Quarter 3 – Module 1

Writing and Composition

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

ENGLISH - Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 –Module 1: Writing and Composition
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Gingoog City
Division Superintendent: Jesnar Dems S. Torres, PhD, CESO VI

Development Team of the Module

Author/s: Jenipher S. Abad; Lady Fe C. Abrea; Christopher O. Risonar

Josephine B. Villanon

Reviewer: Levie D. Llemit, PhD

Illustrator: Raul A. Mabilen

Layout Artist: Hilrem L. Bayucot

Management Team

Chairperson: Jesnar Dems S. Torres, PhD, CESO VI

Schools Division Superintendent

Co-Chairpersons: Conniebel C.Nistal ,PhD

OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Members Pablito B. Altubar

CID Chief

Levie D. Llemit, PhD – EPS 1-English

Leah L. Tacandong - Instructional Supervisor

Himaya B. Sinatao, LRMS Manager

Jay Michael A. Calipusan, PDO II

Mercy M. Caharian, Librarian II

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Department of Education – Division of Gingoog City
Office Address: Brgy. 23,National Highway,Gingoog City
Telefax: 088 328 0108/ 088328 0118
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 Lesson
Transcoding Information from a Graphic
1 Organizer to a Topic or Sentence Outline

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you will be acquainted with the commonly used graphic organizers in
writing. You will also explore how to format topic and sentence outlines. Most importantly, you
will learn to transcode information from a graphic organizer to a topic or sentence outline.

What Is It

Graphic organizers

• need more time to process than outlines

• of little value when the text is short and simple
• helpful for constructing super-clusters

Outlines

• easier and quicker to process than graphic organizers

• better for shorter, simpler texts
• effective for rote-learning facts

Graphic summaries are summaries that reorganize the text. Two examples of graphic
summaries are outlines and graphic organizers.

In an outline, topics are listed with their subtopics in a linear format, like this:

Branches of Government (U.S.A.)

I. Executive Branch
A. Represented by: President
Can recommend legislation; veto legislation;
B. Powers:
appoint judges
C. Length of term: 4 years; maximum term 8 years
II. Legislative Branch
A. Represented by: Congress
Can enact legislation; override veto; reject and
B. Powers:
impeach judges; impeach President
2 years (House of Representatives) or 6 years
C. Length of term: (Senate); no maximum term

1
III. Judicial Branch
A. Represented by: Supreme Court and other federal courts
B. Powers: Can declare legislation unconstitutional
C. Length of term: lifetime

Graphic organizers show the same sort of information, but in a more visual format, like this:

http://www.mempowered.com/study/outlines-and-graphic-organizers

This is a tree diagram. Although graphic organizers can come in many forms, most
commonly they are either tree diagrams or matrices. Here is a matrix of the same information:

Executive Branch Legislative Branch Judicial Branch

Represented by President Congress Supreme Court

Term 4 years 2 or 6 years

Life

Can recommend Can enact legislation;

legislation; override veto; Can declare legislation
Powers
veto legislation; appoint reject and impeach judges; unconstitutional
judges impeach President

Basically, graphic organizers are visual outlines showing relationships. Both outlines
and graphic organizers are useful strategies for hierarchical information. However, while an
outline does pick out the most important information and does show hierarchical relations (and,
as you may have noticed, can include more detail more easily), it is not as effective in showing
the relationships between concepts.

Likewise the outline, the clusters within a topic are clear, but the relations between
topics — between the clusters — are not. The graphic organizer, on the other hand, allows
connections between clusters to be more readily seen. Notice how much easier it is to grasp
the similarities and differences between the different branches of the U.S. Government when
looking at the tree diagram or the matrix, compared
2 to looking at the outline.
Types of Graphic Organizers which you can use in writing:

1. Concept Maps – graphically illustrate relationship between two or more

concepts and are linked by words to describe their relationship

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-concept-map-organized-hierarchically_fig2_26444585

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2. Webs – shows how different categories of information relate to one another

https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/templates/mind-map/web-mind-map-template

3. Mind Maps – are visual representation of hierarchical of information that include a

central idea or image surrounded by connected branches of associated topics or ideas

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https://www.mindmapart.com/health-mind-map-jane-genovese/

4. Flow Diagram or Flow Chart – shows a series of steps or events in order in which they
will take place. They can be used in outlining the events in the story, or showing a
procedure in a scientific process

https://de.slideshare.net/SwatiSharma164/qcl-14v3flowchart-of-admission-processbanasthali-vidyapithswati-
sharma?nomobile=true

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5. Venn Diagram – is used to identify similarities and differences between two or more
concepts

https://studywell.com/maths/statistics/probability/venn-diagram/

6. Pie Chart – a type of circular graph, which is divided into slices to illustrate a numeral
proportion

https://sites.google.com/a/brightoncps.wa.edu.au/bcpsyr62015/mathematics/data-representation/pie-charts

7. Graph – a collection of all points whose coordinates satisfy a given relation. The most
commonly used graphs are the line and bar graph.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ZVna90H188

8. Table – a systematic arrangement of data usually in rows and in columns for ready
reference

https://sites.google.com/a/hdsb.ca/ms-parker-s-class-website/data-management

What’s More

Activity 1: Talk About It

Talk about yourself, your hobbies, your likes and dislikes, your favorites, and your
dreams. Fill them in in the graphic organizer below.

https://images.app.goo.gl/CxUZf5eD3MDBWzZ9A

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 What Is It

TOPIC AND SENTENCE OUTLINES

A formal outline is a kind of graphic scheme of the logic of your paper. Two main types
of outlines are used: 1) The topic outline, and 2) the sentence outline. The advantage of
the topic outline, besides its brevity, is that its parallel structure reveals the logic you will follow
in your paper. The advantage of a sentence outline is that it helps you make sure you become
sufficiently specific about your subject, rather than simply generalizing. Regardless of what
type of outline you choose, you will need to have enough major headings to develop your topic
fully within the boundaries established by your thesis statement. Note the following examples
of topic and sentence outlines using the same thesis and subject matter. Thesis: The abuse
of alcohol and drugs can affect a person economically, psychologically, and physically.

There are two formats of outlining:

1. Number-Letter Format
It is the use of the number, then a letter in an outline. You use the Roman numerals
for the main heading. You start with Roman “I” for the heading, under are the
subheadings or supporting details which are indented and are marked by capital
letters. If there subheadings under letter “A”, indent further and use Arabic numbers 1
and so on. If the information is not as important as the subheadings, indent and mark
it with a small letter instead.

I. Main Heading
A. Subheading
1. Supporting Details
2. Supporting Details
II. Main Heading
A. Subheading
1. Supporting Details
a. Example

2. Decimal Outline Format

It makes use of decimal numbers in place of the number-letters use. Arabic number 1
is used instead of Roman “I” for the main heading. Number 1.1 is used in case there
is a subheading; numbers 1.2 if there is another subheading that follows it.

1. Main Heading
1.1 Subheading
1.1.1 Supporting Details
1.1.2 Supporting Details
2. Main Heading
2.1 Subheading
2.1.1 Supporting Details
2.1.1.1 Example

EXAMPLES
Topic Outline (Number-Letter Format):

I. Economical effects
A. Alcohol
1. Cost of alcohol purchases
2. Cost of DUIs
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 B. Drugs
1. Cost of drug purchases
2. Cost of drug arrest
II. Psychological effects
A. Alcohol
1. Mental impairment
2. Mental addiction
B. Drugs
1. Mental impairment
2. Mental addiction
III. Physical effects
A. Alcohol
1. Liver disease
2. Alcohol poisoning
B. Drugs
1. Brain damage
2. Drug overdose

Sentence Outline (Number-Letter Format)

I. Alcohol and drug abuse can affect one economically.

A. The cost of alcohol abuse is high and getting higher.
1. The costs of DUIs can be enormous.
2. Alcohol costs are always rising because of rising production costs
as well as state and local taxes.
B. The cost of drug abuse can be high.
1. Even the arrest for the possession of a minute amount of drugs can
result in high bail and court cost.
2. The cost of drugs fluctuates drastically according to the type of
drug, its availability, and the amount.
II. Alcohol and drug abuse can have severe psychological effects.
A. Alcohol abuse can damage a person psychologically.
1. Alcohol is a depressant and can alter the personality of anyone.
2. The abuse of alcohol can lead to the psychological addiction to
alcohol.
B. Drug abuse can be detrimental to one psychologically.
1. Drugs impair one's ability to function normally because of the
hallucinations or numbness of "getting high."
2. Drugs can become a psychological addiction.
III. Alcohol and drug abuse can affect one physically.
A. Alcohol and drug abuse can cause physical problems.
1. The most common disease among alcoholics is cirrhosis of the
liver.
2. The massive consumption of alcohol can lead to alcohol poisoning
and death.
B. Drug abuse has many physical implications.
1. Drug abuse has been linked to the damage of brain tissue.
2. The unpredictability of drugs can lead to an overdose and death.

Rules to Remember in Outlining;

1. Do not mix topic and sentence outline methods.
2. Indent properly.
3. In a sentence outline, begin each point with a capital letter and place a
period after each division number or letter and at the end of the sentence.
4. In a topic outline, begin each point with a capital letter and place a period
after each division number or letter. Do not place periods after ideas.
5. Strive for parallel wording among outline topics and sub-topics.

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 What’s More

Activity 2: Talk About It 2.0

Refer to the graphic organizer you have accomplished in Activity 3 which is all about
yourself. This time, transfer the information found in that graphic organizer to a sentence
outline.

What I Have Learned

Congratulations for reaching this far! You are now ready for the next lesson of
this Self-learning module.

10
 Lesson Expanding the Content of an Outline Using

2 Notes from Primary and Secondary

Sources

What I Need to Know

In the previous lesson, you learned the difference and format of sentence and topic
outlines. In this lesson, you will further expand the content of the outline using notes from
primary and secondary sources.

What Is It

Primary and secondary sources

Date published June 20, 2018 by Raimo Streefkerk. Date updated: September 23, 2019

When you do research, you have to gather information and evidence from a variety of
sources.

Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Examples include
interview transcripts, statistical data, and works of art. A primary source gives you direct
access to the subject of your research.

Secondary sources provide second-hand information and commentary from other

researchers. Examples include journal articles, reviews, and academic books. A secondary
source describes, interprets, or synthesizes primary sources.

Primary sources are more credible as evidence, but good research uses both primary
and secondary sources.

What is a primary source?

A primary source is anything that gives you direct evidence about the people, events,
or phenomena that you are researching. Primary sources will usually be the main objects of
your analysis.

If you are researching the past, you cannot directly access it yourself, so you need
primary sources that were produced at the time by participants or witnesses (e.g. letters,
photographs, newspapers).

If you are researching something current, your primary sources can either be
qualitative or quantitative data that you collect yourself (e.g. through interviews, surveys,

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experiments) or sources produced by people directly involved in the topic (e.g. official
documents or media texts).

Primary sources
Research field Primary source
• Letters and diaries
• Photographs and video footage
History • Official documents and records
• Physical objects

• Novels and poems

• Paintings and art installations
Art and literature
• Films and performances

• Interview transcripts
• Recordings of speeches
Communication and social studies • Newspapers and magazines
• Social media posts

• Court records
• Legal texts
Law and politics
• Government documents

• Empirical studies
Sciences • Statistical data

What is a secondary source?

A secondary source is anything that describes, interprets, evaluates, or analyzes information

from primary sources. Common examples include:

• Books, articles and documentaries that synthesize information on a topic

• Synopses and descriptions of artistic works
• Encyclopedias and textbooks that summarize information and ideas
• Reviews and essays that evaluate or interpret something

When you cite a secondary source, it’s usually not to analyze it directly. Instead, you’ll probably
test its arguments against new evidence or use its ideas to help formulate your own.

Primary and secondary source examples

Primary and secondary source examples
Primary source Secondary source
Novel Article analyzing the novel
Painting Exhibition catalog explaining the painting
Letters and diaries written by a historical figure Biography of the historical figure
Textbook summarizing the philosopher’s
Essay by a philosopher
ideas
Photographs of a historical event Documentary about the historical event
Government documents about a new policy Newspaper article about the new policy
Music recordings Academic book about the musical style
Results of an opinion poll Blog post interpreting the results of the poll
Empirical study Literature review that cites the study

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Examples of sources that can be primary or secondary

A secondary source can become a primary source depending on your research

question. If the person, context, or technique that produced the source is the main focus of
your research, it becomes a primary source.

Documentaries

If you are researching the causes of World War II, a recent documentary about the war
is a secondary source. But if you are researching the filmmaking techniques used in historical
documentaries, the documentary is a primary source.

Reviews and essays

If your paper is about the novels of Toni Morrison, a magazine review of one of her
novels is a secondary source. But if your paper is about the critical reception of Toni Morrison’s
work, the review is a primary source.

Newspaper articles

If your aim is to analyze the government’s economic policy, a newspaper article about
a new policy is a secondary source. But if your aim is to analyze media coverage of economic
issues, the newspaper article is a primary source.

How to tell if a source is primary or secondary

To determine if something can be used as a primary or secondary source in your research,

there are some simple questions you can ask yourself:

• Does this source come from someone directly involved in the events I’m studying
(primary) or from another researcher (secondary)?
• Am I interested in analyzing the source itself (primary) or only using it for background
information (secondary)?
• Does the source provide original information (primary) or does it comment upon
information from other sources (secondary)?

If you’re still not sure, the video gives more examples to help you understand the difference
between primary and secondary sources.

Primary vs secondary sources: which is better?

Most research uses both primary and secondary sources. They complement each
other to help you build a convincing argument. Primary sources are more credible as evidence,
but secondary sources show how your work relates to existing research.

What do you use primary sources for?

Primary sources are the foundation of original research. They allow you to:

• Make new discoveries

• Provide credible evidence for your arguments
• Give authoritative information about your topic

If you don’t use any primary sources, your research may be considered unoriginal or
unreliable.

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What do you use secondary sources for?

Secondary sources are good for gaining a full overview of your topic and understanding
how other researchers have approached it. They often synthesize a large number of primary
sources that would be difficult and time-consuming to gather by yourself. They allow you to:

• Gain background information on the topic

• Support or contrast your arguments with other researchers’ ideas
• Gather information from primary sources that you can’t access directly (e.g. private
letters or physical documents located elsewhere)

When you conduct a literature review, you can consult secondary sources to gain a
thorough overview of your topic. If you want to mention a paper or study that you find cited in
a secondary source, seek out the original source and cite it directly.

Remember that all primary and secondary sources must be correctly cited to avoid
plagiarism.

What’s More

Activity 1: Is It P or S?

Directions: Determine if the source would be a Primary Source or a secondary

Source. Write P if it is primary and S if it is secondary source. Write your answer on the space
provided before each number.

______1) A play showing how Benjamin Franklin flew a kite during a lightning storm.
______2) A short story describing Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla's 'electrical' battle.
______3) Anne Frank's diary describing her life during World War 2.
______4) A cartoon showing how Pocahontas met John Smith.
______5) A text book describing the civil rights movement.
______6) A news report about the opening of a power plant.
______7) A scientist explaining what it was like for Buzz Aldrin to walk on the moon.
______8) A YouTube video describing how the pyramids were built.
______9) An interview with Alexander Graham Bell about how he invented the telephone.
_____10) A radio broadcast from the day the Soviet Union launched Sputnik.

What I Can Do

Activity 2: I Can Expand It

Directions: In a paragraph form, discuss and expand the content of this outline on the
ill-effects of illegal drugs from primary or secondary sources. Write the content of the said
sources. Do not forget to cite the sources to avoid plagiarism.

I. Economical effects
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 A. Alcohol
1. Cost of alcohol purchases
2. Cost of DUIs
B. Drugs
1. Cost of drug purchases
2. Cost of drug arrest
II. Psychological effects
A. Alcohol
1. Mental impairment
2. Mental addiction
B. Drugs
1. Mental impairment
2. Mental addiction
III. Physical effects
A. Alcohol
1. Liver disease
2. Alcohol poisoning
B. Drugs
1. Brain damage
2. Drug overdose

________________________
Title

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 RUBRICS FOR PARAGRAPH

Criteria Excellent Very good Good Fair

4 points 3 points 2 points 1 point
Topic Interesting, original Clearly stated Acceptable Missing, invalid,
Sentence topic sentence, topic sentence topic or inappropriate
reflecting thought presents one main sentence topic
and insight; idea. presents sentence; main
focused on one one idea. idea is missing
interesting main
idea.
Supporting Interesting, Examples and Sufficient Insufficient,
Details concrete and details relate to the number of vague, or
descriptive topic and some examples undeveloped
examples and explanation is and details examples.
details with included. that relate to
explanations that the topic.
relate to the topic.
Organization Thoughtful, logical Details are Acceptable No discernible
and progression of arranged in a arrangement pattern of
Transitions supporting logical of examples; organization;
examples; Mature progression; transitions Unrelated
transitions between appropriate may be details; no
ideas. transitions. weak. transitions.
Grammar Absolutely no Good grammar Show Faulty use of
Usage grammar rules usage is evident in minimal grammar is very
mistakes found in the sentences incorrect evident.
the sentences. constructed. grammar
usage.
https://www.mesacc.edu/~paoih30491/RubricParagraphAssignment.html

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 Lesson
Acknowledging Sources by Creating a
3 Bibliography

What I Need to Know

In the previous lesson, you have learned and crafted your own informative essay and
showed respect for intellectual property rights by acknowledging citations made. In this lesson,
you will further learn to acknowledge and use convention in citing sources.

What Is It
Bibliography

At the end of all pieces of academic writing, you need a list of materials that you have
used or referred to. This usually has a heading: references but may be bibliography or works
cited depending on the conventions of the system you use.

The object of your writing is for you to say something for yourself using the ideas of
the subject, for you to present ideas you have learned in your own way. The emphasis should
be on working with other people’s ideas, rather than reproducing their words. The ideas and
people that you refer to need to be made explicit by a system of referencing. This consists of
a list of materials that you have used at the end of the piece of writing and references to this
list at various points throughout the essay. It is to give justice on their works that you refer in
your writing or any research works. Therefore, at the end of your assignment you need a list
of the materials you have used - a bibliography or a reference list. This lesson will give you
ways on how to write bibliography.

A bibliography is essentially a list of all sources used to write up an essay or a

research article. For academic purposes you may be required to use a list of sources when
writing your school’s or college’s papers that must be included at the end of the paper.
Differently from a reference page, in a bibliography you must include also those sources that
were not cited in the paper. Creating a bibliography will protect you from plagiarism and illicit
copying claims.
Before you start writing your essay make sure that you set aside a page on your
document for the bibliography. This will help you list each source as you use it and not end
up forgetting to include it before submitting the essay.
For each source you are going to need to record a few details. Check with your institution how
many sources you are required.
For print publications (including those that are scanned and upload to the web) you
will need to gather:
• The author’s first name and last name
• The title of the publication/journal
• The title of the article or chapter

17
 • The date of the publication
• The place of publication and publishing company
• The volume or edition of the publication
MLA and APA Works Cited and References Page Citation Formats

I. APA (American Psychological Association) format is used in the fields of

natural and social sciences, such as psychology, nursing, sociology, education
and social work. It is also used in economics, business,
and criminology.

APA Print Sources

1. Book With One Author

Salinger, J. D. (1951). The catcher in the rye. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.

2. Book With Two Authors

Bailey, G., & Peoples, J. (1999). Introduction to cultural anthropology. Belmont, CA:
Thomson Wadsworth.

3. Book With Three Authors

Sebranek, P., Meyer, V., & Kemper, D. (2004). Write for college. Wilmington, MA: Great
Source Education Group.

4. Second or Other Edition of a Book

Mertler, C. A., & Charles, C. M. (2005). Introduction to educational research (5th ed.).
Boston: Pearson Allyn & Bacon.

5. Journal Article
O’Connell, J. F., & Perkins, G. M. (2003). The economics of private liberal arts colleges.
Journal of Business, 76(3), 499-514.

6. Magazine Article
Serrill, M. S. (1990, April 2). Soviet Union war of nerves. Time, 135, 26-30.

7. Newspaper Article
Rood, L. (2005, December 31). The steep costs of driving drunk. Des Moines Register, p.
A12-A13.

8. Newspaper Article, No Author

Gas prices: Pollution rules may be eased. (2006, April 26). The Seattle Times, pp. A1+.

Electronic Sources:

1. Online Encyclopedia Article

Hart, J. (2006). Water pollution. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved April
19,2006, from http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572857/Water_Pollution.html

2. Online Encyclopedia Article, No Author

Common cold. (2006). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved November
10, 2006, from http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761578766/Common_Cold.html

3. Online Journal Article

Muntner, P., He, J., Cutler, J. A., Wildman, R. P., & Whelton, P. K. (2004). Trends in
blood pressure among children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical

18
Association (JAMA), 291(17), 2107-2113. Retrieved May 22, 2007, from
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/291/17/2107

4. Online Magazine Article

Nash, J. M. (2006, February 20). Where the waters are rising. Time, 165. Retrieved April 25,
2006, from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601050425,00.html

II. MLA (Modern Language Association) format is generally used for disciplines in
the literature, arts, and humanities, such as English, languages, film, and cultural
studies or other theoretical studies.

MLA Print Sources

1. Book with One Author

Salinger, Jerome David. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1951.

2. Book with Two Authors

Bailey, Garrick and James Peoples. Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. Belmont, CA:
Thomson Wadsworth, 1999.

3. Book with Three Authors

Sebranek, Patrick, Verne Meyer, and Dave Kemper. Write for College. Wilmington, MA:
Great Source Education Group, 2004.

4. Journal Article
O’Connell, John F. and George M. Perkins. “The Economics of Private Liberal Arts
Colleges.” Journal of Business, 76.3 (2003): 499-514.

5. Magazine Article
Serrill, Michael S. “Soviet Union War of Nerves.” Time 2 Apr. 1990: 26-30.

6. Newspaper Article
Rood, Lee. “The Steep Costs of Driving Drunk.” Des Moines Register 31 Dec. 2005: A12-
A13.

7. Newspaper Article, No Author

“Gas Prices: Pollution Rules May Be Eased.” The Seattle Times 26 Apr. 2006: A1+.

Electronic Sources

1. Online Encyclopedia Article

Sebranek, P., Meyer, V., & Kemper, D. (2004). Write for college. Wilmington, MA: Great
Source Education Group.

2. Journal Article
O’Connell, J. F., & Perkins, G. M. (2003). The economics of private liberal arts colleges.
Journal of Business, 76(3), 499-514.

3. Magazine Article
Serrill, M. S. (1990, April 2). Soviet Union war of nerves. Time, 135, 26-30.

4. Newspaper Article

19
Rood, L. (2005, December 31). The steep costs of driving drunk. Des Moines Register, p.
A12-A13.

5. Newspaper Article, No Author

Gas prices: Pollution rules may be eased. (2006, April 26). The Seattle Times, pp. A1+.
In text: (“Gas Prices,” 2006).

Electronic Sources
1. Online Encyclopedia Article
Hart, J. (2006). Water pollution. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved April
19, 2006, from http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572857/Water_Pollution.html

2. Online Encyclopedia Article, No Author

Common cold. (2006). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Retrieved November
10, 2006, from http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761578766/Common_Cold.html

3. Online Journal Article

Muntner, P., He, J., Cutler, J. A., Wildman, R. P., & Whelton, P. K. (2004). Trends in
blood pressure among children and adolescents. Journal of the American Medical
Association (JAMA), 291(17), 2107-2113. Retrieved May 22, 2007, from
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/291/17/2107

3. Online Magazine Article

Nash, J. M. (2006, February 20). Where the waters are rising. Time, 165.
Retrieved April 25, 2006,from
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601050425,00.html
In text: (Nash, 2005).
Hart, John. “Water Pollution.” Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2006. 19
Apr. 2006.
<http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572857/Water_Pollution.html>

2. Online Encyclopedia Article, No Author

“Common Cold.” Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. 2006. 10 Nov. 2006.
<http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761578766/Common_Cold.html>

3. Online Journal Article

Muntner, Paul, Jiang He, Jeffrey A. Cutler, Rachel P. Wildman, and Paul K.
Whelton. “Trends in Blood Pressure Among Children and Adolescents.” Journal
of the American Medical Association (JAMA) 291.17 (2004): 2107-2113. 22 May
2007.
<http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/291/17/2107>

4. Online Magazine Article

Nash, J. Madeleine. “Where the Waters are Rising.” Time 25 Apr. 2005. 20 Feb.
2006.
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601050425,00.html

20
 What I Have Learned

Activity 1: Am I APA or MLA?

Directions: Identify the appropriate documentation for the APA or MLA format. Write
APA or MLA on the space provided before each number.

Book by one author:

_____1. Friedman, Alice T. Women and the Making of the Modern House. New Haven: Yale
UP, 2007. Print.
_____2. Ball, E. (2000). Slaves in the family. Urbana, IL: Southern Illinois Press.

Book by multiple authors:

_____3. North, Stephen M., et al. Refiguring the Ph. D. in English Studies. Urbana: NCTE,
2000. Print.
_____4. Hardt, M., & Negri, A. (2000). Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Chapter in an edited collection

_____5. McCracken, James L. “Northern Ireland, 1921-66.” The Course of Irish History. Ed.
Thomas W. Moody and Frank X. Martin. Niwot: Roberts Rinehart, 1995. 313-324.
Print.
_____6. McCracken, J. L. (1995). Northern Ireland, 1921-66. In T. W. Moody & F. W.
Martin (Eds.). The course of Irish history (pp. 313-324). Niwot, CO: Roberts
Rinehart.

Periodical
_____7. Gowdy, John. "Avoiding Self-organized Extinction: Toward a Co-evolutionary
Economics of Sustainability." International Journal of Sustainable Development and
World Ecology 14.1 (2007): 27-36. Print.
_____8. Kellogg, R. T. (2001). Competition for working memory among writing processes.
International Journal of Higher Education, 55(11), 212-223.

Online Publication
_____9. “Avibase Bird Checklists of the World: Alberta.” Avibase World Bird Database. Bird
Studies Canada, 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.
_____10. Bjork, O. (2004, May 5). MOO bots. Retrieved from CWRL White Papers website:
http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/professional/whitepapers/2004/040512-1.pdf

Magazine Articles
_____11. Hubert, Ann. “Inside Autism.” Slate. Washington Post. Newsweek Interactive, 28
Mar. 2007. Web. 23 Nov. 2007.
_____12. Hubert, A. (2007, March 28). Inside Autism. Slate. Retrieved from
http://www.slate.com

Online Newspaper
_____13. Young, M. (2006, April 6). Council rejects boutique rezoning. Kamloops Daily
News. Retrieved from http://www.kamlopsnews.ca

21
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Key to Answers
Lesson 1
Activity 1: Talk About It
(Answers may vary)
Activity 2: Talk About It 2.0
(Answers may vary)
Lesson 2
Activity 1: Is It P or S?
1. S
2. S
3. P
4. S
5. S
6. P
7. S
8. S
9. P
10. P
Activity 2: I Can Expand It
(Answers may vary)
Lesson 3
Activity 1: Am I APA or MLA?
1. MLA
2. APA
3. MLA
4. APA
5. MLA
6. APA
7. MLA
8. APA
9. MLA
10. APA
11. MLA
12. APA
13. APA