MICRO PROJECT

SUBJECT :-POWER ENGINEERING AND

REFRIGERATION ( 22562)
PREPARE A REPORT ON JET ENGINE
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

Submitted by
Vaibhav Patil Akash Patil
Pratham Pachkore Vaishnavi Pusadkar

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Government Polytechnic, Yavatmal
2020-2021
 Acknowledgement
It is an incident of great pleasure for us submitting this Micro
project .We take this opportunity to express our deep sense of
gratitude and great thanks to our guide Lect. Dr.J.D.Golhar Sir, and
HOD.Dr.A.P.Matale Sir , who has been a constant source of our
guidance and inspiration of thoughts we will always be grateful to
them for encouragement and suggestion given by them from time to
time.

We should like to thank all the teaching members of

Mechanical Engineering Department and sincere thanks to our
Principal Dr.R.P.Mogre Sir who always inspire us.

We are also thankful to our friends and library staff members

whose encouragement suggestion helped us to complete our Micro
Project.

Projectee…..

Vaibhav Patil
Vaibhav Patil
Pratham Pachkore
Vaishnavi Pusadkar
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC YAVATMAL
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
SUBJECT- POWER ENGINEERING AND
REFRIGERATOR (22562)

Certificate
2020-21
This is certify that the Micro project report is entitled
“Prepare a report on jet engine”
been completed by following students under my guidance, in
satisfactory manner as fulfillment of the diploma course in
Mechanical engineering.

Akash Patil Akash Patil

Pratham Pachkore Vaishnavi Pusadkar

Subject Teacher HOD Principal

Dr.J.D.Golhar Sir Dr.A.P.Matale Sir Dr.R.P.Mogre Sir
 Annexure –I

“Prepare a report on jet engine”

1.0 Aims / benefits of Micro-project :-

The aim of this micro project details study on the jet engine.
2.0 Course outcome addressed :-
• Identify the different
components of jet engine.
• Test the performance of jet
engine.
3.0 Proposed Methodology :-
To prepare report on detailed study on the jet engine. Firstly
we collected all the information related to our topic and also search
some other things related to this topic.
we referred some books and also searched on Internet related
to our Micro-project We use this information for creation of our
Micro-project. Then we started writing a project.
 4.0 Action Plan:-
(Sequence and time required for major activities 8 weeks)
Sr.no Details of activity Plan start Plan end Name of responsible
date date team members
1) Discussed and selected Vaibhav Patil
Akash Patil
topic after consulting 1/10/2021 11/10/2021
Pratham Pachkore
to teacher and internet Vaishnavi Pusadkar

Purchased all the

2) eqipments after 11/10/2021 21/10/2021 (same as above)
discussion

3) Understood the exact

procedure needed 21/10/2021 01/11/2021 (same as above)

4) Took the practical

11/11/2021
01/11/2021 (same as above)
knowledge of project

5) Wrote the proper report 11/11/2021 22/11/2021 (same as above)

of the experiment

Shown the final report 22/11/2021 06/12/2021 (same as above)

6) to the teacher for any
changes

Made the told project and 06/12/2021 24/12/2021 (same as above)

7)
submitted the project
5.0 Resources Required :-
Sr.No Name of Resources Specification Quantity
1 Computer With installed 1
Microsoft
Software
2 Printer 3d 1
3 Internet High Speed
4 Pendrive 32 gb 1
5 Paper sheet white ------
6 Color pens 1 set 1 set

6.0 Names of team members with roll No :-

Sr No. Name of Student Roll No. Enrollment No.
1 VAIBHAV PATIL 19ME33 1901350191
2 PRATHAM PACHKORE 19ME27 1901350186
3 AKASH PATIL 19ME33 1901350189
4 VAISHNAVI PUSADKAR 19ME37 1901350193

**********
 Annexure II

MICRO-PROJECT REPORT
“Prepare a report on jet engine”

1.0 Rationale :-
A jet engine is a type of reaction engine discharging a fast-moving jet that
generates thrust by jet propulsion. While this broad definition can
include rocket, water jet, and hybrid propulsion, the term jet engine typically
refers to an internal combustion air breathing jet engine such as
a turbojet, turbofan, ramjet, or pulse jet. In general, jet engines are internal
combustion engines.
Airbreathing jet engines typically feature a rotating air compressor powered by
a turbine, with the leftover power providing thrust through the propelling
nozzle—this process is known as the Brayton thermodynamic cycle. Jet
aircraft use such engines for long-distance travel. Early jet aircraft used turbojet
engines that were relatively inefficient for subsonic flight. Most modern
subsonic jet aircraft use more complex high-bypass turbofan engines. They give
higher speed and greater fuel efficiency than piston and
propeller aeroengines over long distances. A few air-breathing engines made
for high speed applications (ramjets and scramjets) use the ram effect of the
vehicle's speed instead of a mechanical compressor.
The thrust of a typical jetliner engine went from 5,000 lbf (22,000 N) (de
Havilland Ghost turbojet) in the 1950s to 115,000 lbf (510,000 N) (General
Electric GE90 turbofan) in the 1990s, and their reliability went from 40 in-flight
shutdowns per 100,000 engine flight hours to less than 1 per 100,000 in the late
1990s. This, combined with greatly decreased fuel consumption, permitted
routine transatlantic flight by twin-engined airliners by the turn of the century,
where previously a similar journey would have required multiple fuel stops.
2.0 Aims of project :-
The aim of this micro project details study on the jet engine.

3.0 Course outcome addressed:-

• Identify the different

components of Jet engine.
• Test the performance of jet
engine.
4.0 Literature Review :-

I. www.quora.com
II. www.slideshare.net
III. www.iitg.ac.in
IV. www.ikbooks.com
V. www.wikipedia.com
Taken resources as internet select the topic , Further read more
details about the topic from the internet Also discuss with the
subject teacher , referred books to enhance the project , Taken lots
of advice from group members .
5.0 Actual Resources Used :-
Sr.No Name of Resources Specification Quantity
1 Computer With installed 1
Microsoft
Software
2 Printer 3d 1
3 Internet High Speed
4 Pendrive 32 gb 1
5 Paper sheet white ------
6 Color pens 1 set 1 set

6.0 Actual Methodology Followed :-

To prepare report on detailed study on jet engine. Firstly we
collected all the information related to our topic and also search
some other things related to this topic.
we referred some books and also searched on Internet related
to our Micro-project We use this information for creation of our
Micro-project. Then we started writing a project.
7.0 Outputs of the Micro project :-
 We get the knowledge of different types of jet engine.
 Better understand the application of the jet engine.
 We study the working of the jet engine and it’s various
parts.
 Also we know the performance and advantages and
disadvantage of the jet engine.
8.0 Skill Developed/ Learning Outcomes of this Micro-Project:-

a) Communication skill and planning for micro project with

group members skill developed.
b) Presentation skill developed how to present our project and
perform the action of Micro micro-project.
c) Leadership developed and time budget and cost estimation
and schedule management skill developed.
d) Drawing skill is improved.
e) Internet surfing skill.
9.0 Application of This Micro-Project:-
Some of the important application are , as follows
Jet engines power jet aircraft, cruise missiles and unmanned aerial
vehicles. In the form of rocket engines they power fireworks, model
rocketry, spaceflight, and military missiles.
Jet engines have propelled high speed cars, particularly drag racers,
with the all-time record held by a rocket car. A turbofan powered
car, Thrusts’, currently holds the land speed record.
Jet engine designs are frequently modified for non-aircraft
applications, as industrial gas turbines or marine power plants.
These are used in electrical power generation, for powering water,
natural gas, or oil pumps, and providing propulsion for ships and
locomotives. Industrial gas turbines can create up to 50,000 shaft
horsepower. Many of these engines are derived from older military
turbojets such as the Pratt & Whitney J57 and J75 models. There is
also a derivative of the P&W JT8D low-bypass turbofan that creates
up to 35,000 Horse power (HP) .

**********
 *Jet Engine*

A jet engine is a type of reaction engine discharging a fast-moving jet that

generates thrust by jet propulsion. While this broad definition can include rocket, water jet,
and hybrid propulsion, the term jet engine typically refers to an internal combustion air
breathing jet engine such as a turbojet, turbofan, ramjet, or pulse jet. In general, jet engines
are internal combustion engines.

Jet engine

A Pratt & Whitney F100 turbofan engine for the F-15 Eagle being tested in the hush
house at Florida Air National Guard base

Classification Internal combustion engine

Industry Aerospace

Application Aviation

Fuel source Jet fuel

Components Dynamic compressor, Fan, Combustor, Turbine, Propelling nozzle

Inventor John Barber, Frank Whittle

Invented 1791, 1928

 U.S. Air Force F-15E Strike Eagles

Jet engine during take-off showing visible hot exhaust (Germanwings Airbus A319)
Air breathing jet engines typically feature a rotating air compressor powered by a turbine,
with the leftover power providing thrust through the propelling nozzle—this process is
known as the Brayton thermodynamic cycle. Jet aircraft use such engines for long-distance
travel. Early jet aircraft used turbojet engines that were relatively inefficient for subsonic
flight. Most modern subsonic jet aircraft use more complex high-bypass turbofan engines.
They give higher speed and greater fuel efficiency than piston and
propeller aeroengines over long distances. A few air-breathing engines made for high speed
applications (ramjets and scramjets) use the ram effect of the vehicle's speed instead of a
mechanical compressor.
The thrust of a typical jetliner engine went from 5,000 lbf (22,000 N) (de Havilland
Ghost turbojet) in the 1950s to 115,000 lbf (510,000 N) (General Electric GE90 turbofan) in
the 1990s, and their reliability went from 40 in-flight shutdowns per 100,000 engine flight
hours to less than 1 per 100,000 in the late 1990s. This, combined with greatly decreased
fuel consumption, permitted routine transatlantic flight by twin-engined airliners by the
turn of the century, where previously a similar journey would have required multiple fuel
stops.
 History of Jet Engine
The principle of the jet engine is not new; however the technical advances necessary to
make the idea work did not come to fruition until the 20th century. A rudimentary
demonstration of jet power dates back to the aeolipile, a device described by Hero of
Alexandria in 1st-century Roman Egypt. This device directed steam power through two
nozzles to cause a sphere to spin rapidly on its axis. It was seen as a curiosity. Meanwhile,
practical applications of the turbine can be seen in the water wheel and the windmill.
Historians tried to trace the origin of jet engine back to middle ages, and the principles used
by the Chinese to send their rockets and fireworks was similar to that of a jet engine.
Similarly the Ottoman soldier Lagâri Hasan Çelebi reportedly used a cone-shaped rocket to
fly. However the real history of jet engine starts with Frank Whittle
The earliest attempts at airbreathing jet engines were hybrid designs in which an external
power source first compressed air, which was then mixed with fuel and burned for jet
thrust. The Caproni Campini N.1, and the Japanese Tsu-11 engine intended to
power Ohka kamikaze planes towards the end of World War II were unsuccessful.

Albert Fonó's ramjet-cannonball from 1915

Even before the start of World War II, engineers were beginning to realize that engines
driving propellers were approaching limits due to issues related to propeller
efficiency, which declined as blade tips approached the speed of sound. If aircraft
performance were to increase beyond such a barrier, a different propulsion mechanism
was necessary. This was the motivation behind the development of the gas turbine engine,
the most common form of jet engine.
The key to a practical jet engine was the gas turbine, extracting power from the engine itself
to drive the compressor. The gas turbine was not a new idea: the patent for a stationary
turbine was granted to John Barber in England in 1791. The first gas turbine to successfully
run self-sustaining was built in 1903 by Norwegian engineer Giddies Elling. Such engines
did not reach manufacture due to issues of safety, reliability, weight and, especially,
sustained operation.
The first patent for using a gas turbine to power an aircraft was filed in 1921 by Maxime
Guillaume. His engine was an axial-flow turbojet, but was never constructed, as it would
have required considerable advances over the state of the art in compressors. Alan Arnold
Griffith published An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design in 1926 leading to
experimental work at the RAE.
 The Whittle W.2/700 engine flew in the Gloster E.28/39, the first British aircraft to fly
with a turbojet engine, and the Gloster Meteor
In 1928, RAF College Cranwell cadet Frank Whittle formally submitted his ideas for a
turbojet to his superiors. In October 1929, he developed his ideas further. On 16 January
1930, in England, Whittle submitted his first patent (granted in 1932). The patent showed a
two-stage axial compressor feeding a single-sided centrifugal compressor. Practical axial
compressors were made possible by ideas from A.A.Griffith in a seminal paper in 1926 ("An
Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design"). Whittle would later concentrate on the simpler
centrifugal compressor only. Whittle was unable to interest the government in his
invention, and development continued at a slow pace.

Heinkel He 178, the world's first aircraft to fly purely on turbojet power
In 1935, Hans von Ohain started work on a similar design in Germany, both compressor
and turbine being radial, on opposite sides of the same disc, initially unaware of Whittle's
work. Von Ohain's first device was strictly experimental and could run only under external
power, but he was able to demonstrate the basic concept. Ohain was then introduced
to Ernst Heinkel, one of the larger aircraft industrialists of the day, who immediately saw
the promise of the design. Heinkel had recently purchased the Hirth engine company, and
Ohain and his master machinist Max Hahn were set up there as a new division of the Hirth
company. They had their first HeS 1 centrifugal engine running by September 1937. Unlike
Whittle's design, Ohain used hydrogen as fuel, supplied under external pressure. Their
subsequent designs culminated in the gasoline-fuelled HeS 3 of 5 kN (1,100 lbf), which was
fitted to Heinkel's simple and compact He 178 airframe and flown by Erich Warsitz in the
early morning of August 27, 1939, from Rostock-Marienehe aerodrome, an impressively
short time for development. The He 178 was the world's first jet plane. Heinkel applied for
a US patent covering the Aircraft Power Plant by Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain on May 31,
1939; patent number US2256198, with M Hahn referenced as inventor.

A cutaway of the Junkers Jumo 004 engine

Austrian Anselm Franz of Junkers' engine division (Junkers Motoren or "Jumo") introduced
the axial-flow compressor in their jet engine. Jumo was assigned the next engine number in
the RLM 109-0xx numbering sequence for gas turbine aircraft power plants, "004", and the
result was the Jumo 004 engine. After many lesser technical difficulties were solved, mass
production of this engine started in 1944 as a power plant for the world's first jet-fighter
aircraft, the Messerschmitt Me 262 (and later the world's first jet-bomber aircraft,
the Arado Ar 234). A variety of reasons conspired to delay the engine's availability, causing
the fighter to arrive too late to improve Germany's position in World War II, however this
was the first jet engine to be used in service.
 Gloster Meteor F.3s. The Gloster Meteor was the first British jet fighter and
the Allies' only jet aircraft to achieve combat operations during World War
Meanwhile, in Britain the Gloster E28/39 had its maiden flight on 15 May 1941 and
the Gloster Meteor finally entered service with the RAF in July 1944. These were powered
by turbojet engines from Power Jets Ltd., set up by Frank Whittle. The first two operational
turbojet aircraft, the Messerschmitt Me 262 and then the Gloster Meteor entered service
within three months of each other in 1944.
Following the end of the war the German jet aircraft and jet engines were extensively
studied by the victorious allies and contributed to work on early Soviet and US jet fighters.
The legacy of the axial-flow engine is seen in the fact that practically all jet engines on fixed-
wing aircraft have had some inspiration from this design.
By the 1950s, the jet engine was almost universal in combat aircraft, with the exception of
cargo, liaison and other specialty types. By this point, some of the British designs were
already cleared for civilian use, and had appeared on early models like the de Havilland
Comet and Avro Canada Jetliner. By the 1960s, all large civilian aircraft were also jet
powered, leaving the piston engine in low-cost niche roles such as cargo flights.
The efficiency of turbojet engines was still rather worse than piston engines, but by the
1970s, with the advent of high-bypass turbofan jet engines (an innovation not foreseen by
the early commentators such as Edgar Buckingham, at high speeds and high altitudes that
seemed absurd to them), fuel efficiency was about the same as the best piston and propeller
engines.
 Types of Jet Engine
Following are the main types of jet engines, which are described below:

1. Turboshaft engine
2. Turboprop engine
3. Turbofan engine
4. Turbo Jet Engine
5. Ram Jet Engine
6. Rocket Motor
1. Turboshaft Engine

A turboshaft engine is a type of gas-powered turbine that works similarly to a turboprop

engine. Turboshaft engines do not drive propellers. It is used in helicopters to power the
rotor. The difference between turboshaft and turbojet is that turboshaft engines use most
of their power to turn the turbine, not to generate thrust from the rear of the engine. These
are turbojet engines with a large shaft attached to the rear.Turboshaft engines are designed
such that the speed of the helicopter rotor rotates independently of the speed of the gas
generator. This helps in keeping the speed of the helicopter rotor constant if the gas
generator speed is reduced.

It also controls the power that a helicopter produces. Turboshaft engines obtain their
propulsion by converting high-speed gases into mechanical power to drive auxiliary
equipment such as turbines and compressors.
2. Turboprop Engine

The first turboprop engine was built in Budapest in 1938. It is a type of jet engine that uses
a gearing system to connect to an aircraft propeller. Turboprop aircraft engines save
fuel and spin at medium-range speeds.

Turboprop engines are good at mid-range altitude, but their weight is likely to damage
the gearing system. A turboprop engine consists of a combustion chamber, containing
pressurized air and gas, a turbine, and a compressor.

Although, modern turboprop engines have smaller propeller diameters. These engines have
multiple blades that help stabilize the aircraft at altitude. Like a turbofan aircraft engine, a
turboprop engine converts gas stream energy into mechanical power to

This propeller generates power to drive the load, accessories, and compressor. Such jet
engines come with shafts attached to the turbines that drive the propellers through a
reduction gear system.
3. Turbofan Engine

These engines have a large fan at the front to suck in the air. Towards turbofan jet engines,
most of the air flows around the aircraft engine allowing the aircraft to fly more loudly or
quietly, even at low speeds.

The turbofan aircraft engine is an improved version of the turboprop and turbojet engine. It
works like a turbojet engine but with a ducted fan mounted at the front. This has the
advantage that the engine cools down, producing additional thrust and reducing
aircraft engine noise.

Working of Turbofan jet Engine

Air enters the intake of a turbofan jet engine, flows through a generator, which contains a
turbine, combustion chamber, and compressor. From this, only a little of the air passing
through the turbofan engine reaches the combustion chamber.

That remaining air passes through compressors or fans when it is mixed with the gas
produced or discharged. This system is meant to help achieve higher thrust while
maintaining the same level of consumption.

The turbofan lowers the velocity within the same level as the jet engine’s power supply and
increases it to achieve this total air mass flow.
4. Turbo Jet Engine

These types of jet engines take their oxygen supply from the surrounding atmosphere. The
turbojet engine contains a diffuser at the front end, an expansion nozzle (also called
propelling nozzle) at the rear end. The energy produced consists of a combustion
chamber, a fuel pump, a gas turbine, and an air compressor.

The air is compressed into the chamber, it is heated, and expanded by the fuel combustion.
It is then allowed to expand through a turbine into a nozzle, where it is accelerated to high
speed to provide propulsion.

Working of Turbo Jet Engine

Atmospheric air enters the diffuser with the same velocity as the propulsion unit. The
function of a diffuser is to convert the kinetic energy of entering air into its pressure
energy. The high-pressure air now enters the compressor, where its pressure is increased
and the temperature rises accordingly.

The high pressure and temperature compressed air now enter the spherical combustion
chamber in which the liquid fuel is injected through a ring through a pump. In the
combustion chamber, the fuel burns at constant pressure by coming in contact with hot
compressed air.

The hot gases thus generated in the combustion chamber now enter a gas turbine in which
it expands to produce power. It is with this power that the compressor and the fuel pump
are operated. Now, the exhaust gases from the turbine pass into the atmosphere through
the expansion nozzle.

As the exhaust gases pass through the nozzle, their pressure energy is converted into
kinetic energy. The gases leave the nozzle with a very high velocity creating a reactive force
or thrust in the opposite direction. This moves the propellant unit forward.
5. Ram Jet Engine

In these types of jet engines, the ramjet is the simplest of all the propulsive units. Ramjet
requires neither a compressor nor a turbine. The ramjet is the simplest type of jet engine
because it has no moving parts.

It consists of three main components such as a diffuser, combustion chamber, and

expansion nozzle. The pressure of the incoming air improves to a high value by the diffuser.

This type of engine requires a hollow tube into which fuel is injected, mixed with air, and
burned to generate thrust, as shown below. The ramjet only works if it is already moving
fast enough to compress the incoming air by simply forcing it into the engine.

Working of Ram Jet Engine

At the start, the ramjet is moved and accelerated to about 500km/h by some booster device
with maybe a small turbo-jet unit. After high speed is attained in the ramjet, air enters into
the diffuser with the speed of the ramjet.

The use of a diffuser is to convert the kinetic energy of entering air into its pressure energy.
Fuel is now injected through a fuel injection nozzle and ignited through a spark plug. Hot
gases are generated, now diffuse into the expansion chamber, and eventually leave the
expansion unit through the expansion nozzle.

As the exhaust gases pass through the nozzle, their pressure energy is converted into
kinetic energy. Then, the gases leave the nozzle with very high velocity producing a reactive
force or trust in the opposite direction.

The ramjet engine works efficiently only when its speed is supersonic. For this reason, this
engine is not used in aircraft; It is used in missiles.
6. Rocket Motor

A rocket motor is a type of jet engine that generates its own supply of oxygen. It is used in
outer space, where there is no trace of air. It consists of a cylinder in which a fuel tank,
oxidizer tank, combustion chamber turbine, and expansion nozzle are incorporated.

A rocket motor is a reaction engine. Its principle is that the fuel contained within the
rocket’s body is rapidly expanded and ejected from the rocket’s tail cone nozzle. This
reaction then causes thrust and drives the rocket forward.

Rocket thrust is the reaction force provided by deported particles at high velocity from a
nozzle hole. These deported particles may be solid, liquid, or gaseous. The engine’s ability
to generate thrust will be affected as long as the supply of particles or working fluid
remains out.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Jet Engines Over Reciprocating Engine:

Advantages

Following are the advantages of using jet engine:

1. The weight of a jet engine is less than a quarter that of a reciprocating engine.
2. A jet engine is free from unbalanced forces because there are no
reciprocating parts.
3. The frontal area of a jet engine is less than a quarter of the frontal area of
reciprocating engines, which greatly reduces drag. Therefore, it provides
more power at higher loads.
4. The speed of a jet engine is not limited by the propeller, which means that
higher speeds can be achieved.
5. A jet engine can be built with a much higher power output than reciprocating
engines because power is not limited by detonation. Higher power can be
achieved.
Disadvantages

Following are the disadvantages of using jet engine:

1. Especially at low pressure, the thermal efficiency is low. At low altitudes and
speeds up to 150 m/s/540 kmph, fuel consumption is more than a
reciprocating engine.
2. The working place is too noisy, the materials are expensive, and life is short.
3. The compression-pressure ratio is not as same as the reciprocal but changes
with speed.
4. Some difficulties arise in the operation of the propellant unit.
Conclusion

That’s it, Thanks for reading. So now, I hope that I have clear all your doubts about the
working of a jet engine and all types of jet engines. If you have any questions about “types
of jet engines” please tell us in the comments.

Now I understand that you must have liked the article written by me. If your answer is yes
then please share this with your friends.