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going to learn?
To calculate mentally
1.2
To estimate the result
of operation of
integers
To operate integers Mental Mathematics
To comprehend
characteristics of Mental mathematics or mental calculation is often used
operations of integers
in daily life. In a store, for instance, sometimes we do
To comprehend
square, power of mental calculation to check if our money is enough to
three, square root, and
cubic root buy things Do you have any experience connected to
mental calculation?
Key Terms:
operations There are several techniques for doing calculations
commutative
mentally. We will discuss four of them: properties,
associative
closed compatible numbers, compensation, and left-to-right
distributive
methods.
square
square root
1. Properties
power of three
1) 25 + (38 + 35)
2) 32 19 – 14 ∙ 32
3) (4 x 9) x 25
EXAMPLE 1
4) 97 + 86
5) 78 + 39
Solution:
= 38 + (35 + 25)
= 38 + 60 = 98.
= 32 (19 – 14)
= 32 5 = 160.
3) (4 x 9) x 25 = (9 x 4) x 25
= 9 x (4 x 25)
= 9 x 100 = 900.
4) 97 + 86 = 97 + (3 + 83)
= (97 + 3) + 83
`5) 78 + 39 = 70 + 30 + 8 + 9
= 100 + 17 = 117.
a. (64 + 35) + 26
b. (8 x 17)
2. Compatible Numbers
a) (8 x 17 ) x 25
b) 76 x 25
c) 2320 : 80
estimation.
a. 73 x 87
b. 56 x 284
c. 5304 : 26
d. 1606 : 73
3. Compensation
= 60 + 17 = 77.
97 + 89 = 96 + 90
4) Multiplicative compensation
4. Left-to-Right Method
you can first add 257 + 100 = 357, 357 + 60 = 417, 417 + 9
= 426
a. 234 + 655
b. 566 + 343
c. 678 – 457
1. Front-End Estimation
a. Range Estimation
The following example shows how ranges can be
obtained in addition and multiplication.
Solution:
1) Sum 156 + 378 = ...
Low estimate 100 + 300 = 400
High estimate 200 + 400 = 600
Thus, the range for the answer is from 400 to 600.
b. One-Column/Two-Column Front-End
EXAMPLE 6
To estimate 397 + 153 think 300 + 100 = 400.
Notice:
The one-column front-end method always provides low estimates in addition
problems as well as in multiplication problems
Notice:
The two-column front-end method also provides a low estimate for sums and
products. However, this estimate is closer to the exact, answer than one
obtained from using only one column.
Notice:
Unlike one-column or two-column front-end estimates, this technique may produce
either a low estimate or a high estimate.
a. 5674 + 4325
a. 2937 x 259
b. 459 x 89,943
c. 2347 x 55
a. Round Up (Down)
b. Round a 5 Up
The most common rounding technique which is used in
schools is the round a 5 up method.
Since 255 is between 260 and 250 and the 6 in the tens
place is even, and 385 is between 390 and 380 and the 8
is even, rounding to the nearest even method yields 260
+ 380 = 640.
Notice:
The rounding up technique would have yielded the
considerably higher estimate of 30 x 40 = 1200, whereas
the exact answer is 1053.
Notice:
Notice:
Here 2326 was rounded up to 2400, and 45 was
rounded down to 40 because 2400 : 40 easily leads to a
quotient since 2400 and 40 are compatible numbers with
respect to division.
Solution:
(a) 52 x 31 = 50 x 31 = 1550
52 x 31 = 52 x 30 = 1560
(The exact answer is 1612.)
(b) 267 : 34 = 240 : 30 = 8
267 : 34 = 280 : 40 = 7
(The exact answer is 7 with remainder 29)
2. Round as specified
Communication Activity
Read and think each at the situation. Then explain what you think about each
situation.
Your car usually gets about 12 km per litre on the highway. Your gas tank is about
one-half full and it is 40 km to the next gas station. What do you think about this
situation?
Your plane is scheduled to leave at 06.00 and it usually takes about one hour to get to
the airport. Should you over or underestimate the time needed to get to the airport
when deciding what time to leave?
Make up an estimation problem where you would want to (a) overestimate (b)
underestimate.
Adding Integers
Suppose your football team played in a tournament.
Unfortunately, your team lost 5 goals in the first game
and lost another 3 goals in the second game. We can use
a model to draw the number of goals your team lost.
-1
-5 -3 ....
1. What is the third number?
2. Use a model to find the following addition.
a. -4 + (-6) b. -1 + (-8) c. -5 + (-2)
3. What is the sign for an addition of two negative
numbers?
+4 +3 ....
+3
-5
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Therefore, –7 + 2 = -5.
Calculate
a. 12 + 9 = . . .
b. 23 + 14 = . . .
c. 36 + (49) = . . .
d. 89 + (25) = . . .
e. 124 + 0 =
Subtracting Integers
In a restaurant there are two refrigerators. The first
refrigerator has a temperature of -5 0C, while the second
one -3 0
C. To find the difference between the
temperatures of the two refrigerators, you should do a
subtraction.
Then, -2 – (-5) = 3
Calculate.
a. 34 13 = . . .
b. 76 – 45 = . . .
c. 34 – (59) = . . .
d. 148 + ( 101) = . . .
e. 36 + 32 = . . .
f. 18 – (57) = . . .
a. 2(-5) b. 4(-2)
Work in Groups
1.a 43=... 2.b 3 3 = . . .
33=... 2 3 = . . .
23=... 1 3 = . . .
13=... 0 3 = . . .
03= ... 1 3 = . . .
1 3 = . . . 2 3 = . . .
2 3 = . . . 3 3 = . . .
3 3 = . . . 3 3 = . . .
a. 12 3 = . . . d. 9 3 = . . .
b. 8 2 = . . . e. 6 2 = . . .
c. 4 1 = . . . f. 3 1 = . . .
Product of Integers
The product of two integers having the same signs is a positive integer.
The product of two integers having different signs is a negative integer.
The product of any integer with zero is zero.
Calculate.
PROBLEM 8
a. 13 × 4 = . . .
b. 24 × (12) = . . .
c. 8 × 24 = . . .
d. 25 ×(14) = . . .
e. 15 × 0 = . . .
1 a. 16 4 =.. 2 a. 12 3 =...
b. 12 4 =... b. 9 3 =...
c. 8 4 =... c. 6 3 =...
d. 4 4 =... d. 3 3 =...
e. 0 4 = ... e. 0 3 = ...
f. 4 4 =... f. 3 3 =...
g. 8 4 =.. g. 6 3 =...
h. 12 4 = . . .. h. 9 3 =...
a. 12 3 = . . . d. 9 3 = . . .
b. 8 2 = . . . e. 6 2 = . . .
c. 4 1 = . . . f. 3 1 = . . .
Calculate
a. 144 3=...
b. 246 6=...
c. 248 (8) = . . .
d. 120 (10) = . .
Calculate
a. (82 × 4) 2 = . . .
b. (23 + 36) × 5 = . . .
c. 23 × ( 34 – 21) = . . .
c. 4 2 = . . . ; 5 2 = . . . ; 8 2 = . . .
64 =...?
Is there any number other than 4 the square of which is 16? Certainly,
that is 4. But you should remember that is only 4. Why?
If a 0, then is the number which is not negative and the square of
which is a.
PROBLEM 13
Find the side of a square if the area is
a. 81 cm 2
b. 100 m 2
c. 289 m 2
Activities
1. a. Complete the table below
No Cube Edge (cm) Cube Volume (cm 3 )
1 2 ...
2 3 ...
3 5 ...
b. How do you find the volume of the cube?
c. 2 3 = . . . ; 3 3 = . . . ; 5 3 = . . .
b. 3
1000 = . . .
c. 3
27 = . . .
d. 3
125 = . . .
PROBLEM 15 Find out the side of the cube with a given volume
of
a. 64 cm 3
b. 216 m 3
a. 3 3 = 3 × 3 × 3 and 32 = 3× 3
3 3 32 = ( 3 × 3 × 3 ) ( 3× 3 )
=3×3×3 3×3
b. 26 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 and 24 = 2 2 2 2
6
2x2x2x2x2x2
26 24 =
2
4
=
2x2x2x2
= 2 2 = 22 = 26-4.
2
So, 26 24 = 26-4
2×2×2×2×2×2 = 26 = 23x2.
So, (23)2 = 23x2.
a(b + c) = (a + b) + (a + c).
For example:
12 (6 + 1 = 12
or
(a b) – (a c) = a (b – c)
and
a (b + c) = (a b) + (a c).
For example:
22 (16 = 22
or
Therefore, 22 (16 =
For example:
Does the property above also apply to a division?
Explain.
c. 49 x 53 x 47
d. 32 x 28 x 29 x 31
4. Calculate.
a. 24×(56 23) = . . . b. (21 46) × 14 = ...
c. (127 43) 2=... d. 44 × (125 5) = . . .
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13. Find the square roots of 4, 9, 16, 49, 81, and 100.