15/9/2021

Lecture 3
Regional Geodetic datum

Ref: Chapter 2.1.3, Chapter 5.5.5, 5.5.6

Lu et al, Geodesy

Reference surface for horizontal control

network
• Geoid/Telluroid: shape of the earth
– But cannot be used for horizontal reference
– Cannot solve the first and second geodetic
problems
• Ellipsoid
– A mathematic surface
– Can solve the first and second geodetic
problems
• An ellipsoid to best fit with geoid
2

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 15/9/2021

Lecture 3
Regional Geodetic datum

Ref: Chapter 2.1.3, Chapter 5.5.5, 5.5.6

Lu et al, Geodesy

Reference surface for horizontal control

network
• Geoid/Telluroid: shape of the earth
– But cannot be used for horizontal reference ixlocàsuwey
– Cannot solve the first and second geodetic
problems
• Ellipsoid
cnn.bg
– A mathematic surface
– Can solve the first and second geodetic
problems
• An ellipsoid to best fit with geoid
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A regional Geodetic Datum

vglobddpendsonsneieoovdinatelbestfittlocalsh.pe?suvveylmap
• An ellipsoid which is fit with regional geoid
area

Vloà
tnismaùarea
↳ eaytodoose
• Starting elements for geodetic surveying
– Starting known point: ( 0, 0)
– Starting known azimuth of a line: 0
↳
locdgeodeticsystemN.tn?MeridianPlane7 ,

How to apply the concepts to real

world?

• Which is the
direction of the
north for the earth
• Where is the north
pole
• Where is equator

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Photo of stars at pole

6
hasnetr ohjectsrlaiegshtxdposinuve.sn
Stars provide a fixed reference frame
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Stavhylongdlat
_ eindbiy
Gkangexmātr
imagf Celestial sphere
• A sphere to locate stars in sky
• It refers to direction, distance is
irrelevant
Rólatmgplane
• Ecliptic: the path round the sun of
the earth-and-moon’s centre of
mass
• Equinox: intersection of ecliptic
and equator
看 夜 平分點
– At equinox, the day and night
have equal time
• Which direction is equinox? Rnangle
makingseason
7
1

Celestial coordinate system

• Z: earth rotation Axis
• X: equator plane, point to Z
Vernal Equinox (spring Earth Rotation axis
equinox)
• Y: in equator plane, form Ecliptic
right hand
• The system does not rotate
Y
with the earth equator
• The coordinates on the earth Vernal equinox
surface are function of time X
huhvsperlod
Gsamevalue
aawuhrs 8

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Star Location (2D on the surface of sphere)

• Right Ascension 赤 經
– Angle on equator plane
between vernal equinox Earth Rotation axis
and meridian of the
star
• Declination 赤 緯
– Angle in meridian Meridian
plane between declination
equator and star

Right ascension equator

Vernal equinox

A Coordinate System
defined by observation of stars:
Global astronomical system

• Through the observation of stars and

time
• To estimate the coordinates on the
earth surface
• Global astronomical system
– Astronomical latitude
– Astronomical longitude
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Astronomical meridian
• Astronomical Meridian Plane
– Spanned by the direction of plumb line at P
and a line parallel to the rotational axis
• Global Astronomical system is defined by
the gravity
Rotation Axis

A line parallel Plumb line

To rotation axis

Astronomical Meridian Equator

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Global Astronomical System

• Astronomical latitude A 緯
– in the plane of astronomical meridian between
equatorial plane and the direction of plumb line
at point P
• Astronomical longitude 經
A
– Angle measured in equatorial plane between
Zero (Greenwich) meridian plane and the plane
of the meridian plane through P
• Gravity potential W-W0 (a third dimension)
– W0: gravity potential on the geoid
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Global astronomical coordinates

Rotation axis
Plumb Line

Equator

A
Zero meridian
A
(Greenwich)

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Relationship between gravity field

and astronomical coordinates

grny cos cos

d
g gradW gn g cos sin
sin
W W ( X ,Y , Z )
Wz Wy
arctan , arctan
W x2 W y2 Wx

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Measuring Astronomical Latitude

Longitude, and azimuth
• A simple way to determine astronomic
coordinates
– Longitude: Measuring time difference of the
same star passing the zero meridian and the
meridian of the point greenih
– Latitude: measuring the zenith angle of a
known star pass the local meridian
– Azimuth: observe the polar star (Polaris)
• In practice, we can observe a number
stars at any locations (spherical
triangulation) 15

15

Measure latitude and longitude

Declination

T0 T1

Latitude=Declination-zenith angle Longitude= (T1-T0)

↳,
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Astronomical Azimuth

• In the horizontal plane, angle between the

north and the direction of an object

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Astronomical Coordinates

• Ancient technique
• Assume that stars are
not moving
• Coordinates:
Astronomical latitude
and Longitude,
• Difficult to calculate
distance between two
points
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Gravity is a Reference for Geodetic

Measurements: to define
an equipotential surface
Vertical
Equipotential

Solid Earth
p
Equipotential
Geoid

Geoid: a gravity equipotential surface, which is the

best fit with global mean sea level

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APPROXIMATION OF THE FIGURE

OF THE EARTH
Need to solve:
1st and 2nd Geodetic problems
The solid earth

Approximation as a sphere

Approximation as an ellipsoid

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Ellipsoid to model the earth

Deflection of Vertical
vertical Equipotential
normal
Solid Earth
p
Equipotential
Geoid

Reference Ellipsoid

21

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How to define an ellipsoid to fit

the earth?

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Fit a ellipsoid to the earth

esscenhiity
Origin Pillar N
Rotation Axis Ellipsoid Size (a & e2)
Ellipsoid Orientation
(earth rotation Axis)
normal Zero Meridian: Greenwich
P
Ellipsoid Position (3) ?
Mass
G Geocentre
Centre of Minor axis of Ellipsoid
parallel to earth rotation Axis
Ellipsoid

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ELLIPSOIDAL (GEODETIC)
COORDINATES

p • One real point, p

• Two geodetic points P1, P2
• Two geodetic lats, 1G, 2G
P1
P2 • The two minor axes are
parallel to each other
1 2
G G

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ASTRONOMICAL COORDINATES

Axis of Rotation
Vertical

Equipotential
Solid Earth Meridional Plane

90O- A
Co-latitude

Equatorial Plane

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Relationship between Geoid and

Ellipsoid

Plumb Line
Vertical to ellip
(surface Normal)

Deflection of Vertical

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Two Components of deflection of

vertical
O

Plumb line
East North

O’

B C
East North
Surface Normal

A
27

27

Deflection of vertical at plane of

azimuth 𝛼
• Deflection at plane of
azimuth 𝛼
• 𝑠 = 𝜉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝜂𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

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POSITIONING OF ELLIPSOID &

ORIGIN PILLAR
vertical
normal Equip. Formulae
G- A

起 =( G - A) sin

☒
試 H Geoid
h =N+H

ǒet h
N
Ellipsoid
Laplace Equation
Need to solve spherical
Trigonometry

29

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Surface Normal
Plumb line
meridian

G
equator
A

G- A et 4

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AT THE DATUM POINT

In General
vertical

}
o o
G = A
normal O o o Observed
G = A

ho = Ho

o
(N =0)
Geoid

Ellipsoid
At datum: Deflection of vertical is zero
At datum: geoid undulation is zero
or
or
Plumb line is the same as surface Normal
Ellipsoidal surface matches geoid
At datum
at datum point 31

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SOME REFERENCE ELLIPSOIDS

Name a (m) 1/f Usage
Everest (1830) 6377276 300 India
Airy (1830) 6376542 299 Great Britain
Clarke (1866) 6378206 295 North America
Clarke (1880) 6378249 293 France, Africa
International (1924) 6378388 297 Europe (ReTrig)
Krassonsky (1940) 6378245 298 Russia
IAG ‘67 (Lucerne) 6378160 298.247 IAG recomm.
WGS 72 6378135 298.26 DoD (Doppler)
GRS 80 (Canb) 6378137 298.257 IAG (Geo Ref Sys)
WGS 84 6378137 298.257 US DoD

Positioning NOT Size of Ellipsoid Important

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Azimuth

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Define a Geodetic Datum

• The size of ellipsoid a, e 蜥 化以

– Arc measurements
• The datum: (B0, L0, A0) on the ellipsoid
– Observation of astronomic coordinates

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Geodetic Control Network

• Provide a number of points on the surface of the earths,
the coordinates of the points are in the same coordinate
systems.

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hèynte
ellixsoldsudè ,

Global ELLIPSOIDAL
COORDINATES
normal
p

Solid Earth
Greenwich hG
P

G
G

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END

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