waste in
each country.

03:25
As a country gets 44.__________, it invests more and more in getting more and more
surplus into its shops and 45.__________, and as you can see, most European and
46.__________countries fall between 150 and 200 percent of the nutritional
requirements of their 47.__________. So a country like America has twice as much
food on its shop 48.__________and in its restaurants than is actually required to feed
the American people.
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03:51
But the thing that really struck me, when I 49.__________all this data, and it was a lot
of numbers, was that you can see how it 50.__________. Countries rapidly shoot
towards that 150 mark, and then they level off, and they don't really go on rising as
you might expect. So I decided to 51.__________ that data a little bit further to see if
that was true or false. And that's what I came up with. If you 52.__________not just the
food that ends up in shops and restaurants, but also the food that people feed to
53.__________the maize, the soy, the wheat, that humans could eat but choose to
54.__________livestock instead to produce increasing amounts of meat and
55.__________, what you find is that most rich countries have between three and four
times the 56.__________of food that their population needs to 57.__________itself. A
country like America has four times the amount of food that it needs.

04:44
When people talk about the need to increase global food 58.__________to feed those
nine billion people that are 59.__________on the planet by 2050, I always think of
these 60.__________The fact is, we have an 61.__________buffer in rich countries
between ourselves and 62.__________. We've never had such gargantuan surpluses
before. In many ways, this is a great 63.__________story of human civilization, of the
agricultural surpluses that we set out to achieve 12,000 years ago. It is a success
story. It has been a success story. But what we have to 64.__________now is that we
are reaching the 65.__________limits that our planet can bear, and when we chop
down 66.__________, as we are every day, to grow more and more food, when we
67.__________water from depleting water reserves, when we emit
68.__________emissions in the quest to grow more and more food, and then we throw
away so much of it, we have to think about what we can start 69.__________.

05:44
And yesterday, I went to one of the local supermarkets that I often visit to inspect, if
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you like, what they're throwing away. I found quite a few packets of biscuits amongst
all the fruit and vegetables and everything else that was in there. And I thought, well
this could serve as a symbol for today.

06:01
So I want you to imagine that these nine biscuits that I found in the bin represent
the global food supply, okay? We start out with nine. That's what's in
70.__________around the world every single year. The first biscuit we're going to lose
before we even 71.__________the farm. That's a problem primarily 72.__________with
developing work 73.__________, whether it's a lack of infrastructure, 74.__________,
pasteurization, grain stores, even basic 75.__________, which means that food goes to
waste before it even leaves the fields. The next three biscuits are the foods that we
decide to feed to livestock, the maize, the wheat and the soya. 76.__________, our
beasts are inefficient animals, and they turn 77.__________of that into faeces and heat,
so we've lost those two, and we've only kept this one in meat and dairy products.
Two more we're going to throw away 78.__________into bins. This is what most of us
think of when we think of food waste, what ends up in the 79.__________, what ends
up in supermarket bins, what ends up in restaurant bins. We've lost another two, and
we've left 80.__________with just four biscuits to feed on. That is not a superlatively
81.__________ use of global resources, especially when you think of the billion hungry
people that 82.__________ already in the world.

07:15
Having gone through the data, I then needed to demonstrate where that food ends

up. Where does it end up? We're used to seeing the stuff on our plates, but what
about all the stuff that goes missing in between?

07:27
Supermarkets are an easy place to start. This is the result of my hobby, which is
83.__________bin inspections. (Laughter) 84.__________you might think, but if we
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could rely on 85.__________ to tell us what they were doing in the back of their stores,
we wouldn't need to go 86.__________around the back, opening up bins and having a
look at what's inside. But this is what you can see more or less on every 87.__________
in Britain, in Europe, in North America. It represents a 88.__________waste of food, but
what I discovered whilst I was writing my book was that this very
89.__________abundance of waste was actually the tip of the 90.__________. When you
start going up the supply chain, you find where the real food waste is 91.__________on
a gargantuan scale.

08:11
Can I have a show of hands if you have a 92.__________ of sliced bread in your house?

Who lives in a 93.__________where that crust -- that slice at the first and last end of
each loaf -- who lives in a household where it does get 94.__________? Okay, most
people, not everyone, but most people, and this is, I'm glad to say, what I see
95.__________the world, and yet has anyone seen a supermarket or sandwich shop
anywhere in the world that 96.__________sandwiches with crusts on it? (Laughter) I
certainly haven't. So I 97.__________thinking, where do those crusts go? (Laughter)
This is the answer, unfortunately: 13,000 slices of fresh bread coming out of this one
single factory every single day, day-fresh bread. In the same year that I visited this
98.__________, I went to Pakistan, where people in 2008 were going hungry as a result
of a squeeze on global food supplies. We 99.__________ to that squeeze by
100.__________food in bins here in Britain and elsewhere in the world. We take food
off the market 101.__________that hungry people 102.__________.

09:13
Go one step up, and you get to farmers, who throw away 103.__________ a third or
even more of their harvest because of 104.__________ standards. This farmer, for
example, has invested 16,000 pounds in growing 105.__________, not one leaf of which
he harvested, because there was a little bit of 106.__________growing in amongst it.
Potatoes that are cosmetically 107.__________, all going for pigs. Parsnips that are
108.__________for supermarket specifications, tomatoes in Tenerife, oranges in
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Florida, bananas in Ecuador, where I visited last year, all being discarded. This is one
day's waste from one banana 109.__________in Ecuador. All being discarded, perfectly
110.__________, because they're the wrong shape or size.

09:53
If we do that to fruit and vegetables, you bet we can do it to 111.__________too. Liver,
lungs, heads, 112.__________, kidneys, testicles, all of these things which are
113.__________, delicious and 114.__________parts of our gastronomy go to waste. Offal
consumption has 115.__________ in Britain and America in the last 30 years. As a result,
this stuff gets fed to 116.__________at best, or is incinerated. This man, in Kashgar,
Xinjiang province, in Western China, is serving up his national dish. It's called sheep's
117.__________. It's delicious, it's nutritious, and as I learned when I went to Kashgar, it
symbolizes their taboo 118.__________ food waste. I was sitting in a 119.__________cafe. A
chef came to talk to me, I finished my bowl, and halfway through the 120.__________,
he 121.__________talking and he started frowning into my bowl. I thought, "My
goodness, what taboo have I broken? How have I insulted my host?" He pointed at
three grains of 122.__________at the bottom of my bowl, and he said, "Clean."
(Laughter) I thought, "My God, you know, I go around the world telling people to stop
wasting food. This guy has thrashed me at my own game." (Laughter)

10:59
But it gave me faith. It gave me faith that we, the people, do have the
123.__________to stop this 124.__________ waste of resources if we regard it as socially
125.__________to waste food on a colossal scale, if we make 126.__________ about it, tell
corporations about it, tell governments we want to see an end to food waste, we do
have the power to 127.__________that change.

11:18
Fish, 40 to 60 percent of European fish are discarded 128.__________, they don't even
get landed. In our homes, we've lost 129__________with food. This is an 130__________I
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did on three lettuces. Who keeps lettuces in their fridge? Most people. The one on
the left was kept in a fridge for 10 days. The one in the middle, on my kitchen table.
Not much difference. The one on the right I 131.__________like cut flowers. It's a living
organism, cut the slice off, stuck it in a vase of water, it was all right for another two
weeks after this.

11:49
Some food waste, as I said at the beginning, will 132.__________arise, so the question
is, what is the best thing to do with it? I answered that question when I was 15. In
fact, humans answered that question 6,000 years ago: We 133.__________pigs to turn
food waste back into food. And yet, in Europe, that practice has become
134.__________since 2001 as a result of the foot-and-mouth 135.__________. It's
unscientific. It's unnecessary. If you cook food for pigs, just as if you cook food for
humans, it is 136.__________safe. It's also a massive saving of 137.__________. At the
moment, Europe depends on importing millions of tons of 138.__________from South
America, where its production contributes to 139.__________, to deforestation, to
biodiversity loss, to feed livestock here in Europe. At the same time we
140.__________millions of tons of food waste which we could and should be feeding
them. If we did that, and fed it to pigs, we would save that amount of 141.__________. If
we feed our food waste which is the current government favourite way of getting rid
of food waste, to anaerobic digestion, which turns food waste into gas to produce
142.__________, you save a paltry 448 kilograms of carbon dioxide per ton of food
waste. It's much better to feed it to pigs. We knew that during the war. (Laughter)

13:08
A silver lining: It has kicked off 143.__________, the quest to tackle food waste. Feeding

the 5,000 is an 144.__________I first organised in 2009. We fed 5,000 people all on food
that 145.__________would have been wasted. Since then, it's happened again in
London, it's happening 146.__________, and across the country. It's a way of
organisations coming together to 147.__________food, to say the best thing to do with
food is to eat and enjoy it, and to 148.__________wasting it. For the sake of the
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149.__________we live on, for the sake of our 150.__________, for the sake of all the other
151.__________that share our planet with us, we are a terrestrial animal, and we
152.__________our land for food. At the moment, we are trashing our land to grow
food that no one eats. Stop wasting food. Thank you very much. (Applause)
(Applause)

5. The missing link to renewable energy

The 1_________ powering the lights in this theater was generated just moments ago.
Because the way things stand today, electricity demand must be in 2_________
balance with electricity supply. If in the time that it took me to walk out here on this
stage, some tens of megawatts of wind power stopped pouring into the grid, the
difference would have to be made up from other 4____________ immediately. But
coal plants, 3___________ can't respond fast enough. A giant battery could. With a
giant battery, we'd be able to address the problem of intermittency that prevents
wind and solar from contributing to the grid in the same way that coal, gas and
nuclear do today.
00:53
You see, the battery is the key enabling device here. With it, we could draw electricity
from the sun even when the sun doesn't shine. And that changes everything.
Because then renewables such as wind and solar come out from the wings, here to
center stage. Today I want to tell you about such a device. It's called the liquid
5____________ . It's a new form of 6___________ that I invented at MIT along with a
team of my students and post-docs.
01:28
Now the theme of this year's TED Conference is Full Spectrum. The OED defines
spectrum as "The 7____________ of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, from
the longest radio waves to the shortest gamma rays of which the range of visible
light is only a small part." So I'm not here today only to tell you how my team at MIT
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has drawn out of nature a solution to one of the world's 8___________. I want to go full
spectrum and tell you how, in the process of developing this new technology, we've
uncovered some surprising heterodoxies that can serve as lessons for 9__________,
ideas worth spreading. And you know, if we're going to get this country out of its
current energy situation, we can't just conserve our way out; we can't just drill our
way out; we can't bomb our way out. We're going to do it the 10__________ American
way, we're going to invent our way out, working together.
02:31
(Applause)
02:34
Now let's get started. The battery was invented about 200 years ago by a professor,
Alessandro Volta, at the University of Padua in Italy. His 11____________ gave birth to a
new field of science, electrochemistry, and new technologies such as electroplating.
Perhaps overlooked, Volta's invention of the battery for the first time also
demonstrated the 12_________ of a professor. (Laughter) Until Volta, nobody could
imagine a professor could be of any use.
03:07
Here's the first battery -- a stack of coins, zinc and silver, separated by cardboard
soaked in brine. This is the starting point for designing a battery -- two electrodes, in
this case metals of different composition, and an electrolyte, in this case salt
dissolved in water. The science is that simple. Admittedly, I've left out a few details.
03:33
Now I've taught you that battery science is 13____________ and the need for grid-level

storage is compelling, but the fact is that today there is simply no battery technology
capable of meeting the demanding 14______________ of the grid -- namely
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uncommonly high power, long service lifetime and super-low cost. We need to think
about the problem differently. We need to think big, we need to think cheap.
04:05
So let's abandon the paradigm of let's search for the coolest chemistry and then
hopefully we'll chase down the cost curve by just making lots and lots of product.
Instead, let's invent to the price point of the electricity market. So that means that
certain parts of the periodic table are axiomatically off-limits. This battery needs to
be made out of earth-abundant 15_________. I say, if you want to make something dirt
cheap, make it out of dirt -- (Laughter) preferably dirt that's locally sourced. And we
need to be able to build this thing using simple manufacturing 16__________ and
factories that don't cost us a fortune.
04:52
So about six years ago, I started thinking about this problem. And in order to adopt a

fresh 17___________, I sought 18_____________ from beyond the field of electricity
storage. In fact, I looked to a technology that neither stores nor generates electricity,
but instead consumes electricity, huge amounts of it. I'm talking about the
production of aluminum. The process was invented in 1886 by a couple of
22-year-olds -- Hall in the United States and Heroult in France. And just a few short
years following their discovery, aluminum changed from a 19_______________ metal
costing as much as silver to a common 20_____________ material.
05:35
You're looking at the cell house of a modern aluminum smelter. It's about 50 feet
wide and recedes about half a mile -- row after row of cells that, inside, resemble
Volta's battery, with three important 21_____________ Volta's battery works at room
temperature. It's fitted with solid electrodes and an electrolyte that's a
22_____________ of salt and water. The Hall-Heroult cell 23_____________ at high
temperature, a temperature high enough that the aluminum metal product is
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liquid. The electrolyte is not a solution of salt and water, but rather salt that's melted.
It's this 24_____________ of liquid metal, molten salt and high 25_____________ that
allows us to send high current through this thing. Today, we can produce virgin
metal from ore at a cost of less than 50 cents a pound. That's the 26_____________
miracle of modern electrometallurgy.
06:32
It is this that caught and held my 27_____________ to the point that I became
obsessed with 28_____________ a battery that could capture this gigantic economy of
scale. And I did. I made the battery all liquid -- liquid metals for both electrodes and a
molten salt for the electrolyte. I'll show you how. So I put low-density liquid metal at
the top, put a high-density liquid metal at the 29_____________ and molten salt in
between.
07:31
So now, how to choose the metals? For me, the design exercise always begins here
with the periodic table, enunciated by another professor, Dimitri Mendeleyev.
Everything we know is made of some 30_____________ of what you see depicted here.
And that includes our own bodies. I recall the very moment one day when I was
searching for a pair of metals that would meet the constraints of earth abundance,
different, opposite 31_____________ and high 32_____________ reactivity. I felt the thrill
of 33_____________ when I knew I'd come upon the answer. Magnesium for the top
layer. And antimony for the bottom layer. You know, I've got to tell you, one of the
greatest 34_____________ of being a professor: colored chalk.
08:32
(Laughter)
08:35
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So to produce current, magnesium loses two electrons to become magnesium ion,
which then migrates 35_____________ the electrolyte, accepts two electrons from the
antimony, and then mixes with it to form an alloy. The electrons go to work in the
real world out here, powering our 36_____________ . Now to 37_____________ the
battery, we connect a 38_____________ of electricity. It could be something like a
wind farm. And then we 39_____________ the current. And this forces magnesium to
de-alloy and return to the upper electrode, restoring the initial constitution of the
battery. And the current passing between the electrodes 40_____________ enough
heat to keep it at 41_____________.
09:35
It's pretty cool, at least in theory. But does it really work? So what to do next? We go
to the 42_____________. Now do I hire seasoned 43_____________? No, I hire a student
and mentor him, teach him how to think about the 44_____________ to see it from my
perspective and then turn him loose. This is that student, David Bradwell, who, in this
45_____________, appears to be wondering if this thing will ever work. What I didn't
tell David at the time was I myself wasn't 46_____________ it would work.
10:14
But David's young and he's smart and he wants a Ph.D., and he proceeds to build --
(Laughter) He proceeds to build the first ever liquid metal battery of this
47_____________. And based on David's 48_____________ promising results, which were
paid with seed funds at MIT, I was able to attract major research funding from the
private sector and the federal 49_____________. And that allowed me to expand my
group to 20 people, a mix of 50_____________ students, post-docs and even some
51_____________.
10:50
And I was able to attract really, really good people, people who share my
52_____________ for science and service to society, not science and service for
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53_____________ building. And if you ask these people why they work on liquid metal
battery, their answer would hearken back to President Kennedy's remarks at Rice
University in 1962 when he said -- and I'm taking liberties here -- "We choose to work
on grid-level 54_____________, not because it is easy, but because it is hard."
11:20
(Applause)
11:27
So this is the 55_____________ of the liquid metal battery. We start here with our
workhorse one watt-hour cell. I called it the shotglass. We've operated over 400 of
these, perfecting their 56_____________ with a plurality of chemistries -- not just
magnesium and antimony. Along the way we scaled up to the 20 watt-hour cell. I
call it the hockey puck. And we got the same 57_____________ results. And then it was
onto the saucer. That's 200 watt-hours. The technology was proving itself to be
robust and scalable. But the pace wasn't fast enough for us. So a year and a half ago,
David and I, along with another research 58_____________, formed a company to
accelerate the rate of 59_____________ and the race to 60_____________ product.
12:13
So today at LMBC, we're building cells 16 inches in diameter with a capacity of one
kilowatt-hour -- 1,000 times the capacity of that initial shotglass cell. We call that the
pizza. And then we've got a four kilowatt-hour cell on the 61_____________. It's going
to be 36 inches in diameter. We call that the bistro table, but it's not ready yet for
prime-time viewing. And one variant of the technology has us stacking these bistro
tabletops into modules, aggregating the modules into a giant battery that fits in a
40-foot shipping 62_____________ for 62_____________ in the field. And this has a
nameplate capacity of two megawatt-hours -- two million watt-hours. That's enough
63_____________ to meet the daily 64_____________ needs of 200 American
households. So here you have it, grid-level storage: 65_____________, emissions-free,
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no moving parts, remotely controlled, designed to the 66_____________ price point
without subsidy.
13:15
So what have we learned from all this? (Applause) So what have we learned from all
this? Let me share with you some of the 67_____________, the heterodoxies. They lie
beyond the 68_____________. Temperature: Conventional wisdom says set it low, at or
near room 69_____________, and then install a control system to keep it there.
70_____________ thermal runaway. Liquid metal battery is designed to operate at
elevated temperature with minimum 71_____________. Our battery can handle the
very high temperature 72_____________ come from current surges. Scaling:
Conventional wisdom says 73_____________ cost by producing many. Liquid metal
battery is designed to reduce cost by producing fewer, but they'll be larger. And
finally, human 74_____________: Conventional wisdom says hire battery
75_____________, seasoned professionals, who can draw upon their vast
76_____________ and 76_____________. To 77_____________ liquid metal battery, I hired
students and post-docs and mentored them. In a battery, I strive to maximize
electrical potential; when mentoring, I strive to maximize human potential. So you
see, the liquid metal battery story is more than an 78_____________ of inventing
79_____________, it's a blueprint for inventing inventors, full-spectrum.
6. Do schools kill creativity?

00:05
Good morning. How are you?
00:08
(Audience) Good.
00:09
It's been great, hasn't it? I've been blown away by the whole thing. In fact, I'm
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leaving.
00:15
(Laughter)
00:21
There have been three 1_________ running through the conference, which are
2_________ to what I want to talk about. One is the extraordinary 3_________ of human
4_________ in all of the 5_________ that we've had and in all of the people here; just the
6_________ of it and the 7_________ of it. The second is that it's 8_________ us in a place
where we have no 9_________ what's going to happen in terms of the future. No idea
how this may play out.
00:48
I have an interest in 10_________. Actually, what I find is, everybody has an interest in
education. Don't you? I find this very 11_________. If you're at a dinner party, and you
say you work in education -- actually, you're not often at dinner 12_________, frankly.
01:04
(Laughter)
01:08
If you work in education, you're not asked.
01:10
(Laughter)
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01:13
And you're never asked back, 13_________. That's strange to me. But if you are, and
you say to 14_________, you know, they say, "What do you do?" and you say you work
in 15_________, you can see the 16_________ run from their face. They're like, "Oh my
God. Why me?"
01:27
(Laughter)
01:29
"My one night out all week."
01:31
(Laughter)
01:33
But if you ask about their 17_________, they pin you to the wall, because it's one of
those things that goes deep with people, am I right? Like 18_________ and money and
other things. So I have a big 19_________ in education, and I think we all do. We have a
huge vested interest in it 20_________ because it's education that's 21_________ to take
us into this future that we can't grasp. If you think of it, 22_________ starting school
this year will be 23_________ in 2065. Nobody has a clue, despite all the 24_________
that's been on 25_________ for the past four days, what the world will look like in five
years' time. And yet, we're meant to be educating them for it. So the unpredictability,
I think, is 26_________.
02:16
And the third part of this is that we've all agreed, 27_________, on the really
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extraordinary 28_________ that children have -- their capacities for 29_________. I
mean, Sirena last night was a marvel, wasn't she? Just seeing what she could do.
And she's 30_________, but I think she's not, so to speak, exceptional in the whole of
childhood. What you have there is a person of extraordinary 31_________who found a
talent. And my contention is, all kids have tremendous 32_________, and we squander
them, pretty ruthlessly.
02:49
So I want to talk about education, and I want to talk about 33_________. My
contention is that creativity now is as important in education as 34_________, and we
should 35_________ with the same status.
03:02
(Applause)
03:03
Thank you.
03:04
(Applause)
03:08
That was it, by the way. Thank you very much.
03:11
(Laughter)
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03:13
So, 15 minutes left.
03:15
(Laughter)
03:18
"Well, I was born ... "
03:20
(Laughter)
03:23
I heard a great story recently -- I love telling it -- of a little girl who was in a 36
_________ lesson. She was six, and she was at the back, drawing, and the teacher said
this girl hardly ever paid 37_________, and in this drawing lesson, she did. The teacher
was 38_________. She went over to her, and she said, "What are you 39_________?" And
the girl said, "I'm drawing a picture of God." And the teacher said, "But nobody knows
what God looks like." And the girl said, "They will in a minute."
03:48
(Laughter)
04:00
When my son was four in England -- actually, he was four everywhere, to be honest.
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04:05
(Laughter)
04:06
If we're being strict about it, wherever he went, he was four that year. He was in the
Nativity play. Do you remember the story?
04:12
(Laughter)
04:14
No, it was big, it was a big story. Mel Gibson did the sequel, you may have seen it.
04:18
(Laughter)
04:19
"Nativity II." But James got the part of Joseph, which we were thrilled about. We
40_________ this to be one of the 41_________ parts. We had the place crammed full of
42_________ in T-shirts: "James Robinson IS Joseph!" (Laughter) He didn't have to
speak, but you know the bit where the three 43_________ come in? They come in
bearing 44_________, gold, frankincense and myrrh. This really happened. We were
sitting there, and I think they just went out of 45_________, because we talked to the
little boy afterward and said, "You OK with that?" They said, "Yeah, why? Was that
wrong?" They just switched. The three boys came in, four-year-olds with tea
46_________ on their heads. They put these 47_________ down, and the first boy said, "I
bring you 48_________." And the second boy said, "I bring you myrrh." And the third
boy said, "Frank sent this."
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05:01
(Laughter)
05:14
What these things have in 50_________is that kids will take a chance. If they don't
know, they'll have a go. Am I right? They're not 51_________ of being wrong. I don't
mean to say that being wrong is the same thing as being 52_________. What we do
know is, if you're not prepared to be wrong, you'll never come up with anything
53_________ -- if you're not 54_________ to be wrong. And by the time they get to be
adults, most kids have 55_________that 56_________. They have become frightened of
being wrong. And we run our 57_________like this. We stigmatize 60_________. And
we're now running 58_________systems where mistakes are the worst thing you can
make. And the result is that we are 59_________ people out of their creative
capacities.
05:57
Picasso once said this, he said that all 61_________ are 62_________ artists. The
problem is to 63_________ an artist as we grow up. I believe this 64_________, that we
don't grow into creativity, we grow out of it. Or rather, we get 65_________ out of it. So
why is this?
06:15
I lived in Stratford-on-Avon until about five years ago. In fact, we moved from
Stratford to Los Angeles. So you can imagine what a seamless transition this was.
06:24
(Laughter)
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06:25
Actually, we lived in a place called Snitterfield, just outside Stratford, which is where
Shakespeare's father was born. Are you struck by a new thought? I was. You don't
think of Shakespeare having a father, do you? Do you? Because you don't think of
Shakespeare being a child, do you? Shakespeare being seven? I never thought of it. I
mean, he was seven at some point. He was in somebody's English class, wasn't he?
06:47
(Laughter)
06:54
How annoying would that be?
06:55
(Laughter)
07:03
"Must try harder."
07:04
(Laughter)
07:09
Being sent to bed by his dad, to Shakespeare, "Go to bed, now!" To William
Shakespeare. "And put the pencil down!"
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07:14
(Laughter)
07:15
"And stop speaking like that."
07:17
(Laughter)
07:20
"It's confusing everybody."
07:22
(Laughter)
07:27
Anyway, we moved from Stratford to 66_________ , and I just want to say a word
about the 67_________ . Actually, my son didn't want to come. I've got two kids; he's 21
now, my daughter's 16. He didn't want to come to Los Angeles. He loved it, but he
had a 68_________ in England. This was the love of his life, Sarah. He'd 69_________
her for a month.
07:49
(Laughter)
07:51
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Mind you, they'd had their fourth anniversary, because it's a long time when you're
16. He was really upset on the plane. He said, "I'll never find another girl like Sarah."
And we were rather pleased about that, frankly --
08:02
(Laughter)
08:10
because she was the main reason we were leaving the country.
08:13
(Laughter)
08:19
But something strikes you when you move to America and travel around the world:
every 70_________ system on earth has the same hierarchy of 71_________. Every one.
Doesn't matter where you go. You'd think it would be otherwise, but it isn't. At the
top are 72_________ and 73_________, then the humanities. At the bottom are the
arts. Everywhere on earth. And in pretty much every 74_________, too, there's a
hierarchy within the arts. Art and music are normally given a higher 75_________ in
schools than drama and dance. There isn't an education system on the planet that
teaches dance every day to children the way we teach them mathematics. Why?
Why not? I think this is rather 76_________. I think math is very important, but so is
dance. Children dance all the time if they're 77_________ to, we all do. We all have
bodies, don't we? Did I miss a meeting?
09:02
(Laughter)
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09:06
Truthfully, what happens is, as children grow up, we start to educate them
progressively from the waist up. And then we focus on their heads. And slightly to
one side.
09:15
If you were to visit education as an 78_________ and say "What's it for, 79_________?" I
think you'd have to 80_________, if you look at the output, who really 81_________ by
this, who does everything they should, who gets all the brownie points, who are the
82_________ -- I think you'd have to conclude the whole 83_________ of public
education 84_________ the world is to produce 85_________. Isn't it? They're the people
who come out the top. And I used to be one, so there.
09:41
(Laughter)
09:44
And I like university professors, but, you know, we shouldn't hold them up as the
high-water mark of all human 86_________. They're just a form of life. Another form of
life. But they're rather 87_________. And I say this out of affection for them: there's
something curious about 88_________. In my 89_________ -- not all of them, but
typically -- they live in their heads. They live up there and slightly to one side. They're
disembodied, you know, in a kind of literal way. They look upon their body as a form
of 90_________ for their heads.
10:13
(Laughter)
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10:19
Don't they? It's a way of getting their head to meetings.
10:23
(Laughter)
10:28
If you want real 91_________ of out-of-body 92_________, by the way, get yourself along

to a 93_________ conference of senior 94_________ and pop into the discotheque on
the final night.
10:38
(Laughter)
10:40
And there, you will see it. Grown men and women writhing uncontrollably, off the
beat.
10:46
(Laughter)
10:49
Waiting until it ends, so they can go home and write a paper about it.
10:52
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(Laughter)
10:54
Our education system is predicated on the idea of 95_________ ability. And there's a
reason. Around the world, there were no 96_________ of education, really, before the
19th century. They all came into being to meet the needs of 97_________. So the
hierarchy is rooted on two ideas.
11:10
Number one, that the most useful 98_________ for work are at the top. So you were
99_________ steered benignly away from things at school when you were a kid,
things you liked, on the 100_________ you would never get a job doing that. Is that
right? "Don't do music, you're not going to be a 101_________; don't do art, you won't
be an artist." Benign advice -- now, profoundly 102_________. The whole world is
engulfed in a revolution.
11:33
And the second is 102_________ ability, which has really come to dominate our view of

103_________, because the universities 104_________ the system in their image. If you
think of it, the whole system of public education around the world is a protracted
process of university 105_________. And the consequence is that many highly
106_________, brilliant, creative people think they're not, because the thing they were
good at at school wasn't valued, or was actually stigmatized. And I think we can't
107_________ to go on that way.
11:59
In the next 30 years, according to UNESCO, more people 108_________ will be
109_________ through education than since the 110_________ of history. More people.
And it's the 111_________of all the things we've talked about: 112_________ and its
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transformational effect on work, and demography and the huge explosion in
113_________.
12:16
Suddenly, degrees aren't worth anything. Isn't that true? When I was a student, if
you had a degree, you had a job. If you didn't have a job, it's because you didn't want
one. And I didn't want one, frankly.
12:28
(Laughter)
12:30
But now kids with degrees are often 114_________ home to carry on playing video
games, because you need an MA where the 115_________ job required a BA, and now
you need a PhD for the other. It's a 116_________ of 117_________ inflation. And it
indicates the whole 118_________ of education is shifting beneath our feet. We need
to radically rethink our view of 119_________ .
12:48
We know three things about 120_________. One, it's diverse. We think about the world

in all the ways that we 121_________ it. We think visually, we think in sound, we think
kinesthetically. We think in abstract terms, we think in 122_________. Secondly,
intelligence is dynamic. If you look at the 123_________ of a human brain, as we heard
yesterday from a number of 124_________, intelligence is wonderfully 125_________. The
brain isn't divided into compartments. In fact, 126_________ -- which I define as the
127_________ of having 128_________ ideas that have value -- more often than not
comes about through the 129_________ of different disciplinary ways of seeing things.
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13:25
By the way, there's a shaft of nerves that joins the two halves of the brain, called the
corpus callosum. It's thicker in women. Following off from Helen yesterday, this is
130_________why women are better at 131_________ . Because you are, aren't you?
There's a raft of 132_________, but I know it from my 133_________. If my wife is cooking
a meal at home, which is not often ... thankfully.
13:48
(Laughter)
13:51
No, she's good at some things. But if she's cooking, she's dealing with people on the
phone, she's talking to the kids, she's painting the ceiling --
13:58
(Laughter)
13:59
She's doing open-heart 134_________ over here. If I'm cooking, the door is shut, the
kids are out, the phone's on the hook, if she comes in, I get 135_________. I say, "Terry,
please, I'm trying to fry an egg in here."
14:10
(Laughter)
14:17
"Give me a break."
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14:18
(Laughter)
14:20
136_________ , do you know that old philosophical thing, "If a tree falls in a forest, and

nobody 137_________ it, did it happen?" Remember that old chestnut? I saw a great
T-shirt 138_________, which said, "If a man speaks his mind in a 139_________, and no
woman hears him, is he still wrong?"
14:35
(Laughter)
14:43
And the third thing about 140_________ is, it's 141_________ . I'm doing a new book at
the moment called "Epiphany," which is 142_________ on a series of interviews with
people about how they 143_________ their talent. I'm 144_________ by how people
got to be there. It's really prompted by a 145_________ I had with a wonderful woman
who maybe most people have 146_________ heard of, Gillian Lynne. Have you heard
of her? Some have. She's a choreographer, and 147_________ knows her work. She
did "Cats" and "Phantom of the Opera." She's 148_________ . I used to be on the board
of The Royal Ballet, as you can see.
15:12
(Laughter)
15:14
Gillian and I had lunch one day. I said, "How did you get to be a dancer?" It was
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149_________ . When she was at school, she was really 150_________. And the school, in
the '30s, wrote to her parents and said, "We think Gillian has a 151_________ disorder."
She couldn't 152_________ ; she was fidgeting. I think now they'd say she had ADHD.
Wouldn't you? But this was the 1930s, and ADHD hadn't been 153_________ at this
point. It wasn't an available 154_________.
15:38
(Laughter)
15:41
People weren't aware they could have that.
15:43
(Laughter)
15:46
Anyway, she went to see this specialist. So, this oak-paneled 155_________, and she
was there with her mother, and she was led and sat on this chair at the end, and she
156_________ on her hands for 20 minutes, while this man talked to her mother
about all the 157_________Gillian was having at school, because she was disturbing
people, her 158_________ was always late, and so on. Little kid of eight. In the end, the
doctor went and sat next to Gillian and said, "I've listened to all these things your
mother's told me. I need to speak to her 159_________ . Wait here. We'll be back. We
won't be very long," and they went and left her.
16:19
But as they went out of the room, he 160_________ the radio that was sitting on his
desk. And when they got 161_________ the room, he said to her mother, "Just stand
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and watch her." And 162_________ they left the room, she was on her feet,
163_________ to the music. And they watched for a few minutes, and he turned to
her mother and said, "Mrs. Lynne, Gillian isn't sick. She's a dancer. Take her to a dance
school."
16:43
I said, "What happened?" She said, "She did. I can't tell you how 164_________ it was.
We walked in this room, and it was full of people like me -- people who couldn't sit
still, people who had to 165_________ to think." Who had to move to think. They did
166_________ , they did tap, jazz; they did modern; they did contemporary. She was
eventually auditioned for the Royal Ballet School. She became a soloist; she had a
wonderful 167_________ at the Royal Ballet. She eventually 168_________ from the
Royal Ballet School, 169_________ the Gillian Lynne Dance Company, met Andrew
Lloyd Webber. She's been 170_________ for some of the most successful musical
theater productions in history, she's given 171_________ to millions, and she's a
multimillionaire. Somebody else might have put her on medication and told her to
calm down.
17:24
(Applause)
17:32
What I think it 172_________ to is this: Al Gore spoke the other night about ecology
and the 173_________ that was triggered by Rachel Carson. I believe our only hope
for the future is to 174_________ a new conception of human ecology, one in which
we start to reconstitute our conception of the 175_________ of human capacity. Our
education system has mined our 176_________ in the way that we strip-mine the
earth for a particular commodity. And for the 177_________ , it won't serve us. We
have to rethink the fundamental principles on which we're 178_________ our
children.
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18:05
There was a wonderful 179_________ by Jonas Salk, who said, "If all the 180_________
were to disappear from the Earth, within 50 years, all life on 181_________ would end.
If all 182_________ disappeared from the Earth, within 50 years, all 183_________ of life
would flourish." And he's right.
18:25
What TED celebrates is the gift of the 184_________ . We have to be 185_________
now that we use this gift wisely, and that we avert some of the scenarios that we've
talked about. And the only way we'll do it is by seeing our 186_________ capacities for
the 187_________ they are and seeing our children for the 188_________ that they are.
And our 189_________ is to 190_________ their whole being, so they can face this
future. By the way -- we may not see this 191_________ , but they will. And our job is to
help them make something of it.
18:57
18:58
(Applause)
7. The rise of the new global super-rich

00:04
So here's the most important 1. _______________ fact of our time. We are living in an 2.

_______________ of surging 3. _______________ inequality, 4. _______________ between
those at the very top and everyone else. This shift is the most 5. _______________ in the
U.S. and in the U.K., but it's a global 5. _______________ . It's happening in communist
China, in formerly communist Russia, it's happening in 6. _______________ , in my own
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7. _______________ Canada. We're even seeing it in 8. _______________ social
democracies like Sweden, Finland and 9. _______________ .
00:38
Let me give you a few 10. _______________ to place what's happening. In the 11.
_______________, the One Percent accounted for about 12. _______________ of the 13.
_______________ income in the United States. Today, their share has more than 14.
_______________ to above 20 percent. But what's even more 15. _______________ is
what's happening at the very tippy top of the income 16. _______________ . The 0.1
percent in the U.S. today account for more than eight percent of the national
income. They are where the One Percent was 17. _______________ ago. Let me give
you another number to put that in perspective, and this is a figure that was 18.
_______________ in 2005 by Robert Reich, the Secretary of Labor in the Clinton
administration. Reich took the 19. _______________ of two admittedly very rich men,
Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, and he found that it was equivalent to the wealth of
the bottom 40 percent of the U.S. 20. _______________ , 120 million people. Now, as it
happens, Warren Buffett is not only himself a plutocrat, he is one of the most astute
21. _______________ of that phenomenon, and he has his own favorite 22.
_______________ . Buffett likes to point out that in 23. _______________, the combined
wealth of the people on the Forbes 400 list -- and this is the list of the 400 richest
Americans -- was 300 billion dollars. Just think about it. You didn't even need to be a
billionaire to get on that list in 1992. Well, today, that 24. _______________ has more
than quintupled to 1.7 trillion, and I probably don't need to tell you that we haven't
seen anything 25. _______________ happen to the middle class, whose wealth has
stagnated if not actually 26. _______________ .
02:36
So we're living in the age of the 27. _______________ plutocracy, but we've been slow
to 28. _______________ it. One of the reasons, I think, is a sort of boiled frog
phenomenon. 29. _______________ which are slow and gradual can be hard to notice
even if their ultimate 30. _______________ is quite dramatic. Think about what
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happened, after all, to the poor frog. But I think there's something else going on.
Talking about income 31. _______________, even if you're not on the Forbes 400 list,
can make us feel 32. _______________ . It feels less 33. _______________, less optimistic, to
talk about how the pie is sliced than to think about how to make the pie bigger. And
if you do happen to be on the Forbes 400 list, talking about income distribution, and
inevitably its cousin, income redistribution, can be downright 34. _______________.
03:27
So we're living in the age of surging income inequality, especially at the top. What's
driving it, and what can we do about it?
03:37
One set of causes is political: lower taxes, deregulation, particularly of 35.
_______________ services, privatization, weaker legal 36. _______________ for trade
unions, all of these have contributed to more and more income going to the very,
very top.
03:58
A lot of these 37. _______________ factors can be broadly lumped under the 38.
_______________ of "crony capitalism," political changes that 39. _______________ a
group of well-connected 40. _______________ but don't actually do much good for the
rest of us. In practice, getting rid of crony capitalism is incredibly 41. _______________.
Think of all the years reformers of 42. _______________ stripes have tried to get rid of
corruption in Russia, for instance, or how hard it is to re-regulate the banks even
after the most profound financial 43. _______________ since the Great Depression, or
even how difficult it is to get the big multinational 44. _______________, including
those whose motto might be "don't do evil," to pay taxes at a rate even approaching
that paid by the 45. _______________. But while getting rid of crony capitalism in
practice is really, really hard, at least intellectually, it's an 46. _______________ problem.
After all, no one is actually in favor of crony capitalism. Indeed, this is one of those
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rare issues that unites the left and the right. A critique of crony capitalism is as
central to the Tea Party as it is to Occupy Wall Street.
05:13
But if crony capitalism is, intellectually at least, the easy part of the 47.
_______________, things get trickier when you look at the economic drivers of surging
income 48. _______________. In and of themselves, these aren't too 49. _______________.
Globalization and the technology 50. _______________, the twin economic
transformations which are changing our lives and transforming the 51.
_______________ economy, are also powering the 52. _______________ of the super-rich.
Just think about it. For the first time in history, if you are an 53. _______________
entrepreneur with a brilliant new idea or a fantastic new 54. _______________, you
have almost instant, almost frictionless access to a global market of more than a
billion people. As a result, if you are very, very smart and very, very lucky, you can get
very, very rich very, very quickly. The latest poster boy for this phenomenon is David
Karp. The 26-year-old founder of Tumblr recently sold his company to Yahoo for 1.1
billion dollars. Think about that for a minute: 1.1 billion dollars, 26 years old. It's easiest
to see how the 55. _______________ revolution and globalization are creating this sort
of 56. _______________ effect in highly visible fields, like sports and 57. _______________.
We can all watch how a fantastic 58. _______________ or a fantastic 59. _______________
can today leverage his or her skills across the global economy as never before. But
today, that superstar effect is happening across the 60. _______________ economy. We
have superstar technologists. We have superstar bankers. We have superstar 61.
_______________ and superstar architects. There are superstar cooks and 62.
_______________. There are even, and this is my 63. _______________ favorite example,
superstar dentists, the most dazzling exemplar of whom is Bernard Touati, the
Frenchman who ministers to the smiles of fellow superstars like Russian oligarch
Roman Abramovich or European-born American fashion designer Diane von
Furstenberg.
07:29
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But while it's pretty easy to see how 64. _______________ and the technology 65.
_______________ are creating this global plutocracy, what's a lot harder is figuring out
what to think about it. And that's because, in contrast with crony capitalism, so
much of what globalization and the technology revolution have done is highly 66.
_______________. Let's start with technology. I love the Internet. I love my 67.
_______________. I love the fact that they mean that whoever chooses to will be able to
watch this talk far beyond this auditorium. I'm even more of a fan of globalization.
This is the 68. _______________which has lifted hundreds of millions of the world's
poorest people out of 69. _______________ and into the middle class, and if you
happen to live in the rich part of the world, it's made many new products 70.
_______________ -- who do you think built your iPhone? — and things that we've relied
on for a long time much cheaper. Think of your dishwasher or your t-shirt.
08:31
So what's not to like? Well, a few things. One of the things that worries me is how
easily what you might call meritocratic plutocracy can become crony plutocracy.
Imagine you're a brilliant entrepreneur who has 71. _______________ sold that idea or
that product to the 72. _______________ billions and become a billionaire in the
process. It gets tempting at that point to use your economic nous to manipulate the
73. _______________ of the global political economy in your own favor. And that's no
mere hypothetical 74. _______________. Think about Amazon, Apple, Google,
Starbucks. These are among the world's most admired, most beloved, most
innovative 75. _______________. They also happen to be particularly adept at working
the international tax system so as to lower their tax bill very, very significantly. And
why stop at just playing the global political and economic system as it exists to your
own 76. _______________ advantage? Once you have the tremendous economic
power that we're seeing at the very, very top of the income distribution and the
political power that inevitably entails, it becomes tempting as well to start trying to
77. _______________ the rules of the game in your own favor. Again, this is no mere
hypothetical. It's what the Russian oligarchs did in creating the sale-of-the-century
privatization of Russia's natural 78. _______________ It's one way of describing what
happened with deregulation of the financial services in the U.S. and the U.K.
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10:11
A second thing that worries me is how easily meritocratic plutocracy can become
aristocracy. One way of describing the plutocrats is as alpha geeks, and they are
people who are acutely aware of how 79. _______________ highly sophisticated
analytical and quantitative skills are in today's 80. _______________. That's why they are
spending unprecedented time and resources 81. _______________ their own children.
The middle class is spending more on schooling too, but in the global educational
arms race that starts at nursery school and ends at Harvard, Stanford or MIT, the 82.
_______________ is increasingly outgunned by the One Percent. The 83.
_______________ is something that economists Alan Krueger and Miles Corak call the
Great Gatsby Curve. As income inequality increases, social mobility 84.
_______________. The plutocracy may be a meritocracy, but increasingly you have to
be born on the top rung of the ladder to even take part in that race.
11:17
The third thing, and this is what 85. _______________ me the most, is the extent to
which those same largely positive forces which are driving the rise of the global
plutocracy also happen to be hollowing out the middle class in Western
industrialized economies. Let's start with 86. _______________. Those same forces that
are creating billionaires are also devouring many 87. _______________ middle-class
jobs. When's the last time you used a travel agent? And in contrast with the 88.
_______________ revolution, the titans of our new economy aren't creating that many
new jobs. At its zenith, G.M. employed hundreds of thousands, Facebook fewer than
89. _______________. The same is true of globalization. For all that it is raising hundreds
of millions of people out of poverty in the emerging markets, it's also outsourcing a
lot of jobs from the developed Western economies. The terrifying 90. _______________
is that there is no economic rule which automatically translates increased economic
growth into widely shared prosperity. That's shown in what I consider to be the most
scary economic statistic of our time. Since the late 1990s, increases in productivity
have been decoupled from increases in wages and employment. That means that
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our countries are getting richer, our companies are getting more efficient, but we're
not creating more jobs and we're not paying people, as a whole, more.
12:52
One scary conclusion you could draw from all of this is to worry about structural
unemployment. What worries me more is a different nightmare scenario. After all, in
a totally free labor market, we could find jobs for pretty much everyone. The dystopia
that worries me is a universe in which a few geniuses invent Google and its ilk and
the rest of us are employed giving them massages.
13:23
So when I get really depressed about all of this, I comfort myself in 91. _______________

about the Industrial Revolution. After all, for all its grim, satanic mills, it worked out
pretty well, didn't it? After all, all of us here are richer, healthier, taller -- well, there are
a few exceptions — and live longer than our 92. _______________ in the early 19th
century. But it's important to remember that before we learned how to share the
fruits of the Industrial Revolution with the broad swathes of 93. _______________, we
had to go through two depressions, the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Long
Depression of the 1870s, two world wars, communist revolutions in Russia and in
China, and an era of tremendous social and political upheaval in the West. We also,
not coincidentally, went through an era of tremendous 94. _______________ and
political inventions. We created the 95. _______________ welfare state. We created
public education. We created public 96. _______________. We created public pensions.
We created unions.
14:35
Today, we are living through an era of economic transformation comparable in its
scale and its scope to the Industrial Revolution. To be sure that this new economy
benefits us all and not just the plutocrats, we need to embark on an era of
comparably ambitious social and political change. We need a new New Deal.
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14:59
(Applause)
8. Why I must speak out about climate change

00:03
What do I know that would cause me, a reticent, Midwestern scientist, to get myself

1___________ in front of the White House protesting? And what would you do if you
knew what I know? Let's start with how I got to this point. I was 2___________ to grow
up at a time when it was not 3___________ for the child of a tenant farmer to make his
way to the state university.
00:32
And I was really lucky to go to the University of Iowa where I could study under
Professor James Van Allen who built 4___________ for the first U.S. satellites. Professor
Van Allen told me about 5___________ of Venus, that there was intense microwave
radiation. Did it mean that Venus had an ionosphere? Or was Venus 6___________
hot? The right answer, confirmed by the Soviet Venera spacecraft, was that Venus
was very hot -- 7___________ degrees Fahrenheit. And it was kept hot by a thick
carbon dioxide 8___________.
01:14
I was 9___________ to join NASA and successfully propose an 10___________ to fly to
Venus. Our instrument took this image of the veil of Venus, which turned out to be a
smog of sulfuric acid. But while our instrument was being built, I became involved in
calculations of the 11___________ effect here on Earth, because we realized that our
atmospheric composition was 12___________. Eventually, I resigned as principal
investigator on our Venus experiment because a 13___________ changing before our
eyes is more interesting and important. Its changes will affect all of 14___________.
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01:58
The greenhouse effect had been well 15___________ for more than a 16___________.
British physicist John Tyndall, in the 1850's, made 17___________ measurements of the
infrared radiation, which is heat. And he showed that gasses such as CO2 absorb
heat, thus acting like a blanket warming Earth's surface.
02:20
I worked with other 18___________ to analyze Earth 19___________ observations. In 1981,
we published an article in Science 20___________ concluding that observed warming
of 0.4 degrees Celsius in the prior century was consistent with the 21___________effect
of increasing CO2. That Earth would likely warm in the 22___________, and warming
would exceed the noise level of random weather by the end of the century. We also
said that the 21st century would see shifting climate zones, creation of
drought-prone regions in 23___________ and Asia, erosion of ice sheets, rising sea
levels and opening of the fabled Northwest Passage. All of these impacts have since
either happened or are now well under way.
03:11
That paper was 24___________ on the front page of the New York Times and led to me
testifying to Congress in the 1980's, testimony in which I emphasized that global
warming increases both extremes of the Earth's water cycle. Heatwaves and
25___________ on one hand, directly from the warming, but also, because a warmer
26___________ holds more water vapor with its latent energy, 27___________ will
become in more extreme events. There will be stronger storms and greater flooding.
Global warming hoopla became time-consuming and distracted me from doing
science -- partly because I had complained that the White House altered my
testimony. So I decided to go back to strictly doing science and leave the
28___________ to others.
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04:05
By 15 years later, evidence of 29___________ was much stronger. Most of the things
mentioned in our 30___________ paper were facts. I had the privilege to speak twice
to the president's climate task force. But energy policies continued to 31___________
on finding more 32___________ . By then we had two grandchildren, Sophie and
Connor. I decided that I did not want them in the future to say, "Opa understood
what was happening, but he didn't make it clear." So I decided to give a
33___________ talk criticizing the lack of an appropriate energy policy.
04:46
I gave the talk at the University of Iowa in 2004 and at the 2005 meeting of the
American Geophysical Union. This led to calls from the White House to NASA
headquarters and I was told that I could not give any talks or speak with
34___________ without prior explicit 35___________ by NASA headquarters. After I
informed the New York Times about these restrictions, NASA was forced to end the
censorship. But there were consequences. I had been using the first line of the NASA
mission statement, "To 36___________ and 37___________ the home planet," to justify
my talks. Soon the first line of the mission statement was deleted, never to appear
again.
05:32
Over the next few years I was drawn more and more into trying to 38___________ the
urgency of a change in energy policies, while still 39___________ the physics of
climate change. Let me describe the most important 40___________ from the physics
-- first, from Earth's energy 41___________ and, second, from Earth's climate history.
05:55
Adding CO2 to the air is like throwing another blanket on the bed. It reduces Earth's

heat radiation to space, so there's a 42___________ energy imbalance. More energy is
coming in than going out, until Earth warms up enough to again radiate to space as
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much 43___________ as it absorbs from the Sun. So the key quantity is Earth's energy
imbalance. Is there more energy coming in than going out? If so, more 44___________
is in the pipeline. It will occur without adding any more greenhouse 45___________.
06:32
Now finally, we can measure Earth's energy imbalance precisely by measuring the
46___________ content in Earth's heat reservoirs. The biggest reservoir, the
47___________, was the least well measured, until more than 3,000 Argo floats were
distributed 48___________ the world's ocean. These floats reveal that the upper half
of the ocean is gaining heat at a substantial rate. The deep ocean is also
49___________ heat at a smaller rate, and 50___________ is going into the net
51___________ of ice all around the planet. And the land, to depths of tens of meters, is
also warming.
07:12
The total energy imbalance now is about six-tenths of a watt per square meter. That

may not sound like much, but when added up over the whole world, it's
52___________ . It's about 20 times greater than the 53___________ of energy use by all
of 54___________. It's equivalent to exploding 55___________ Hiroshima atomic bombs
per day 365 days per year. That's how much extra energy Earth is gaining each day.
This imbalance, if we want to stabilize 56___________, means that we must reduce
CO2 from 391 ppm, parts per million, back to 57___________ ppm. That is the change
needed to 58___________ energy balance and 59___________ further warming.
08:03
60___________ deniers argue that the Sun is the main cause of climate change. But
the measured energy imbalance occurred during the deepest solar minimum in the
record, when the Sun's energy reaching 61___________ was least. Yet, there was more
energy coming in than going out. This shows that the 62___________ of the Sun's
variations on climate is overwhelmed by the increasing greenhouse gasses, mainly
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from burning 63___________ .
08:32
Now consider Earth's climate history. These curves for global 64___________,
atmospheric CO2 and sea level were derived from ocean cores and Antarctic ice
cores, from ocean sediments and snowflakes that piled up year after year over
65___________ years forming a two-mile thick ice sheet. As you see, there's a high
correlation between temperature, CO2 and 66___________. Careful examination
shows that the temperature changes 67___________ lead the CO2 changes by a few
68___________. Climate change deniers like to use this fact to confuse and trick the
public by saying, "Look, the temperature causes CO2 to change, not vice versa." But
that lag is exactly what is expected.
09:23
Small changes in Earth's orbit that occur over tens to hundreds of 69___________ of
years alter the distribution of 70___________ on Earth. When there is more sunlight at
high latitudes in summer, 71___________ sheets melt. Shrinking ice sheets make the
planet darker, so it absorbs more 72___________ and becomes 73___________. A
warmer ocean releases CO2, just as a warm Coca-Cola does. And more CO2 causes
more warming. So CO2, methane, and ice sheets were feedbacks that amplified
global temperature change causing these ancient climate oscillations to be
74___________, even though the climate change was initiated by a very weak forcing.
10:10
The important point is that these same amplifying 75___________ will occur today.
The physics does not change. As Earth 76___________, now because of extra CO2 we
put in the 77___________, ice will melt, and CO2 and methane will be released by
warming ocean and melting permafrost. While we can't say 78___________ how fast
these amplifying feedbacks will occur, it is certain they will occur, unless we stop the
warming. There is 79___________ that feedbacks are already beginning. Precise
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measurements by GRACE, the gravity satellite, reveal that both Greenland and
Antarctica are now losing mass, several hundred cubic kilometers per year. And the
rate has accelerated since the measurements began 80___________ years ago.
Methane is also beginning to 81___________ from the permafrost.
11:09
What sea level rise can we look forward to? The last time CO2 was 390 ppm, today's
value, sea level was higher by at least 15 meters, 50 feet. Where you are sitting now
would be under water. Most estimates are that, this century, we will get at least one
meter. I think it will be more if we keep burning fossil fuels, perhaps even five meters,
which is 18 feet, this century or shortly thereafter.
11:42
The important point is that we will have 82___________ a process that is out of
humanity's control. Ice sheets would 83___________ to disintegrate for centuries.
There would be no stable shoreline. The economic consequences are almost
84___________. Hundreds of New Orleans-like devastations around the world. What
may be more reprehensible, if climate denial continues, is extermination of
85___________. The monarch butterfly could be one of the 20 to 50 percent of all
species that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates will be
ticketed for 86___________ by the end of the century if we stay on business-as-usual
fossil fuel use.
12:28
Global warming is already 87___________ people. The Texas, Oklahoma, Mexico
heatwave and drought last year, Moscow the year before and Europe in
88___________, were all exceptional events, more than three standard deviations
outside the norm. Fifty years ago, such anomalies covered only two- to three-tenths
of one percent of the land area. In recent years, because of global warming, they now
cover about 89___________ -- an increase by a factor of 25 to 50. So we can say with a
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high degree of 90___________ that the severe Texas and Moscow heatwaves were not
natural; they were caused by global warming. An important impact, if global
warming continues, will be on the breadbasket of our nation and the world, the
Midwest and Great Plains, which are expected to become prone to extreme
droughts, worse than the Dust Bowl, within just a few decades, if we let 91___________
continue.
13:34
How did I get dragged deeper and deeper into an attempt to communicate, giving
talks in 10 countries, getting arrested, burning up the vacation time that I had
accumulated over 30 years? More grandchildren helped me along. Jake is a
super-positive, enthusiastic boy. Here at age two and a half years, he thinks he can
protect his two and a half-day-old little sister. It would be immoral to leave these
young people with a climate system spiraling out of control.
14:11
Now the tragedy about climate change is that we can solve it with a simple, honest
approach of a gradually rising carbon fee collected from fossil fuel companies and
distributed 100 percent electronically every month to all legal residents on a per
capita basis, with the government not keeping one dime. Most people would get
more in the monthly dividend than they'd pay in increased prices. This fee and
dividend would stimulate the economy and innovations, creating millions of jobs. It
is the principal requirement for moving us rapidly to a clean energy future.
14:55
Several top economists are coauthors on this proposition. Jim DiPeso of Republicans

for Environmental Protection describes it thusly: "Transparent. Market-based. Does
not enlarge government. Leaves energy decisions to individual choices. Sounds like a
conservative climate plan."
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15:16
But instead of placing a 92___________ fee on carbon emissions to make fossil fuels
pay their true cost to society, our 93___________ are forcing the public to subsidize
fossil fuels by 400 to 500 billion dollars per year 94___________ thus encouraging
extraction of every fossil fuel -- mountaintop removal, longwall mining, fracking, tar
sands, tar shale, deep ocean Arctic drilling. This path, if continued, guarantees that
we will pass tipping points leading to ice sheet disintegration that will accelerate
95___________ of future generations. A large fraction of species will be committed to
extinction. And increasing intensity of 96___________ and 97___________ will severely
impact breadbaskets of the world, causing massive famines and economic decline.
Imagine a giant asteroid on a direct collision course with Earth.
16:21
That is the equivalent of what we face now. Yet, we dither, taking no action to divert
the asteroid, even though the longer we wait, the more 98___________ and
99___________ it becomes. If we had started in 2005, it would have 100___________
emission reductions of three percent per year to restore planetary energy balance
and stabilize climate this century. If we start next year, it is six percent per year. If we
wait 10 years, it is 15 percent per year -- extremely 101___________ and expensive,
perhaps 102___________. But we aren't even starting.
17:02
So now you know what I know that is moving me to sound this alarm. Clearly, I
haven't gotten this message across. The science is clear. I need your help to
communicate the gravity and the urgency of this situation and its solutions more
effectively. We owe it to our children and grandchildren.
17:26
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Thank you.
17:28
(Applause)
9. How public spaces make cities work

00:04
When people think about cities, they tend to think of 1_____ things. They think of
buildings and streets and 2____________, noisy cabs. But when I think about cities, I
think about people. Cities are 3___________ about people, and where people go and
where people meet are at the 4____ of what makes a city work. So even more
important than buildings in a city are the public 5______ in between them. And
today, some of the most 6___________ changes in cities are happening in these public
spaces.
00:41
So I believe that lively, 7______ public spaces are the key to planning a great city. They
are what makes it come alive. But what makes a public space work? What 8______
people to successful public spaces, and what is it about 9______ places that keeps
people away? I thought, if I could answer those questions, I could make a huge
10______ to my city. But one of the more wonky things about me is that I am an
11______ behaviorist, and I use those skills not to study animal 12______ but to study
how people in cities use city public spaces.

01:25
One of the first spaces that I studied was this little vest pocket park called Paley Park

in 13______ Manhattan. This little space became a small 14______ , and because it had
such a 15______ impact on New Yorkers, it made an 16______ impression on me. I
studied this park very early on in my 17______ because it happened to have been
18______ by my stepfather, so I knew that places like Paley Park didn't happen by
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19______ . I saw firsthand that they required incredible 20______ and enormous
attention to detail. But what was it about this space that made it 7______ and drew
people to it? Well, I would sit in the park and watch very 21______ , and first among
other things were the 22______ , movable chairs. People would come in, find their
own 23______ , move it a bit, actually, and then stay a while, and then 24______ ,
people themselves attracted other people, and ironically, I felt more 25______ if there
were other people around. And it was green. This little park 26______ what New
Yorkers crave: comfort and greenery. But my question was, why weren't there more
places with greenery and places to sit in the 27______ of the city where you didn't feel
alone, or like a trespasser? 28______ , that's not how cities were being designed.
02:58
So here you see a 29______ sight. This is how plazas have been designed for 30______ .
They have that stylish, Spartan look that we often 31______ with modern architecture,
but it's not 32______ that people avoid spaces like this. They not only look desolate,
they feel downright dangerous. I mean, where would you sit here? What would you
do here? But 33______ love them. They are plinths for their creations. They might
34______ a sculpture or two, but that's about it. And for 35______ , they are ideal.
There's nothing to water, nothing to maintain, and no 36______ people to worry
about. But don't you think this is a 37______ ? For me, becoming a city planner meant
being able to truly change the city that I lived in and loved. I wanted to be able to
create 38______ that would give you the feeling that you got in Paley Park, and not
allow developers to build bleak plazas like this. But over the many years, I have
learned how hard it is to 39______ successful, 40______ , enjoyable public spaces. As I
learned from my stepfather, they certainly do not happen by accident, 41______ in a
city like New York, where public space has to be 42______ for to begin with, and then
for them to be successful, somebody has to think very hard about every 43______ .

04:34
Now, open spaces in cities are 44______ . Yes, they are opportunities for 45______
investment, but they are also opportunities for the 46______ good of the city, and
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those two goals are often not aligned with one another, and therein lies the 47______
.

04:53
The first opportunity I had to fight for a great public open space was in the 48______
1980s, when I was leading a team of planners at a gigantic 49______ called Battery
Park City in lower Manhattan on the Hudson River. And this sandy 50______ had lain
barren for 10 years, and we were told, 51______ we found a developer in six months, it
would go 52______ . So we came up with a radical, almost 53______ idea. Instead of
building a park as a complement to 54______ development, why don't we reverse
that 55______ and build a small but very high-quality public open space first, and see
if that made a difference. So we only could 56______ to build a two-block section of
what would become a mile-long esplanade, so 57______ we built had to be perfect.
So just to make sure, I 58______ that we build a mock-up in wood, at scale, of the
railing and the sea wall. And when I sat down on that test 59______ with sand still
swirling all around me, the railing hit 60______ at eye level, blocking my view and
ruining my 61_______ at the water's edge.

06:09
So you see, 62______ really do make a difference. But design is not just how
something looks, it's how your body feels on that seat in that space, and I 63______
that successful design always depends on that very individual 64______ . In this
photo, everything looks very 65______ , but that granite edge, those 66______ the
back on that bench, the trees in planting, and the many different kinds of places to
sit were all little 67______ that turned this project into a place that people 68______
to be.

06:49
Now, this proved very 69______ 20 years later when Michael Bloomberg asked me to

be his planning commissioner and put me in 70______ of shaping the entire city of
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New York. And he said to me on that very day, he said that New York was 71______ to
grow from eight to nine million people. And he asked me, "So where are you going
to put one 72______ additional New Yorkers?"

07:14
Well, I didn't have any idea. Now, you know that New York does place a high 73______
on attracting 74______ , so we were excited about the prospect of 75______ , but
honestly, where were we going to grow in a city that was already built out to its
edges and surrounded by water? How were we going to find 76______ for that many
new New Yorkers? And if we couldn't spread out, which was 77______ a good thing,
where could new housing go? And what about cars? Our city couldn't possibly
78______ any more cars.

07:50
So what were we going to do? If we couldn't 79______ out, we had to go up. And if
we had to go up, we had to go up in places where you wouldn't need to own a car.
So that 80______ using one of our greatest 81______ : our transit system. But we had
never before thought of how we could make the most of it. So here was the 82______
to our puzzle. If we were to channel and 83______ all new development around
84______ , we could actually handle that 85______ increase, we thought. And so here
was the plan, what we really needed to do: We needed to redo our zoning -- and
zoning is the city planner's regulatory tool -- and basically reshape the entire
city,86______ where new development could go and 87______ any development at all
in our car-oriented, suburban-style neighborhoods. Well, this was an unbelievably
88______ idea, ambitious because communities had to 89______ those plans.

08:57
So how was I going to get this done? By listening. So I began listening, in fact,
90______ of hours of listening just to 91______ trust. You know, communities can tell
whether or not you understand their neighborhoods. It's not something you can just
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fake. And so I began 92______ . I can't tell you how many blocks I walked, in
sweltering 93______ , in freezing winters, year after year, just so I could get to
understand the DNA of each neighborhood and know what each 94______ felt like. I
became an incredibly geeky zoning 95______ , finding ways that zoning could
address 96______ concerns. So little by little, neighborhood by neighborhood,
97______ by block, we began to set height 98______ so that all new development
would be 99______ and near transit. Over the course of 12 years, we were able to
100______ 124 neighborhoods, 40 percent of the city, 12,500 blocks, so that now, 90
percent of all new development of New York is within a 10-minute walk of a 101______
. In other words, nobody in those new 102______ needs to own a car.

10:16
Well, those rezonings were 103______ and enervating and important, but rezoning
was never my 104______ . You can't see zoning and you can't feel zoning. My mission
was always to create great public spaces. So in the areas where we zoned for
105______ development, I was determined to create places that would make a
106______ in people's lives. Here you see what was two miles of abandoned,
degraded 107______ in the neighborhoods of Greenpoint and Williamsburg in
Brooklyn, impossible to get to and impossible to use. Now the zoning here was
108______ , so I felt an obligation to create 109______ parks on these waterfronts, and I
spent an incredible amount of time on every square 110______ of these plans. I
wanted to make sure that there were tree-lined paths from the 111______ to the
water, that there were trees and plantings everywhere, and, of course, lots and lots of
places to sit. Honestly, I had no idea how it would turn out. I had to have 112______ .
But I put everything that I had 113______ and learned into those plans.

11:29
And then it 114______ , and I have to tell you, it was incredible. People came from all
over the city to be in these parks. I know they 115______ the lives of the people who
live there, but they also changed New Yorkers' whole 116______ of their city. I often
come down and watch people get on this little ferry that now runs between the
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boroughs, and I can't tell you why, but I'm 117______ moved by the fact that people
are 118______ it as if it had always been there.

11:58
And here is a new park in 119______ Manhattan. Now, the water's edge in lower
Manhattan was a 120______ mess before 9/11. Wall Street was essentially landlocked
because you couldn't get anywhere near this edge. And after 9/11, the city had very
little 121______ . But I thought if we went to the Lower Manhattan Development
Corporation and got money to reclaim this two miles of degraded waterfront that it
would have an enormous 122______ on the rebuilding of lower Manhattan. And it did.
Lower Manhattan finally has a public waterfront on all three 123______ .

12:34
I really love this park. You know, railings have to be higher now, so we put bar seating
at the 124______ , and you can get so close to the water you're 125______ on it. And see
how the railing widens and 126______ out so you can lay down your lunch or your
laptop. And I love when people come there and look up and they say, "Wow, there's
Brooklyn, and it's so close."

12:58
So what's the trick? How do you turn a park into a place that people want to be?
Well, it's up to you, not as a city 127______ but as a human being. You don't tap into
your design expertise. You tap into your 128______ . I mean, would you want to go
there? Would you want to stay there? Can you see into it and out of it? Are there
other people there? Does it seem green and 129______ ? Can you find your very own
seat?

13:34
Well now, all over New York City, there are places where you can find your very own
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130______ . Where there used to be parking spaces, there are now pop-up 131______ .
Where Broadway traffic used to run, there are now tables and chairs. Where 12 years
ago, 132______ cafes were not allowed, they are now everywhere. But claiming these
spaces for public use was not simple, and it's even harder to keep them that way.

14:02
So now I'm going to tell you a story about a very 133______ park called the High Line.

The High Line was an elevated railway. (Applause) The High Line was an elevated
134______ that ran through three 135______ on Manhattan's West Side, and when the
train stopped running, it became a self-seeded landscape, a kind of a 136______ in
the sky. And when I saw it the first time, honestly, when I went up on that old
viaduct, I fell in love the way you fall in love with a person, 137______ . And when I was
138______ , saving the first two sections of the High Line from demolition became my
first priority and my most important 139______. I knew if there was a day that I didn't
worry about the High Line, it would come down. And the High Line, even though it is
widely 140______ now and phenomenally popular, it is the most 141______ public
space in the city. You might see a beautiful park, but not everyone does. You know,
it's true, commercial 142______ will always battle against public space. You might say,
"How 143______ it is that more than four million people come from all over the world
to visit the High Line." Well, a developer sees just one thing: 144______ . Hey, why not
take out those 145______ and have shops all along the High Line? Wouldn't that be
terrific and won't it mean a lot more money for the city? Well no, it would not be
146______ . It would be a 147______ , and not a park. (Applause) And you know what, it
might mean more money for the city, but a city has to take the long 148______ , the
view for the common good. Most recently, the last section of the High Line, the
149______ section of the High Line, the final section of the High Line, has been pitted
against 150______ interests, where some of the city's leading developers are building
more than 17 million 151______ feet at the Hudson Yards. And they came to me and
152______ that they "temporarily disassemble" that third and final 153______ . Perhaps
the High Line didn't fit in with their image of a gleaming city of skyscrapers on a hill.
154______ it was just in their way. But in any case, it took nine months of nonstop
daily 155______ to finally get the signed agreement to prohibit its demolition, and
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that was only two years ago.

16:48
So you see, no matter how 156______ and successful a public space may be, it can
never be taken for 157______ . Public spaces always -- this is it saved -- public spaces
always need vigilant 158______ , not only to claim them at the 159______ for public
use, but to design them for the people that use them, then to 160______ them to
ensure that they are for everyone, that they are not violated, invaded, abandoned or
161______ . If there is any one lesson that I have learned in my life as a city planner, it is
that public spaces have 162______ . It's not just the number of people using them, it's
the even 163 ______ number of people who feel better about their city just knowing
that they are there. Public space can change how you live in a city, how you feel
about a city, whether you choose one city over another, and public space is one of
the most important 164______ why you stay in a city.
17:52
I believe that a successful city is like a 167______ party. People stay because they are

having a great time.

18:01
Thank you.

18:03
(Applause) Thank you. (Applause)
10. What do we do when antibiotics don't work any
more?
00:04
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This is my great uncle, my father's father's 1_____ brother. His name was Joe
McKenna. He was a young husband and a semi-pro 2_____ player and a fireman in
New York City. Family 3_____ says he loved being a 4_____, and so in 1938, on one of
his days off, he elected to hang out at the firehouse. To make himself 5_____ that day,
he started 6_____ all the brass, the railings on the fire truck, the fittings on the walls,
and one of the fire hose nozzles, a giant, heavy 7_____ of metal, toppled off a shelf
and hit him. A few days later, his 8 _____ started to hurt. Two days after that, he
spiked a fever. The 9_____ climbed and climbed. His 10_____ was taking care of him,
but nothing she did made a 11_____, and when they got the 12_____ doctor in, nothing
he did mattered either.

01:05
They flagged down a cab and took him to the 13_____. The nurses there recognized
right away that he had an 14_____, what at the time they would have called "blood
poisoning," and though they 15_____ didn't say it, they would have known right away
that there was nothing they could do.

01:25
There was nothing they could do 16 _____ the things we use now to cure infections
didn't exist yet. The first test of penicillin, the first 17_____, was three years in the
future. People who got infections either 18_____, if they were lucky, or they died. My
great uncle was not lucky. He was in the hospital for a week, shaking with chills,
19_____ and delirious, sinking into a coma as his organs 20_____. His condition grew
so desperate that the people from his firehouse lined up to give him transfusions
hoping to dilute the infection 21_____ through his blood.

02:05
Nothing worked. He died. He was 30 years old.

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02:11
If you look back 22_____ history, most people died the way my great uncle died. Most

people didn't die of cancer or heart disease, the lifestyle 23_____ that afflict us in the
West today. They didn't die of those diseases because they didn't live long enough to
develop them. They died of 24_____ -- being gored by an ox, shot on a 25_____,
crushed in one of the new factories of the Industrial 26 _____ -- and most of the time
from infection, which finished what those injuries began.

02:47
All of that changed when antibiotics arrived. Suddenly, infections that had been a
death sentence became something you recovered from in days. It seemed like a
miracle, and ever since, we have been living inside the golden epoch of the miracle
drugs.

03:08
And now, we are coming to an end of it. My great uncle 27_____ in the last days of the
pre-antibiotic era. We stand today on the threshold of the post-antibiotic era, in the
28_____ days of a time when 29_____ infections such as the one Joe had will kill
people once again.

03:32
In fact, they already are. People are 30_____ of infections again because of a
phenomenon called antibiotic resistance. Briefly, it works like this. Bacteria compete
against each other for 31_____, for food, by 32_____ lethal compounds that they direct
against each other. Other bacteria, to protect themselves, evolve defenses against
that 33_____ attack. When we first made antibiotics, we took those 34_____ into the
lab and made our own versions of them, and bacteria 35_____ to our attack the way
they always had.

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04:11
Here is what happened next: Penicillin was distributed in 1943, and 36_____ penicillin

37_____ arrived by 1945. Vancomycin arrived in 1972, vancomycin resistance in 1988.
Imipenem in 1985, and resistance to in 1998. Daptomycin, one of the most 38 _____
drugs, in 2003, and resistance to it just a year later in 2004.

04:42
For 70 years, we played a game of leapfrog -- our 39_____ and their resistance, and
then another drug, and then resistance again -- and now the game is ending.
Bacteria develop resistance so quickly that 40_____ companies have decided making
antibiotics is not in their best 41_____, so there are infections moving across the world
for which, out of the more than 100 antibiotics available on the 42_____, two drugs
might work with side effects, or one drug, or none.

05:19
This is what that looks like. In 2000, the Centers for Disease Control and 43_____, the
CDC, 44_____ a single case in a hospital in North Carolina of an infection resistant to
all but two drugs. Today, that infection, known as KPC, has spread to every 45_____
but three, and to South America, Europe and the Middle East. In 2008, doctors in
Sweden diagnosed a man from India with a different infection 46_____ to all but one
drug that time. The gene that creates that resistance, known as NDM, has now 47
_____ from India into China, Asia, Africa, Europe and Canada, and the United States.

06:08
It would be 48_____ to hope that these infections are extraordinary cases, but in fact,

in the United States and Europe, 50,000 people a year die of infections which no
drugs can help. A 49_____ chartered by the British 50 _____ known as the Review on
Antimicrobial Resistance estimates that the 51_____ toll right now is 700,000 deaths a
year.
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06:41
That is a lot of deaths, and yet, the 52_____ are good that you don't feel at risk, that
you imagine these people were hospital patients in 53_____ care units or nursing
home residents near the ends of their lives, people whose infections are 54 _____
from us, in situations we can't identify with.

07:05
What you didn't think about, none of us do, is that antibiotics support almost all of
55_____ life.

07:15
If we lost antibiotics, here's what else we'd lose: First, any protection for people with
56_____ immune 57_____ -- cancer patients, AIDS patients, transplant recipients,
premature babies.

07:31
Next, any treatment that installs 58_____ objects in the body: stents for stroke, pumps
for diabetes, dialysis, 59_____ replacements. How many athletic baby boomers need
new hips and knees? A recent study 60_____ that without antibiotics, one out of ever
six would die.

07:54
Next, we'd probably lose 61_____. Many operations are preceded by prophylactic
doses of antibiotics. Without that protection, we'd lose the 62_____ to open the
hidden spaces of the body. So no heart 63_____, no prostate biopsies, no Cesarean
sections. We'd have to learn to fear infections that now seem 64_____. Strep throat
used to cause heart failure. Skin infections led to amputations. Giving birth killed, in
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the cleanest hospitals, almost one 65_____ out of every 100. Pneumonia took three
children out of every 10.

08:40
More than anything else, we'd lose the confident way we live our everyday 66_____. If

you knew that any injury could kill you, would you ride a motorcycle, bomb down a
ski slope, climb a 67_____to hang your Christmas 68_____, let your kid slide into home
plate? After all, the first person to receive penicillin, a British 69_____ named Albert
Alexander, who was so ravaged by infection that his scalp oozed pus and 70_____
had to take out an eye, was infected by doing something very simple. He 71_____ into
his garden and scratched his face on a thorn. That British project I mentioned which
estimates that the worldwide toll right now is 700,000 deaths a year also 72_____
that if we can't get this under 73_____ by 2050, not long, the worldwide toll will be 10
million deaths a year.

09:53
How did we get to this point where what we have to look forward to is those 74
_____ numbers? The difficult answer is, we did it to 75_____. Resistance is an
inevitable biological process, but we bear the 76_____ for accelerating it. We did this
by squandering antibiotics with a heedlessness that now seems shocking. Penicillin
was sold over the 77_____ until the 1950s. In much of the 78_____ world, most
antibiotics still are. In the United States, 50 percent of the antibiotics given in
hospitals are unnecessary. Forty-five percent of the79 _____ written in doctor's offices
are for 80_____ that antibiotics cannot help. And that's just in healthcare. On much of
the 81_____, most meat animals get antibiotics every day of their lives, not to cure
illnesses, but to fatten them up and to protect them 82_____ the factory farm
conditions they are raised in. In the United States, 83_____ 80 percent of the
antibiotics sold every year go to farm animals, not to humans, creating resistant
84_____ that move off the farm in water, in dust, in the meat the animals become.
Aquaculture depends on antibiotics too, 85_____ in Asia, and fruit growing relies on
antibiotics to 86_____ apples, pears, citrus, against disease. And because bacteria can
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pass their DNA to each other like a 87_____ handing off a suitcase at an airport, once
we have 88 _____ that resistance into existence, there is no knowing where it will
spread.

11:57
This was predictable. In fact, it was predicted by Alexander Fleming, the man who
89_____ penicillin. He was 90_____ the Nobel Prize in 1945 in recognition, and in an
interview shortly after, this is what he said:

12:14
"The 91_____ person playing with penicillin treatment is morally responsible for the
death of a man who succumbs to infection with a pencillin-resistant 92_____." He
added, "I hope this evil can be averted."

12:32
Can we avert it? There are companies working on 93_____ antibiotics, things the
superbugs have never seen before. We need those new drugs badly, and we need
94_____: discovery grants, extended 95_____, prizes, to lure other companies into
making antibiotics again.

12:56
But that probably won't be enough. Here's why: Evolution always 96_____ . Bacteria
birth a new 97_____ every 20 minutes. It takes pharmaceutical chemistry 10 years to
derive a new drug. Every time we use an antibiotic, we give the bacteria billions of
chances to crack the codes of the defenses we've 98_____ . There has never yet been
a drug they could not defeat.

13:28
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This is asymmetric warfare, but we can change the outcome. We could build
systems to 99_____ data to tell us automatically and 100_____ how antibiotics are
being used. We could build gatekeeping into drug order systems so that every
prescription gets a second look. We could require 101_____ to give up antibiotic use.
We could build surveillance systems to tell us where resistance is 102_____ next.

14:07
Those are the tech 103_____ . They probably aren't enough either, unless we help.
Antibiotic resistance is a habit. We all know how hard it is to change a habit. But as a
society, we've 104_____that in the past. People used to toss litter into the 105 _____,
used to not wear seatbelts, used to smoke inside 106_____ buildings. We don't do
those things anymore. We don't trash the environment or court devastating
accidents or expose others to the 107_____ of cancer, because we decided those
things were 108_____, destructive, not in our best interest. We changed social norms.
We could change 109_____ norms around antibiotic use too.

15:09
I know that the 110_____ of antibiotic resistance seems overwhelming, but if you've
ever bought a fluorescent lightbulb because you were 111_____ about climate change,
or read the label on a box of crackers because you think about the deforestation
from palm oil, you already know what it feels like to take a tiny step to address an
112_____ problem. We could take those kinds of steps for antibiotic use too. We
could forgo giving an antibiotic if we're not sure it's the right one. We could stop
insisting on a prescription for our kid's ear infection before we're sure what 113_____ it.
We could ask every 114_____ , every supermarket, where their meat comes from. We
could promise each other never again to buy chicken or shrimp or fruit 115_____ with
routine antibiotic use, and if we did those things, we could slow down the 116_____ of
the post-antibiotic world.

16:21
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But we have to do it soon. Penicillin began the antibiotic era in 1943. In just 70 years,
we walked ourselves up to the edge of 117 _____ . We won't get 70 years to find our
way back out again.

16:42

16:44
(Applause)

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Listening: 20 TED Talks

Book 1: Talks 1-10

You know, I didn't set out to be a parenting _________1. In fact, I'm not very _________2

And then with our kids, our precious kids, we spend so much time nudging, cajoling,

Well, we parents, we parents are pretty sure it's all worth it. We seem to behave -- it's

That is not what I'm saying. What I'm saying is, when we treat grades and scores and

and it's my job to provide a _________104 environment, to _________105 them through

There's an experiment I think Daniel Pink 28.__________, where you put two dogs in a

You'd still have five million pounds in change, and people would ask for the trains to

Which isn't a great idea. You're 200 yards away, you realize you've got five seconds to

you'd probably prefer to stay on the left.

The only problem is if you introduce this economically 127.__________ solution, people

[Ludwig Von Mises is my hero.]

Try this quick thought experiment: imagine a restaurant that serves Michelin-starred

What you'll also notice is that, in any case, our 215.__________ is leaky. We can't tell the

Thank you very much.

So this is a real human brain. This is the (28)__________ of the brain, the (29)__________

Assistant: It has been.

And it was all very peculiar, and my (92)__________ was just getting worse. So I get off

This is so cool! How many brain scientists have the (135)__________ to study their own

And then it crosses my mind, "But I'm a very busy woman!"

And I think to myself, "Oh my gosh, he sounds like a Golden Retriever!"

But then I (190)___________, "But I'm still alive! I'm still alive, and I have found Nirvana.

4. The global food waste scandal

The job of uncovering the global food waste 1.__________ started for me when I was 15

One morning, when I was feeding my pigs, I noticed a 17.__________tasty-looking sun

Having gone through the data, I then needed to demonstrate where that food ends

Can I have a show of hands if you have a 92.__________ of sliced bread in your house?

A silver lining: It has kicked off 143.__________, the quest to tackle food waste. Feeding

5. The missing link to renewable energy

Now I've taught you that battery science is 13____________ and the need for grid-level

So about six years ago, I started thinking about this problem. And in order to adopt a

6. Do schools kill creativity?

Good morning. How are you?

If you work in education, you're not asked.

"My one night out all week."

That was it, by the way. Thank you very much.

So, 15 minutes left.

"Well, I was born ... "

How annoying would that be?

"Must try harder."

"And stop speaking like that."

"It's confusing everybody."

Don't they? It's a way of getting their head to meetings.

If you want real 91_________ of out-of-body 92_________, by the way, get yourself along

And the second is 102_________ ability, which has really come to dominate our view of

We know three things about 120_________. One, it's diverse. We think about the world

136_________ , do you know that old philosophical thing, "If a tree falls in a forest, and

People weren't aware they could have that.

Thank you very much.

7. The rise of the new global super-rich

So here's the most important 1. _______________ fact of our time. We are living in an 2.

So when I get really depressed about all of this, I comfort myself in 91. _______________

8. Why I must speak out about climate change

What do I know that would cause me, a reticent, Midwestern scientist, to get myself

Adding CO2 to the air is like throwing another blanket on the bed. It reduces Earth's

The total energy imbalance now is about six-tenths of a watt per square meter. That

Several top economists are coauthors on this proposition. Jim DiPeso of Republicans

9. How public spaces make cities work

One of the first spaces that I studied was this little vest pocket park called Paley Park

Now, this proved very 69______ 20 years later when Michael Bloomberg asked me to

So now I'm going to tell you a story about a very 133______ park called the High Line.

You know, I didn't set out to be a parenting _1. In fact, I'm not very _2

and it's my job to provide a _104 environment, to _105 them through

So this is a real human brain. This is the (28) of the brain, the (29)

If you want real 91_ of out-of-body 92_, by the way, get yourself along