MODULE 6

Fundamentals of Fluid Flow

Lecturer: Joseph Angelo R. Sabio

Chapter Outline
1. Reynold’s Transport Theorem
2. Conservation of Mass
3. Conservation of Momentum
4. Conservation of Energy
Objectives
1. Derive the equation for the Reynold’s Transport Theorem.
2. Apply the conservation of mass, conservation of momentum,
and conservation of energy in the Reynold’s Transport
Theorem.
3. Apply the conservation laws in problems involving fluid
dynamics.
1. Reynold’s Transport Theorem 2 3 4

FLUID MOTION
Fluid Motion may be described using two approaches:

1. Lagrangian Approach
• The position and velocity of Individual Particles are
recorded.

2. Eulerian Approach
• Considers a finite volume of the fluid.
• This finite volume is called the Control Volume.
• Extensive Properties of the fluid within the control
volume are observed.
1. Reynold’s Transport Theorem 2 3 4

Types of Control Volume

a) Fixed Control Volume
b) Moving Control Volume
c) Deformable Control Volume
1. Reynold’s Transport Theorem 2 3 4

Reynold’s Transport Theorem

Unlike Thermodynamics and Body Mechanics that work with
Closed Systems, it is more common to work with Control
Volumes in Fluid Mechanics.

A Control Volume is an Open System that allows mass to flow

across its boundaries called Control Surface.

The rate of change of Extensive Properties of the fluid within

the control volume is expressed by the Reynold’s Transport
Theorem.
1. Reynold’s Transport Theorem 2 3 4

Reynold’s Transport Theorem

Consider an extensive property 𝑩, the extensive property may
be expressed as an intensive property when it is divided by
mass.
𝑩
𝒃=
𝒎
Common examples are:
𝑯
Enthalpy (𝐻) and Specific Enthalpy (ℎ) 𝒉=
𝒎
∀
Volume (∀) and Specific Volume (𝑣) 𝒗=
𝒎
𝑬
Energy (𝐸) and Specific Energy (𝑒) 𝒆=
𝒎
𝑺
Entropy (𝑆) and Specific Entropy (𝑠) 𝒔=
𝒎
1. Reynold’s Transport Theorem 2 3 4

Reynold’s Transport Theorem

Shown is a System within the
Control Volume.

We can assign a Control Volume

similar to our initial System. 𝑺𝒀𝑺𝑻𝑬𝑴

Initially the extensive properties of

the system is similar with the
extensive properties of the fluid
inside the control volume.

𝑩𝒔𝒚𝒔,𝒕 = 𝑩𝑪𝑽,𝒕
1. Reynold’s Transport Theorem 2 3 4

Reynold’s Transport Theorem

If the system moves to the right and
changes its extensive property after a
time ∆𝑡, our equation will become:

𝑰𝑵 𝑺𝒀𝑺𝑻𝑬𝑴 𝑶𝑼𝑻

𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠,𝑡+∆𝑡 = 𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡+∆𝑡 − 𝐵𝑖,𝑡+∆𝑡 + 𝐵𝑜,𝑡+∆𝑡

𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠,𝑡+∆𝑡 − 𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠,𝑡 = 𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡+∆𝑡 − 𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡 − 𝐵𝑖,𝑡+∆𝑡 + 𝐵𝑜,𝑡+∆𝑡

𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠,𝑡+∆𝑡 −𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠,𝑡 𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡+∆𝑡 −𝐵𝐶𝑉,𝑡 𝐵𝑖,𝑡+∆𝑡 𝐵𝑜,𝑡+∆𝑡
= − +
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
1. Reynold’s Transport Theorem 2 3 4

Reynold’s Transport Theorem

∆𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 ∆𝐵𝐶𝑉 𝐵𝑖,𝑡+∆𝑡 𝐵𝑜,𝑡+∆𝑡 𝐵
= − + 𝐵ሶ =
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

∆𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 ∆𝐵𝐶𝑉
= − 𝐵ሶ 𝑖 + 𝐵ሶ 𝑜
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝐵𝐶𝑉
= − 𝐵ሶ 𝑖 + 𝐵ሶ 𝑜 𝐵ሶ =
𝐵
=
𝑏𝑚
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝐵𝐶𝑉 𝑏 𝑖 𝑚𝑖 𝑏𝑜 𝑚𝑜
= − + 𝑚 = 𝜌∀= 𝜌𝐿𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝐵𝐶𝑉 𝑏𝑖 𝜌𝑖 𝐿𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑏𝑜 𝜌𝑜 𝐿𝑜 𝐴𝑜 𝐿
= − + 𝑉=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡
1. Reynold’s Transport Theorem 2 3 4

Reynold’s Transport Theorem

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝐵𝐶𝑉 𝑏𝑖 𝜌𝑖 𝐿𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝑏𝑜 𝜌𝑜 𝐿𝑜 𝐴𝑜 𝐿
= − + 𝑉=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠
=
𝑑𝐵𝐶𝑉
− 𝑏𝑖 𝜌𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖 + 𝑏𝑜 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑜 𝐵ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝐵ሶ 𝑜 − 𝐵ሶ 𝑖
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐵ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑏𝑜 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑜 − 𝑏𝑖 𝜌𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖

𝐵ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ‫𝐴𝑑)𝑛 ⋅ 𝑉(𝜌𝑏 𝑆𝐶׬‬ (outflow is positive)

We can also express 𝐵𝐶𝑉 in integral form by

considering a very small volume 𝑑∀.

𝐵𝐶𝑉 = ‫∀𝑑𝜌 𝑏 𝑉𝐶׬‬

1. Reynold’s Transport Theorem 2 3 4

Reynold’s Transport Theorem

𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝐵𝐶𝑉
= + 𝐵ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝐵ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 = ‫𝐴𝑑)𝑛 ⋅ 𝑉(𝜌𝑏 𝑆𝐶׬‬
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐵𝐶𝑉 = ‫∀𝑑𝜌 𝑏 𝑉𝐶׬‬

𝒅𝑩𝒔𝒚𝒔 𝒅
= න 𝒃𝝆𝒅∀ + න 𝒃𝝆(𝑽 ⋅ 𝒏)𝒅𝑨
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝑪𝑽 𝑪𝑺
1 2. Conservation of Mass 3 4

Conservation of MASS
Mass cannot be created nor destroyed.
Let mass m be our extensive property B.
𝐵=𝑚
𝑚
𝑏= =1
𝑚
𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑
= න 𝑏 𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝑏𝜌(𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛)𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

𝑑𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑
= න 𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝜌(𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛)𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆
1 2. Conservation of Mass 3 4

Conservation of MASS
By the Law of Conservation of Mass, the total change in
mass of a closed system with respect to time is zero.
𝑑𝑚𝑠𝑦𝑠
=0
𝑑𝑡
Mass Flowrate
𝑑 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝑉𝐴
0= ‫׬‬𝐶𝑉
𝜌𝑑∀ + ‫𝐴𝑑)𝑛 ⋅ 𝑉(𝜌 𝑆𝐶׬‬ 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝑄
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑚𝐶𝑉
0= + σ 𝜌𝑉𝐴 Volumetric Flowrate
𝑑𝑡
𝑄 = 𝑉𝐴
0 = 𝑚ሶ 𝐶𝑉 + σ 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑜 − σ 𝜌𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖
1 2. Conservation of Mass 3 4

Conservation of MASS
By the Law of Conservation of Mass, the total change in
mass of the whole system is zero.

0 = 𝑚ሶ 𝐶𝑉 + σ 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑜 − σ 𝜌𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖

𝒎ሶ 𝑪𝑽 = ෍ 𝝆𝒊 𝑽𝒊 𝑨𝒊 − ෍ 𝝆𝒐 𝑽𝒐 𝑨𝒐
1 2. Conservation of Mass 3 4

Sample Problem 1
Water flows at a rate of 10kg/s into a 20cm diameter
pipe. Calculate the volumetric flowrate and velocity of
water.
Solution:
Given: 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝑄
3
𝑚ሶ = 10𝑘𝑔/𝑠 10𝑘𝑔/𝑠 = (1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚 )𝑄
𝟑
𝐷 = 0.2𝑚 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝒎 /𝒔

Required: 𝑄, 𝑉 𝑄 = 𝑉𝐴
𝜋
0.01𝑚 /𝑠 = 𝑉 (0.2𝑚)2
3
4
𝑽 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟑𝒎/𝒔
1 2. Conservation of Mass 3 4

Sample Problem 2
Water flows steadily through a
box at three sections. The
inflow at section 1 is 1ft3/s.
Section 2 has a diameter of 2in
and the outflow is 30ft/s.
Compute the average velocity
and volumetric flowrate at
section 3 if its diameter is 1in.
1 2. Conservation of Mass 3 4

Sample Problem 2
Given:
𝑄1 = 1𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠
𝑉2 = 30𝑓𝑡/𝑠
Solution:
𝐷2 = 2𝑖𝑛
*Apply the conservation of mass
𝐷3 = 1𝑖𝑛
𝑚ሶ 𝐶𝑉 = σ 𝜌𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖 − σ 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑜
0 = σ 𝜌𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖 − σ 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑜
Required:𝑄3 ,𝑉3
0 = 𝜌𝑉1 𝐴1 − 𝜌𝑉2 𝐴2 + 𝜌𝑉3 𝐴3
𝜋 2 𝜋 2
0 = 𝜌𝑄1 − 𝜌𝑉2 𝐷2 + 𝜌𝑉3 𝐷3
4 4
1 2. Conservation of Mass 3 4

Sample Problem 2
𝑄1 = 1𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠 𝐷2 = 2𝑖𝑛
𝑉2 = 30𝑓𝑡/𝑠 𝐷3 = 1𝑖𝑛

𝜋 2 𝜋 2
0 = 𝜌𝑄1 − 𝜌𝑉2 𝐷2 + 𝜌𝑉3 𝐷3
4 4

𝑓𝑡 3 𝑓𝑡 𝜋 1𝑓𝑡 2 𝜋 1𝑓𝑡 2
0= 1 − 30 (2𝑖𝑛 × ) + 𝑉3 (1𝑖𝑛 × )
𝑠 𝑠 4 12𝑖𝑛 4 12𝑖𝑛

𝑽𝟑 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟓𝒇𝒕/𝒔
1 2. Conservation of Mass 3 4

Sample Problem 2
*Solve 𝑄3
𝑄3 = 𝑉3 𝐴3
𝑓𝑡 𝜋 1𝑓𝑡 2
𝑄3 = (63.3465 )
𝑠 4 12
𝑓𝑡 𝜋 1𝑓𝑡 2
𝑄3 = (63.3465 )
𝑠 4 12

𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑸𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟓
𝒔
1 2. Conservation of Mass 3 4

Sample Problem 3
A 10 m3 tank is filled with fresh water. At time zero, a salt
solution containing 500N of salt per cubic meter of
solution begins entering at section 1 at 0.5m3/s, while an
equal volume flux of 0.5m3/s of tank mixture begins
exiting at section 2. Assume that a mixer immediately
disperses the salt solution in the tank. How many Newtons
of salt will be dissolved in the tank after 1min? How long
will it take the tank solution to have a 200N/m3 of salt?
1 2. Conservation of Mass 3 4

Sample Problem 3
Given: Solution:
𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝐵𝐶𝑉
10m3 tank (control volume) = − 𝐵ሶ 𝑖 + 𝐵ሶ 𝑜
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄𝑜 = 0.5𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑥𝑖 = 500𝑁/𝑚3 Let 𝐵 = 𝑋 (Amount of Salt)
𝑑𝑋𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝑋𝐶𝑉
= − 𝑋ሶ 𝑖 + 𝑋ሶ 𝑜
Required: 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑋(60) 𝑑𝑋
𝑡 when 𝑥 = 200𝑁/𝑚3 0= − 𝑋ሶ 𝑖 + 𝑋ሶ 𝑜
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑋
0= − 𝑥𝑖 𝑄𝑖 + 𝑥𝑜 𝑄𝑜
𝑑𝑡
1 2. Conservation of Mass 3 4

Sample Problem 3 250 − 0.05𝑋 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑋

𝑑𝑋
0= − 𝑥𝑖 𝑄𝑖 + 𝑥𝑜 𝑄𝑜 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
250−0.05𝑋
𝑑𝑋 500𝑁 0.5𝑚3 𝑋 0.5𝑚3
0= − + 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑡 𝑚3 𝑠 10𝑚3 𝑠 ‫= 𝑡𝑑 ׬‬ ‫ ׬‬250−0.05𝑋
𝑑𝑋
0= − 250 + 0.05𝑋 1
𝑑𝑡 𝑡= − ln 250 − 0.05𝑋 + 𝐶1
0.05
𝑑𝑋
250 − 0.05𝑋 = −0.05𝑡 = ln 250 − 0.05𝑋 + 𝐶2
𝑑𝑡

𝑒 −0.05𝑡 = 𝑒 ln 250−0.05𝑋 +𝐶2

1 2. Conservation of Mass 3 4

*Solve 𝐶4
Sample Problem 3 At 𝑋(0) = 0
𝑒 −0.05𝑡 = 𝑒 ln 250−0.05𝑋 +𝐶2 0 = 5000 − 𝐶4 𝑒 −0.05(0)
𝐶4 = 5000
𝑒 −0.05𝑡 = 𝑒 ln 250−0.05𝑋 𝑒 𝐶2
𝑿(𝒕) = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝒕
1 −0.05𝑡 ln 250−0.05𝑋
𝐶2 𝑒 = 𝑒
𝑒

−0.05𝑡 *Solve X(60)

𝐶3 𝑒 = 250 − 0.05𝑋
𝑋(60) = 5000 − 5000𝑒 −0.05(60)
0.05𝑋 = 250 − 𝐶3 𝑒 −0.05𝑡
𝑿(𝟔𝟎) = 𝟒𝟕𝟓𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟒𝟕𝑵
𝑿 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 − 𝑪𝟒 𝒆−𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝒕
 1 2. Conservation of Mass 3 4

Sample Problem 3
*Solve 𝑡 when 𝑥 = 200𝑁/𝑚3

𝑋 = 𝑥∀
𝑋 = (200𝑁/𝑚3 )(10𝑚3 )
𝑋 = 2000𝑁

2000 = 5000 − 5000𝑒 −0.05𝑡

𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟓𝒔
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Conservation of MOMENTUM
The total momentum of a system is constant.
Let momentum mV be our extensive property B.
𝐵 = 𝑚𝑉
𝑚𝑉
𝑏= =𝑉
𝑚
𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑
= න 𝑏 𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝑏𝜌(𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛)𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

𝑑(𝑚𝑉)𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑
= න 𝑉𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝑉𝜌(𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛)𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Conservation of MOMENTUM
By the Law of Conservation of Momentum, the total change in
momentum of the whole system with respect to time is zero.
𝑑(𝑚𝑉)𝑠𝑦𝑠
=0
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
0= ‫׬‬ 𝑉𝜌𝑑∀ + ‫𝐴𝑑)𝑛 ⋅ 𝑉(𝜌𝑉 𝑆𝐶׬‬
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉
𝑑(𝑚𝑉)𝐶𝑉 2
0= σ
+ 𝜌𝑉 𝐴
𝑑𝑡
2 2
0 = (𝑚𝑎)𝐶𝑉 σ σ
+ 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑜 − 𝜌𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Conservation of MOMENTUM
By the Law of Conservation of Momentum, the total change in
momentum of the whole system with respect to time is zero.
2 2
0 = (𝑚𝑎)𝐶𝑉 + σ 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑜 − σ 𝜌𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖

(𝑚𝑎)𝐶𝑉 = σ 𝜌𝑖 𝑉𝑖 2 𝐴𝑖 − σ 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 2 𝐴𝑜

𝟐 𝟐
𝑭𝑪𝑽 = ෍ 𝝆𝒊 𝑽𝒊 𝑨𝒊 − ෍ 𝝆𝒐 𝑽𝒐 𝑨𝒐
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 4
A 10 mm diameter jet of water is
deflected by a homogenous
rectangular block (15mm by 200mm
by 100mm) that weighs 6N as shown.
Determine the minimum required
volumetric flowrate and velocity to
tip the block and the friction at the
base.
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 4
Given:
𝑊 = 6𝑁
200 mm width into the paper
𝐷 = 10𝑚𝑚

Required: 𝑉𝑖 , 𝑄𝑖 , 𝑓
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 4
Given:
𝑊 = 6𝑁
200 mm width into the paper
𝐷 = 10𝑚𝑚

Required: 𝑉𝑖 , 𝑄𝑖 , 𝑓
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 4
Given:
𝑊 = 6𝑁
200 mm width into the paper
𝐷 = 10𝑚𝑚

Required: 𝑉𝑖 , 𝑄𝑖 , 𝑓
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 4
Given:
𝑊 = 6𝑁
200 mm width into the paper
𝐷 = 10𝑚𝑚

Required: 𝑉𝑖 , 𝑄𝑖 , 𝑓
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4
𝑽𝒐
Sample Problem 4
𝑾
Solution:
*Sum Moments about the Lower Right 𝑽𝒊
Point on the Block
𝑽𝒐 𝒇
↺ +σ𝑀 = 0
𝑊 0.0075 + 𝜌𝑉𝑜 2 𝐴𝑜 0.015 − 𝑵
𝜌𝑉𝑜 2 𝐴𝑜 0.015 − 𝜌𝑉𝑖 2 𝐴𝑖 0.05 = 0
2
𝑊 0.0075 − 𝜌𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖 0.05 = 0
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 4
𝑘𝑔∙𝑚 𝑘𝑔 2 𝜋
6 2 0.0075𝑚 − (1000 3 )𝑉𝑖 ( (0.01𝑚)2 ) 0.05𝑚 = 0
𝑠 𝑚 4

𝑽𝒊 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟏𝒎/𝒔

𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖
𝜋
𝑄𝑖 = (3.3851) (0.01)2
4

𝒎𝟑
𝑸𝒊 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟗
𝒔
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4
𝑽𝒐
Sample Problem 4
𝑾
*Solve the friction at the base
𝑽𝒊
→ + σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑽𝒐 𝒇
−𝑓 + 𝜌𝑉𝑖 2 𝐴𝑖 = 0
𝑵
𝑘𝑔 𝑚 2 𝜋
−𝑓 + (1000 3 )(3.3851 ) ( (0.01𝑚)2 ) =0
𝑚 𝑠 4

𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝑵
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 5
Water discharges into the atmosphere
through the device shown. Determine
the vertical and horizontal support
reactions on the flange that is
required to hold the device in place.
Neglect the effect of gravity and
friction. 𝜌 = 1.94𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 5
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 5
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 5
 1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 5
Given:
𝜌 = 1.94𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠/𝑓𝑡 3

Required: 𝑅𝑥 , 𝑅𝑦 0 = σ 𝜌𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖 − σ 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑜

0 = 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖 − 𝑉𝑜1 𝐴𝑜1 − 𝑉𝑜2 𝐴𝑜2

Solution:
*Solve the missing velocity
0 = (20)(0.8) − (30)(0.4) − 𝑉𝑜2 (0.8)
𝑚ሶ 𝐶𝑉 = σ 𝜌𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖 − σ 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑜
𝑽𝒐𝟐 = 𝟓𝒇𝒕/𝒔
0 = σ 𝜌𝑖 𝑉𝑖 𝐴𝑖 − σ 𝜌𝑜 𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑜
 1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

𝑭𝒐𝟏
Sample Problem 5
𝑹𝑴
*Solve the reactions at the flange 𝑭𝒊 𝑹𝒙 𝑭𝑷
→ + σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 𝑭𝒐𝟐
𝑹𝒚
𝑅𝑥 + 𝐹𝑖 + 𝐹𝑜1 − 𝐹𝑜2 cos 43 + 𝐹𝑃 = 0

𝑅𝑥 + 𝜌𝑉𝑖 2 𝐴𝑖 + 𝜌𝑉𝑜1 2 𝐴𝑜1 − 𝜌𝑉𝑜2 2 𝐴𝑜2 cos 43 + 𝐹𝑃 = 0

𝑅𝑥 + 1.94 20 2 (0.8) + 1.94 30 2 (0.4) − 1.94 5 2 (0.8) cos 43 + 10(144)(0.8) = 0

𝑹𝒙 = −𝟐𝟒𝟒𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟓𝒍𝒃
 1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

𝑭𝒐𝟏
Sample Problem 5
𝑹𝑴
*Solve the reactions at the flange 𝑭𝒊 𝑹𝒙 𝑭𝑷
↑ + σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0 𝑭𝒐𝟐
𝑹𝒚
𝑅𝑦 + 𝐹𝑜2 sin 43 = 0

𝑅𝑦 + 𝜌𝑉𝑜2 2 𝐴𝑜2 sin 43 = 0

𝑅𝑦 + 1.94 5 2 (0.8) sin 43 = 0

𝑹𝒚 = −𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟔𝟏𝟓𝒍𝒃
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 6
A water jetpack suspends a 65kg man
in air. The jetpack has two outlets,
each has a diameter of 5cm.
Calculate the velocity of outflow
from the jetpack. Neglect the weight
of the jetpack. Assume that the inlet
is perpendicular to the outlet.
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 6 𝑾

𝑭𝒐 𝑭𝒐
1 2 3. Conservation of Momentum 4

Sample Problem 6 𝑾
Given: 𝑚 = 65𝑘𝑔

Required:𝑉𝑜

Solution: 𝑭𝒐 𝑭𝒐
↑ + σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
−𝑊 + 2𝐹𝑜 = 0
2
−𝑚𝑔 + 2𝜌𝑉𝑜 𝐴𝑜 = 0
2 𝜋
−65(9.807) + 2(1000)𝑉𝑜 ( )(0.052 ) = 0
4

𝑽𝒐 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟕𝟒𝟎𝟕𝒎/𝒔
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Conservation of ENERGY
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be transferred or
transformed.
Let Energy E be our extensive property B.
𝐵=𝐸
𝐸
𝑏= =𝑒
𝑚
𝑑𝐵𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑
= න 𝑏 𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝑏𝜌(𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛)𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆

𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑
= න 𝑒𝜌𝑑∀ + න 𝑒𝜌(𝑉 ⋅ 𝑛)𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Conservation of ENERGY
𝑑𝐸𝑠𝑦𝑠 𝑑
= ‫׬‬𝐶𝑉
𝑒𝜌𝑑∀ + ‫𝐴𝑑)𝑛 ⋅ 𝑉(𝜌𝑒 𝑆𝐶׬‬
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝐸ሶ 𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝐸ሶ 𝐶𝑉 + 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝐸ሶ 𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝐸ሶ 𝐶𝑉 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 − 𝑒𝑖 𝑚ሶ 𝑖

For a steady flow through the control volume, the

energy within the control volume is unchanged.
𝐸ሶ 𝐶𝑉 = 0
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Conservation of ENERGY
𝐸ሶ 𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑒𝑜 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 − 𝑒𝑖 𝑚ሶ 𝑖

The energy of a system may change when heat enters or

when work is exerted into the system.

𝑄ሶ 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑜 𝑚ሶ 𝑜 − 𝑒𝑖 𝑚ሶ 𝑖

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑒𝑜 𝑚𝑜 − 𝑒𝑖 𝑚𝑖

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜 − 𝐸𝑖
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Conservation of ENERGY
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜 − 𝐸𝑖

Considering a single inlet (1) and a single outlet (2)

𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1

Energy (E) is the sum of:

• Enthalpy 𝐻 = 𝑈 + 𝑃∀
𝑚𝑉 2
• Kinetic Energy 𝐾𝐸 =
2
• Potential Energy 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔𝑧
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 = 𝐻2 + 𝐾𝐸2 +𝑃𝐸2 − 𝐻1 + 𝐾𝐸1 +𝑃𝐸1
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Conservation of ENERGY
𝑚𝑉2 2 𝑚𝑉1 2
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑈2 + 𝑃2 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧2 − 𝑈1 + 𝑃1 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧1
2 2

𝑚𝑉2 2 𝑚𝑉1 2
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑈1 − 𝑈2 + 𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃2 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧2 − 𝑃1 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧1
2 2

When the system is ideal with no irreversible effects:

• Friction
• Unrestrained expansion of gas
• Heat transfer through a finite temperature difference
• Other factors
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛 + 𝑈1 − 𝑈2 = 0
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Conservation of ENERGY
𝑚𝑉2 2 𝑚𝑉1 2
𝑊𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃2 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧2 − 𝑃1 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧1
2 2

Shaft work may come from:

• Pump Positive
• Turbine Negative
• Losses Negative

𝑚𝑉2 2 𝑚𝑉1 2
𝑊𝑃 − 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃2 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧2 − 𝑃1 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧1
2 2
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Conservation of ENERGY
𝑚𝑉1 2 𝑚𝑉2 2
𝑊𝑃 + 𝑃1 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧1 = 𝑃2 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧2 + 𝑊𝑇 + 𝑊𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
2 2

When the system is IDEAL and there is no SHAFT WORK into the
system, the equation may be simplified into:
𝑚𝑉1 2 𝑚𝑉2 2
𝑃1 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧1 = 𝑃2 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧2
2 2

𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟐
+ +𝒛𝟏 = + +𝒛𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Conservation of ENERGY
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟐
+ +𝒛𝟏 = + +𝒛𝟐
𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈

Assumptions
1. Steady Flow
2. Incompressible Flow
3. Inviscid Flow
4. No Shaft Work between Points 1 and 2
5. No Heat Transfer between Points 1 and 2
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 7
𝟖𝟎𝒄𝒎
An open cylindrical water container is
filled with 1.5m high water. There is a
5mm diameter hole 80cm from the water
surface. Calculate the volumetric
flowrate through the hole. If the actual
velocity of flow through the orifice is
3m/s, solve the Coefficient of Discharge.
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 7
𝟖𝟎𝒄𝒎
Given:
𝐷 = 5𝑚𝑚

Required: 𝑄2 , 𝐶

Solution:
*Derive the formula for the theoretical velocity of discharge
through an orifice
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
+ +𝑧1 = + +𝑧2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 7
𝟖𝟎𝒄𝒎
Points 1 and 2 are exposed to the atmosphere
𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
+𝑧1 = +𝑧2
2𝑔 2𝑔

The velocity at Point 1 is negligible

𝑉2 2
𝑧1 = +𝑧2 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟐𝒈𝒉
2𝑔
𝑉2 2
= 𝑧1 − 𝑧2
2𝑔 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑉2
𝑉2 2
=ℎ
2𝑔
2
𝑉2 = 2𝑔ℎ 𝑽𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝑪 𝟐𝒈𝒉
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 7
𝟖𝟎𝒄𝒎
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 7
𝟖𝟎𝒄𝒎
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 7
𝟖𝟎𝒄𝒎
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 7
𝟖𝟎𝒄𝒎
*Solve the theoretical discharge velocity
𝑉2 = 2𝑔ℎ
𝑉2 = 2(9.807)(0.8)
𝑽𝟐 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟔𝟏𝟐𝒎/𝒔

*Solve the theoretical volumetric flowrate

𝑄2 = 𝑉2 𝐴 = 𝐴 2𝑔ℎ
𝜋
𝑄2 = 3.9612 0.0052
4
𝒎𝟑
𝑸𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟖
𝒔
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 7
𝟖𝟎𝒄𝒎
*Solve the Coefficient of Discharge
3 = 𝐶(3.9612)

𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟕𝟑
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 8
The turbine system utilizes the flow of
water from Reservoir 1 to Reservoir 2 to
produce power for a city. The difference
in elevation between the two reservoirs is
40m. For a design flowrate of 1.5m3/s, the
head loss is 9m. Calculate the theoretical
power extracted by the turbine. Neglect
the difference in atmospheric pressure
between 1 and 2.
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 8
Given:
𝑄 = 1𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 40𝑚
ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 9𝑚

Required: P𝑇

Solution:
*Derive the equation for the power extracted by the turbine
𝑚𝑉1 2 𝑚𝑉2 2
𝑊𝑃 + 𝑃1 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧1 = 𝑃2 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧2 + 𝑊𝑇 + 𝑊𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
2 2
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 8
𝑚𝑉1 2 𝑚𝑉2 2
𝑊𝑃 + 𝑃1 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧1 = 𝑃2 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧2 + 𝑊𝑇 + 𝑊𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
2 2

𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
ℎ𝑃 + + +𝑧1 = + +𝑧2 + ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
ℎ𝑇 = + +𝑧1 − + +𝑧2 + ℎ𝑃 − ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃1 −𝑃2 𝑉1 2 −𝑉2 2
ℎ𝑇 = + +𝑧1 − 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑃 − ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 8
𝑃1 −𝑃2 𝑉1 2 −𝑉2 2
𝑚𝑔ℎ 𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔 + +𝑧1 − 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑃 − ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃1 −𝑃2 𝑉1 2 −𝑉2 2
𝑚𝑔
𝜌𝑔
+
2𝑔
+𝑧1−𝑧2+ℎ𝑃−ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑊𝑇
=
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

𝑃1 −𝑃2 𝑉1 2 −𝑉2 2
P𝑇 = 𝑚𝑔
ሶ + +𝑧1 − 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑃 − ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃1 −𝑃2 𝑉1 2 −𝑉2 2
P𝑇 = 𝜌𝑄𝑔 + +𝑧1 − 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑃 − ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 8
𝑃1 −𝑃2 𝑉1 2 −𝑉2 2
P𝑇 = 𝜌𝑄𝑔 + +𝑧1 − 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑃 − ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃1 −𝑃2 𝑉1 2 −𝑉2 2
ℎ𝑇 = + +𝑧1 − 𝑧2 + ℎ𝑃 − ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
*Solve the power extracted by the
𝐏𝑻 = 𝝆𝑸𝒈𝒉𝑻 = 𝜸𝑸𝒉𝑻 turbine
0 0 P𝑇 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ 𝑇
ℎ𝑇 = + +40 +0−9 P𝑇 = (9807)(1.5)(31)
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

ℎ 𝑇 = 31𝑚 𝐏𝑻 = 𝟒𝟓𝟔𝒌𝑾
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 9
Water flows through a pump at 2.3
ft3/s. Head losses between 1 and 2
are 8ft, and the pump delivers 8hp
to the flow. Solve the differential
height in mercury (SG=13.6).
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 9
Given:
𝑄 = 2.3𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠
ℎ𝐿 = 8𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏∙𝑓𝑡
P𝑃 = 8ℎ𝑝 = 4400
𝑠

Required: ℎ

Solution:
*Derive the equation for the power delivered by the pump
𝑚𝑉1 2 𝑚𝑉2 2
𝑊𝑃 + 𝑃1 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧1 = 𝑃2 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧2 + 𝑊𝑇 + 𝑊𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
2 2
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 9
𝑚𝑉1 2
𝑊𝑃 + 𝑃1 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧1 =
2
𝑚𝑉2 2
𝑃2 ∀ + +𝑚𝑔𝑧2 + 𝑊𝑇 + 𝑊𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
2
𝑃1 𝑉1 2 𝑃2 𝑉2 2
ℎ𝑃 + + +𝑧1 = + +𝑧2 + ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃2 𝑉2 2 𝑃1 𝑉1 2
ℎ𝑃 = + +𝑧2 − + +𝑧1 + ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃2 −𝑃1 𝑉2 2 −𝑉1 2
ℎ𝑃 = + +𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 9
𝑃2 −𝑃1 𝑉2 2 −𝑉1 2
𝑚𝑔ℎ𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔 + +𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃2 −𝑃1 𝑉2 2 −𝑉1 2
𝑚𝑔 + +𝑧2 −𝑧1 +ℎ𝑇 +ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑊𝑃 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
=
∆𝑡 ∆𝑡

𝑃2 −𝑃1 𝑉2 2 −𝑉1 2
P𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔
ሶ + +𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃2 −𝑃1 𝑉2 2 −𝑉1 2
P𝑃 = 𝜌𝑄𝑔 + +𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 9
𝑃2 −𝑃1 𝑉2 2 −𝑉1 2
P𝑃 = 𝜌𝑄𝑔 + +𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝑃2 −𝑃1 𝑉2 2 −𝑉1 2
ℎ𝑃 = + +𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + ℎ 𝑇 + ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝐏𝑷 = 𝝆𝑸𝒈𝒉𝑷 = 𝜸𝑸𝒉𝑷
*Solve ℎ𝑃
P𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑃
𝑙𝑏∙𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 3
4400 = (62.43 3)(2.3 )ℎ𝑃
𝑠 𝑓𝑡 𝑠
ℎ𝑃 = 30.6430𝑓𝑡
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 9
ℎ𝑃 = 30.6430𝑓𝑡
ℎ𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 8𝑓𝑡
𝑄 = 2.3𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑠
𝑄
𝑉1 = = 46.8552𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝐴1
𝑄
𝑉2 = = 11.7138𝑓𝑡/𝑠
𝐴2

𝑃2 −𝑃1 (11.7138)2 −(46.8552)2

30.6430 = + +5 +0+8
62.43 2(32.174)

𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟑𝟎𝟗𝟖. 𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟒𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟐
1 2 3 4. Conservation of Energy

Sample Problem 9
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 3098.3034𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 2

𝑃2 = −𝛾 5 + 𝑦 + ℎ + 13.6𝛾ℎ + 𝛾𝑦 + 𝑃1
𝑃2 = −𝛾 5 + ℎ + 13.6𝛾ℎ + 𝑃1
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = −62.43 5 + ℎ + 13.6𝛾ℎ
3098.3034 = −62.43 5 + ℎ + 13.6(62.43)ℎ

𝒉 = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟔𝒇𝒕
END