Ziv‌‌Low‌‌(38)‌‌2‌‌Gratitude‌‌2022‌ 

2A‌‌SCIENCE‌‌NOTES‌‌2022‌  ‌
Chapter‌‌9:‌‌Forces‌‌and‌‌Energy‌  ‌
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Contact‌‌Forces‌  ‌
Definitions‌‌of‌‌terms‌  ‌
Frictional‌‌force‌‌→‌‌the‌‌force‌‌that‌‌opposes‌‌motion‌‌between‌‌two‌‌surfaces‌‌in‌‌contact‌  ‌
Elastic‌‌force‌‌→‌‌the‌‌force‌‌acting‌‌on‌‌a‌‌stretched‌‌or‌‌compressed‌‌elastic‌‌object‌‌to‌‌return‌‌to‌‌its‌‌
 
original‌‌shape‌  ‌
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Application‌‌of‌‌forces‌  ‌
Example:‌‌Rock‌‌climbing‌  ‌
- Frictional‌‌force‌ 
- Climbers‌‌use‌‌chalk‌‌to‌‌absorb‌‌moisture‌‌on‌‌their‌‌hands,‌‌which‌‌increases‌‌  
frictional‌‌force‌‌and‌‌improves‌‌their‌‌grip‌‌on‌‌a‌‌rock‌‌wall.‌  ‌
- Climbers‌‌also‌‌wear‌‌shoes‌‌made‌‌of‌‌a‌‌special‌‌type‌‌of‌‌rubber‌‌to‌‌increase‌‌  
frictional‌‌force,‌‌allowing‌‌them‌‌to‌‌push‌‌onto‌‌the‌‌footholds‌‌firmly‌‌and‌‌climb‌‌up‌‌
 
the‌‌rock‌‌wall.‌  ‌
- Elastic‌‌force‌  ‌
- Climbers‌‌use‌‌climbing‌‌ropes‌‌that‌‌can‌‌stretch‌‌and‌‌exert‌‌elastic‌‌force.‌‌When‌‌a ‌‌
climber‌‌falls,‌‌the‌‌rope‌‌stretches‌‌and‌‌the‌‌elastic‌‌force‌‌exerted‌‌increases.‌‌This‌‌  
reduces‌‌the‌‌impact‌‌felt‌‌by‌‌the‌‌climber‌‌when‌‌he‌‌falls.‌  ‌
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Non-contact‌‌Forces‌  ‌
Definitions‌‌of‌‌terms‌  ‌
Gravitational‌‌force‌‌→‌‌the‌‌force‌‌that‌‌attracts‌‌two‌‌objects‌‌towards‌‌each‌‌other‌  ‌
Magnetic‌‌force‌‌→‌‌the‌‌force‌‌exerted‌‌between‌‌a‌‌magnet‌‌and‌‌another‌‌magnetic‌‌material‌‌or‌‌  
magnet‌  ‌
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Application‌‌of‌‌forces‌  ‌
Example‌‌1:‌‌Rain‌‌    ‌
- Gravitational‌‌force‌  ‌
- Rain‌‌falls‌‌from‌‌the‌‌sky‌‌due‌‌to‌‌Earth’s‌‌gravitational‌‌force‌‌acting‌‌on‌‌the‌‌droplets‌‌  
of‌‌water.‌  ‌
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Example‌‌2:‌‌Maglev‌‌train‌  ‌
- Magnetic‌‌force‌  ‌
- A‌‌Maglev‌‌train‌‌works‌‌on‌‌the‌‌principle‌‌of‌‌magnetic‌‌repulsion‌‌between‌‌the‌‌train‌‌  
and‌‌the‌‌track.‌  ‌
- As‌‌the‌‌Maglev‌‌train‌‌travels‌‌on‌‌the‌‌track,‌‌the‌‌magnetic‌‌force‌‌of‌‌repulsion‌‌lifts‌‌it‌‌
 
slightly‌‌above‌‌the‌‌track,‌‌greatly‌‌reducing‌‌the‌‌friction‌‌between‌‌the‌‌train‌‌and‌‌the‌‌  
track.‌  ‌
- This‌‌allows‌‌the‌‌train‌‌to‌‌travel‌‌at‌‌a‌‌higher‌‌speed.‌  ‌
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Ziv‌‌Low‌‌(38)‌‌2‌‌Gratitude‌‌2022‌ 
2A‌‌SCIENCE‌‌NOTES‌‌2022‌  ‌
Weight‌‌VS‌‌Mass‌  ‌
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Weight‌  ‌ Mass‌  ‌

Gravitational‌‌force‌‌exerted‌‌on‌‌an‌‌object‌  ‌ Amount‌‌of‌‌matter‌‌in‌‌an‌‌object‌  ‌

May‌‌change‌‌with‌‌location‌  ‌ Remains‌‌constant‌‌regardless‌‌of‌‌location‌  ‌

SI‌‌Unit:‌‌newton‌‌(N)‌  ‌ SI‌‌Unit:‌‌kilogram‌‌(kg)‌  ‌

Can‌‌be‌‌measured‌‌using‌‌spring‌‌balance‌  ‌ Can‌‌be‌‌measured‌‌using‌‌electronic‌‌balance,‌‌
 
beam‌‌balance‌  ‌
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Changes‌‌in‌‌the‌‌state‌‌of‌‌rest‌‌or‌‌motion‌‌of‌‌an‌‌object‌  ‌
Transfer‌‌of‌‌energy‌‌between‌‌objects‌‌may‌‌cause‌‌changes‌‌in‌‌the‌‌state‌‌of‌‌rest‌‌or‌‌motion‌‌of‌‌an‌‌  
object.‌‌It‌‌can:‌  ‌
- Move‌‌a‌‌stationary‌‌object‌  ‌
- Change‌‌the‌‌speed‌‌of‌‌an‌‌object‌  ‌
- Change‌‌the‌‌direction‌‌in‌‌which‌‌an‌‌object‌‌moves‌  ‌
- Stop‌‌a‌‌moving‌‌object‌  ‌
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Changes‌‌due‌‌to‌‌the‌‌turning‌‌effect‌‌of‌‌a‌‌force‌‌on‌‌an‌‌object‌  ‌
A‌‌force‌‌applied‌‌on‌‌an‌‌object‌‌can‌‌cause‌‌a‌‌turning‌‌effect‌‌about‌‌a‌‌fixed‌‌point‌‌called‌‌the‌‌pivot.‌‌
 
This‌‌turning‌‌effect‌‌can‌‌help‌‌us‌‌to‌‌carry‌‌out‌‌an‌‌action‌‌with‌‌light‌‌force,‌‌such‌‌as‌r‌ emoving‌‌the‌‌ 
lid‌‌of‌‌a‌‌tin‌‌can‌‌‌or‌t‌ ightening‌‌a‌‌nut‌. ‌ ‌
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Changes‌‌in‌‌size‌‌and/or‌‌shape‌‌of‌‌an‌‌object‌  ‌
The‌‌transfer‌‌of‌‌energy‌‌between‌‌objects‌‌may‌‌cause‌‌changes‌‌in‌‌the‌‌size‌‌and/or‌‌shape‌‌of‌‌an‌‌  
object.‌‌For‌‌example,‌t‌ he‌‌balloon‌‌changes‌‌in‌‌size‌‌when‌‌air‌‌is‌‌pumped‌‌into‌‌it‌,‌t‌ he‌‌sponge‌‌  
changes‌‌in‌‌shape‌‌when‌‌a‌‌force‌‌is‌‌applied‌‌to‌‌squeeze‌‌it‌‌‌and‌‌‌the‌‌lump‌‌of‌‌plasticine‌‌  
changes‌‌in‌‌size‌‌and‌‌shape‌‌when‌‌it‌‌is‌‌cut‌‌into‌‌smaller‌‌pieces‌. ‌ ‌
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Factors‌‌affecting‌‌pressure‌  ‌
Pressure‌‌is‌‌an‌‌effect‌‌of‌‌force‌‌acting‌‌on‌‌an‌‌object.‌‌The‌‌area‌‌of‌‌contact‌‌affects‌‌the‌‌pressure‌‌ 
exerted‌‌by‌‌an‌‌object.‌‌This‌‌can‌‌be‌‌illustrated‌‌through‌‌the‌‌example‌‌below:‌  ‌
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Action:‌‌Pushing‌‌the‌‌object‌‌into‌‌a‌‌cork‌‌board‌‌using‌‌the‌‌same‌‌amount‌‌of‌‌force‌  ‌

Object‌‌Used‌  ‌ Pin‌  ‌ Nail‌  ‌

Area‌‌of‌‌contact‌  ‌ Small‌  ‌ Large‌  ‌

Pressure‌  ‌ High‌  ‌ Low‌  ‌

Observation‌  ‌ Pushed‌‌into‌‌the‌‌board‌‌easily‌  ‌ Pushed‌‌into‌‌the‌‌board‌‌with‌‌

 
some‌‌difficulty‌  ‌
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