1-GEN - PROT-history-faults (Compatibility Mode)

Unit Protection Numerical generator protection
Content
• Protection areas
• Application fields
• Protection schemes criterias
• Design approaches
• Product range
• Competitor comparison
• Examples
Chronology of Protection
• first electromechanical relay 1903
• first plug-in system 1930
• market introduct. of solid-state
solid relay (K59) 1960
• high-voltage
voltage line protection (COMBIFLEX) 1969
• market introduction MODURES 1979
• developments with microprocessor 1980
• line protection with microprocessor 1981
• digital fault locator 1983
• directional comparison protection 1984
• automatic test set 1985
Chronology of Protection
• µP-motor
motor protection (MC, MCX) 1985
• fibre-optical
optical differential line protection 1986
• numerical generator protection REG 216 1987
• numerical line protection (REL 316, REL 100) 1989
• numerical transformer protection RET 316 1980
• numerical control device REC 216/316 1991
• numerical busbar protection REB500
REB 1994
• numerical line protection REL5xx
REL 1995
• numerical bay controller REC580
REC 1997
Historical evolution
• electromechanical single function
• static single function
• digital single function
• digital multifunction relays
• numerical multifunction relays
• numerical multifunction systems
Protection areas
T
G
T EXCITATION
Application fields
• Generator
• Turbine
• Transformers (main, auxiliary)
• Excitation system
Faults and abnormal conditions

• Loss of or insufficient excitation
• Overload
• Overvoltage
• Under and over frequency
• Unbalanced currents
• Loss of prime mover (motoring)
• Inadvertend energization
• Out of step (loss of synchronism)
Faults and abnormal conditions

• Fault in the windings
– phase-phase
– phase- ground
• Ground fault in the rotor (field winding)
Type of faults
Internal External
Stator Rotor Stator Rotor Turbine
Short circuit Short circuit frequency
ground fault ground fault overvoltage negative reverse power

sequence
interturn overexcitation loss of
excitation
Numerical generator protection
Stator
Differential Idelta
Overvoltage U>
Overexcitation
Overload Ith
Overcurrent I>
back-up
Earth fault
Interturn
Min. Impedance Z<
back-up
Dead Machine
Allocation of faults
Rotor
Unit Protection
NPS I2
Turbine
Earth fault
Reverse power
Loss of Excitation
Over-
Underfrequency
Pole slipping
Over-
Underfrequency
50 Generator Faults, Sweden 1972-1990

12 generators and 228 generator-years
generator / 14 faults total
%
40
35.7 %
30 28.6 %
20
14.3 % 14..3 %
10 7.1 %
0
Stator Stator- Rotor-
Rotor Rotor- Loss of Field
Short-circuit Earth Fault Short
Short-circuit Earth Fault
Protection schemes criterias

• Power plant layout
• Turbine types
• Excitation system
• Grounding practices
• Philosophies (inverse, definite time char./
rev.power, low forward power etc.)
Power plant layouts
G G G G
Generator grounding practices
G G G G
ungrounded solid or high grounding

low resistance impedandce transformer
87 51
I> I>
NT E NT E
50
I >,>>
51
63 Buch
T SPR
87 I>
V > 50 >
17 24 U/f I >>
E 51
ST
50
BF
BF
46 I2> 32 -P>
60 V> 59 V> 24 U/f 81 f >,<, <<
87
I> G 16 Ie >
49 ϑ >
G R R
51 I > ϑ > 40 21 Z< 78 s>

27 I>
49 S Zc <
27 V < 50 U<
64 V >
S 95%
ABB Power Automation AG

CHPAU / NSB-3 / F15 /l
64
S
V >
100%
~
ABB
You can meet two main design approaches:

• Product
– Functionality HW dependant
• System
– Functionality SW dependant
Product approach
E A B C D
System approach
G
U1 F< P <-
<- I I X< U1 I> I >/U < I
Logic 78 87GT
87GT
Logic 51//27
51
64S
64 S 81 32 87G
87 G 40 59N
59 N 51 87T
87 T
R< U< I2 Z< U/f F> U>

A Logic
64R
64 R 27 49 46 21 B Logic
24 81 59 49R
49 R
conventional numerical
Prot. Relay HW SW HW
Start
Start Start
U> Trip +
0 20s U> Trip
Delay
Block.
Prot. Relay Block.
Start
Start Trip
I>>
I>> Gen. Trip
Trip
G G Logic
Start
Field Trip
Gen.
I
Prot. Relay Trip
Start Field
I HV-Trip Matrix
Matrix
Block Trip
HV
Trip
Product approach with redundacy
COMMUNICATION
VT's
CT's
POWER
SYSTEM PROTECTION
and CONTROL
CIRCUIT HARDWARE
BREAKER (RELAYS)
Product approach with redundacy
Q1 Q2 F
F
Q51
COMMUNICATION
Q0 INTERBAY BUS SCS/ SMS
Q53
D E B8 B9
Q9 D C1
T1
Station A
T2
C2
E
B1 B2
B7
B3 B4 B5 B6 C7
1252 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123
DEC 3000 AXP

Alpha
A
A
C
G C
B
B
System approach with redundacy

COMMUNICATION
VT's
CT's
ONE
POWER PROTECTION
SYSTEM and CONTROL
HARDWARE
CIRCUIT (RELAY)
BREAKER
Protection Functions System approach

Q1 Q2
with redundacy
A Control Functions
Q51
Additional Logic
Q0 SCS/ SMS
Q53 Monitoring
Communication
B8 B9
Q9
Station A
C1 C2
T1 T2
B1 B2
Power Supply B3 B4 B5 B6
B7
C7
1252 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123
DEC 3000 AXP

Alpha
Protection Functions
A Control Functions
G COMMUNICATION
Additional Logic INTERBAY BUS
Monitoring
Communication
Power Supply
A generator protection system provides

• Flexibility in the choice of the protection functions
• Flexibility in the interfaces to the process (alarm,
signalling and tripping circuits)
• Modular HW and SW
• Self supervision
• Connection of incoming signals
• With a generator protection system, you are able to
meet all different configurations and requirements of
power plants without any special additional engineering
Product range
Complexity
REG 216 Generator
Transformer
Block Gen.-
Gen.-Transformer
REG 216C
216C Generator
Transformer
Block Gen.-
Gen.-
Transformer
REG 316 Generator

RET 316 Block Gen.-
Gen.- Rating / Importance
Transformer
> 10 25 100 200 300 600 800 1000 PG in (MVA)
Inputs/Outputs 9 Analog Inp. 12-24 Analog Inp. up to 48 Analog Inp.
4 Trip. Relays 8-16 Trip. Relays up to 32 Trip. Relays
8 Bin. Inputs 16-32 Bin. Inputs up to 64 Bin. Inputs
20 Signal. Relays 16-32 Signal. Relays up to 64 Signal. Relays
REG 316 REG 216 C REG 216
Competition & Comparison Generator Transformer System/ Product
Siemens 7UM511 7UM514 X P

7UM512 7UM515 X P
7UT513 7UM516 X X P
GEC/ ALSTHOM LGPG111 X P
KBCH 120//130/140 X P
GE / Multilin SR489 X P
SR 745 X P
DGP X P
ELIN DRS X X P
DRS-COMPACT
COMPACT X X P
BECKWITH M-3420 X P
M-3420 X P
SCHWEITZER SEL-300G X P
ABB REG216 X X S
REG216Compact
Compact X X S/P
REG316*4 X X P/S
GEC ALSTHOM
LGPG111
GEC ALSTHOM LGPG111

RE.316*4 solution
REG REG RET

316*4 316*4 316*4
RE.316*4 solution
X< 40 I> 51/ U>

V/Hz 24 U<
59 I 87T I> 51 U> 59
27
P<-- 32 U< 27 Z< 21 f<> 81 ITH 49
I2 46
Uo>
Ue 64R 95%
64S
I 87G
REG316*4 REG316*4 RET316*4

REG216Compact solution
REG 216 A REG 216 B

REG216Compact solution
X< 40 Z< 21 I> 51 I 87

87GT U> 59
I> 51/
51
P<-- 32 U< 27 ITH 49 U< 27
f<> 81
Uo>
I2 46 Ue 64R V/Hz 24 95%
64S
I 87G U> 59
REG216 solution
G
REG 216 A REG 216 B

REG216 solution
G
X< 40 U< 27 I> 51 I 87GT U> 59 P<-- 32
P<-- 32 Ue 64R ITH 49 I 87UAT U> 59 P-> 37
Z< 21 I> 51UAT I> 51/

Ucos 78 f<> 81 U 60
U< 27
I2 46 I> 51NGT Uo> Io 51NUAT

P-> 37 95%
64S f<> 81
Uo> Io 51NUAT
I 87G 100%
64S U 60 V/Hz 24
600MW
20kV
25000/5A 25000/5A 1250/5A
1UTB
REG216 REG216
Variant M2 Variant M2
System A System B
RET316 RET316
1 2
1UTA
RET316 RET316
1 2
U> 59 U< 27
600MW
20kV
25000/5A 25000/5A 1250/5A
G
IO 51N
I 87G IO 51N
Uo>
95%
64S I 87T U 60
I 87GT
Uo>
100%
64S
X< 40 Z< 21
I2 46 U 60 I2 46
ITH 49S U 60
f< 81
X< 40
P<-- 32
Ucos 78
Uo 59
I> 51/ V/Hz 24
U< 27
P<-- 32
600MW
20kV
25000/5A 25000/5A 1250/5A
1UTB
1UTA
2Pt special
3Mt's
3Ct's
3Ct's
3Pt's
3Pt's
3Ct's
3Ct's
3Ct's
3Ct's
3Pt's
3Pt's
1Pt
1Mt
1Ct
1Ct
1Pt
1Pt
3Ct's
3Pt's
I> 51/
I 87G I2 46 U 60 I 87GT f< 81 U< 27
Uo>
I 87T X< 40 100%
64S X< 40 V/Hz 24 P<-- 32
Uo>
P<-- 32 ITH 49S U> 59 U 60 Ucos 78
95%
64S
IO 51N Uo 59 IO 51N Z< 21 I2 46
System A System B
REG216C Variant M2 REG216C Variant M2

System A System B
24 input transformers 24 input transformers
K13 K03
6 CT's 6 CT's
3 Pt's (delta) 3 PT's (delta)
1 Pt 3 PT's (delta)
2 Pt's (special) L09 (special)
L04 3 Ct's
6 CT's 3 MT's
1 Ct 3 PT's (delta)
1 Mt 2 PT's (1ph)
1 Pt 1 MT
3 Pt's (delta) (1Ct instead of MT)
16 tripping relays 16 tripping relays

32 signalling relays 32 signalling relays
32 binary inputs 32 binary inputs
UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS UTA / UTB
Uo 59N
Io 51
I> 51 IO REF
Io 51
IO 51N Uo 59N
I>> 50
I> 51 I> 51
I 87T
UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS UTA / UTB
I 87T
A I> 51 I>> 50
B
Io 51 Uo 59N
I> 51 I> 51 Io 51
Uo 59N
IO 51N IO REF
RET316*4 ST320 K22 RET316*4 ST460 K61

STATION TRANSFORMERS STA/STB
Uo 59N
Io 51
I> 51 IO REF
Io 51
IO 51N Uo 59N
I>> 50
Io 51
I> 51 I> 51
I 87T
STATION TRANSFORMERS STA/STB
I 87T I> 51 I>> 50 IO 51N
Io 51
I> 51 I> 51 A Uo 59N
B
Uo 59N Io 51
IO 51N IO REF
RET316*4 ST320 K22 RET316*4 ST460 K61

GENERATOR UNIT # 1
ABB ABB
RET RET
REG216 REG
REG216 316 316
SYSTEM SYSTEM
A B
ABB ABB ABB
REX RET RET

010 316 316
Example showing how protection functions of generator-transformer

generator group can be distributed
between two systems
Generator stator Ground fault 51N Ground fault overcurrent A
Short circuits 87G Generator differential A 87N Restricted ground fault B
87T Overall differential B Trafo overload 49 Thermal A
21 Minimum impedance A
or, as alternative: Unit transformer
51/27 Overcurrent / under voltage B Short circuits 87T Transformer differential A
(for thyristor excitation) 50/51 Overcurrent B
51 Overcurrent B Overload 49 Thermal A
Current unbalance 46 Negative sequence A Ground fault (51N) Residual overcurrent B
Stator overload 49 Thermal A (78N) Restricted ground fault A
Ground fault, stator 59 Stator ground fault (90%) B Additional Functions
Ground fault, stator 64 Stator ground fault (100%) A Interlock 60 Voltage balance A B
Dead machine 27/50 Undervoltage/overcurrent B
Loss of field 40 Loss of field B
Gen. Breaker failure 51 Overcurrent + Logic B
Out of step 78/21 Pole slip A HV Breaker failure 51 Overcurrent + Logic B
Motoring 32 Reverse power (dual prot. for A B Load shedding 81 Frequency + Logic A B
large generators)
Overspeed 81 Maximum frequency B
Blade fatigue 81 Minimum frequency B
Interturn fault 59/51 Overvoltage or overcurrent A
Low voltages 27 Undervoltage B
Increased magneti. 24 Overfluxing (V/Hz) B
Higher voltage 59 Overvoltage A
Generator rotor
Rotor overload 49 Thermal B
Ground fault, rotor 64R Overvoltage, e.g. with a A
bridge
Step-up transformer
Short circuits 87T Transformer differential A
50/51 Overcurrent B
Example showing how protection functions can be configured between two systems
Type of fault ANSI Protection function System 10..25 20
20..100 80..200 > 250 Trip scheme
No. MVA MVA MVA MVA Gen. HV Field Trip Trip Alarm
Break. Break. Break. Turb. Auxil.
Generator stator
Short circuits 87G Generator differential A X CO2 X X
87T Overall differential B X X X X X
21 Minimum impedance A X X X X X
51/27 Overcurrent/undervoltage B 1 1 1 1 X X X X*
51/50 Overcurrent def. + inst. B X X X X X
Interturn fault 59/51 Overvoltage or overcurrent A 3 3 3 3 X X X
Earth fault, stator 59 Stator earth fault (95%) B X X X X* X
64 Stator earth fault (100%) A X X X X* X
Asymmetry 46 Negative sequence def.+inv. A X X
Stator overload 49 ANSI-C50.13 A X
49 Thermal overload A (X) X
Loss of excitation 40 Minimum reactance B X X X X*
Out of step 78/21 Pole slip A X
Motoring 32 Reverse power A B 2 2 2 2 X X X X*
Overspeed 81 Maximum frequency B X X
Blade fatigue 81 Minimum frequency B X X
Increased magneti. 24 Overexcitation (V/Hz) def. B X
24 Overexcitation (V/Hz) inv. B X X X X*
Low voltages 27 Undervoltage def. B 1 1 1 1 X X
Higher voltage 59 Overvoltage def. + inst. A X X X X*
Generator rotor
Earth fault, rotor 64R Overvoltage (kap.- bridge) A (X) (X) (X) (X*) X
64R Rotor earth fault (100%) A (X) (X) (X) (X*) X
Rotor overload 49 ANSI-C50.13 A X
49 Thermal overload B (X) X
Recommend under special Not recommend with Pelton X = has to trip

Necessary 2
condition turbines (X) = if necessary trip
Only recommend when several bars of X* = has to trip if
Optional Only recommend for thyristor 3
1 excitation from gen. terminals same phase are in same slot GB is HVB
Example showing how protection functions can be configured between two systems
Type of fault ANSI Protection function System 10..25 20
20..100 80..200 > 250 Trip scheme
No. MVA MVA MVA MVA Gen. HV Field Trip Trip Alarm
Break. Break. Break. Turb. Auxil.
Step-up transformer
Short circuits 87T Transformer differential A X CO2 X X
50/51 Overcurrent B X X X
Earth fault 51N Earth fault overcurrent A X X X
87N Restricted earth fault A X X X
Trafo overload 49 Thermal A X X X
Increased magnet. 24 Overexcitation (U/f) B X X X
Aux. transformer
Short circuits 87T Transformer differential A X X X
50/51 Overcurrent B X X X
Earth fault 51N Residual overcurrent B X X X
Trafo overload 49 Thermal A X X X
Additional Functions
Interlock 60 Voltage balance A B X
Dead machine 27/50 Undervoltage/overcurrent B X X X X*
Overcurrent field 51 Overcurrent A X X X X*
Gen. Breaker fail. 51 Overcurrent + Logic B X X X X X
HV Breaker failure 51 Overcurrent + Logic B X X X
Load shedding 81 Frequency + Logic A B
Recommend under special Not recommend with Pelton X = has to trip

Necessary 2
condition turbines (X) = if necessary trip
Only recommend when several bars of X* = has to trip if
Optional Only recommend for thyristor
1 excitation from gen. terminals
3 same phase are in same slot GB is HVB
Comparison of technologies
conventionel numerical
• protection functions realised • fixed HW prot.funcs realised
with different HW with SW
• Quantity and types of • Complete library of func.
protection func. fixed and available
limited
• HW-extensions difficult • Adaption by SW
• No. of Ct's and Pt's higher • No.of Ct's and Pt's lower
• Requirements to primary • Requirement to primary
transformers higher transformers lower
conventionel numerical
• Settings and operation • Settings and operation
locally locally or remote
• no documentation ( only • Self-documentation of all
hand-made) settings and events etc.
• Only binary informations • Numerical informations,
meas.values, events, etc.
• Periodical tests necessary • Selfsupervision and test
functions reduces mainten.
• Various spare parts • Five different types only
conventional numerical
• integration to control • integration to control
systems difficult systems possible
• only protection • integrated protection and
control possible
• only protection • monitoring with available
information possible
• fixed solution • extension and new
developments possible -
-> open architecture
Instant
Avaliability of failure
MTTR 1 year
Long intervall
periodic testing
Test intervall (e.g. 2 years)
With selfmonitoring
(µP Relay) MTTR 1 day
or automatic
testing daily
Protection available
Protection not available

1-GEN - PROT-history-faults (Compatibility Mode)

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1-GEN - PROT-history-faults (Compatibility Mode)

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Unit Protection Numerical generator protection

Faults and abnormal conditions

Faults and abnormal conditions

ground fault ground fault overvoltage negative reverse power

50 Generator Faults, Sweden 1972-1990

Protection schemes criterias

Power plant layouts

Generator grounding practices

ungrounded solid or high grounding

60 V> 59 V> 24 U/f 81 f >,<, <<

51 I > ϑ > 40 21 Z< 78 s>

ABB Power Automation AG

You can meet two main design approaches:

R< U< I2 Z< U/f F> U>

DEC 3000 AXP

System approach with redundacy

Protection Functions System approach

DEC 3000 AXP

A generator protection system provides

REG 316 Generator

Competition & Comparison Generator Transformer System/ Product

Siemens 7UM511 7UM514 X P

GEC ALSTHOM LGPG111

REG REG RET

X< 40 I> 51/ U>

P<-- 32 U< 27 Z< 21 f<> 81 ITH 49

REG316*4 REG316*4 RET316*4

REG 216 A REG 216 B

X< 40 Z< 21 I> 51 I 87

REG 216 A REG 216 B

X< 40 U< 27 I> 51 I 87GT U> 59 P<-- 32

P<-- 32 Ue 64R ITH 49 I 87UAT U> 59 P-> 37

Z< 21 I> 51UAT I> 51/

I2 46 I> 51NGT Uo> Io 51NUAT

IO 51N Uo 59 IO 51N Z< 21 I2 46

REG216C Variant M2 REG216C Variant M2

16 tripping relays 16 tripping relays

UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS UTA / UTB

RET316*4 ST320 K22 RET316*4 ST460 K61

STATION TRANSFORMERS STA/STB

I 87T I> 51 I>> 50 IO 51N

RET316*4 ST320 K22 RET316*4 ST460 K61

ABB ABB ABB

REX RET RET

Example showing how protection functions of generator-transformer

Recommend under special Not recommend with Pelton X = has to trip

Recommend under special Not recommend with Pelton X = has to trip

Protection not available

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