CSS Intro, Coc1-4

12/28/21, 10:21 AM LESSON 1: Understanding the Computer
LESSON 1: Understanding the Computer
Site: TESDA Online Program Printed by: Amos Espino

Course: Introduction to CSS Date: Tuesday, 28 December 2021, 10:18 AM
Book: LESSON 1: Understanding the Computer
https://e-tesda.gov.ph/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=1263 1/8
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: The Computer
TOPIC 2: Types of Computers
TOPIC 3: Fundamental Elements of a Computer
Introduction
We all know that computers are essential pieces of technology that we use to make life easier and perform
jobs faster.
A computer increases our productivity, connects us to the internet, lets us talk with people across the world, helps us
store a lot of information, and even make money!
In this lesson, we will start with the basics.
We want to understand how the computer works, how many types of computers are there, what are the functions of
the computer, and more!
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In technical terms, the computer is a device that accepts information in the form of digitalized data, and manipulates it
for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.
1. Supercomputer
Most powerful and most advance in terms of performance and data processing. These
computers are commonly
used by large organizations to conduct specific tasks
such as weather forecasting, research, and exploration.
Ex. IBM’s Mira in United States. IBM’s Sequoia in United States
Fujitsu K Computer in Japan
2. Mainframe Computer
Large and
expensive computer capable of handling thousands of users and programs
simultaneously. Mainframe
computers can handle, process, and store large amount
of data. These are commonly stored in large air-
conditioned rooms because of
its big size.
Ex. Fujitsu’s ICL VME, Hitachi’s

Z800
Fujitsu ICL VME
3. Minicomputer
Also
known as midrange computers. It features all the functions of a large size
computer, but has a smaller size.
Minicomputers can support many users because
of its multi-processing system.
Ex. K-202, IBM Midrange computers,

SDS-92
K-202

4. Microcomputer
Most
widely used and fastest growing type of computer. Desktop computers, laptops,
tablets, and smartphones are
types of microcomputers.
12/28/21, 11:09 AM LESSON 5: Conducting Tests
LESSON 5: Conducting Tests

Course: Installing and Configuring Computer Systems Date: Tuesday, 28 December 2021, 11:09 AM
Book: LESSON 5: Conducting Tests
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Software Tools/Disk Management Tools
TOPIC 2: Testing Procedures

H5P: External Visual Inspection
Observing the Boot Routine
Internal Visual Inspection
TOPIC 3: Conducting Stress Test
H5P: Push to speak the answer! (Self check)
Introduction
After installing hardware and software, it is important that we make sure that the computer runs perfectly.
Testing the computer through stress tests is a good example to check if there are remaining issues in the computer. There are
procedures such as gathering test information, validating and responding to these may help in making sure that everything runs
smoothly.
Make sure that you have reviewed the use of diagnostic tools before proceeding to this lesson.
TOPIC 1: Software Tools/Disk Management Tools
The following are different disk management tools and procedures that can optimize a PC to its full performance as well as check
errors/issues along the way.
fDisk
A command-line tool that creates and

deletes partitions on a hard drive. It is available from Windows 2002 onwards.
For newer
units (from Windows XP onwards) the disk management tool is used.
Disk
Management Tool
This is
used to manage disks and drives (like internal and external hard drives),
create partitions, and format devices. This is
used on newer versions of
Microsoft Windows.
Format
It is the process of
preparing a data storage device (i.e. hard drive, USB drive, solid-state drive)
to store information.
ScanDisk
or CHKDSK
Used to check
integrity of files and folders in your unit. This can also be used to check the
disk surface for physical errors.
Defrag
It optimizes space on hard drive and allow

faster access to programs and data.
Disk
Cleanup
A software utility
for Windows that lets users remove files and speed up computer performance.
System
File Checker (SFC)
A tool
in Microsoft Windows that allows users to scan and restore corrupt Windows
system files. This is available in Windows 98
and later.
TOPIC 2: Testing Procedures
This is the basic testing procedure you will follow throughout.
1. Gathering test information.
2. Validating test information.
3. Responding to rest information.
4. Checking specification.
Proceed to the next topics to learn the different methods.
H5P: External Visual Inspection
Thank you for trying out H5P. To get started with H5P read our getting started guide
Observing the Boot Routine
1. If you have turned off the computer, power it on inclduing all peripherals and devices
2. Examine the power supply fan.
Is the fan running normally?
> If YES, proceed to Step 3.
> If NOT, troubleshoot the system power.
3. Watch the NUM LOCK, CAPS LOCK, and SCROLL LOCK keys light in the keyboard.
Internal Visual Inspection
Before performing Internal Visual Inspection, make sure that all open files were saved and running application programs were
closed.
1. Like in conducting external visual inspection, make sure that you have turned off the computer including its devices and
peripherals. Disconnect all power cables and electrical outlets.
2. Remove the computer’s right-side cover.
3. Examine whether all chips, expansion cards, and SEC cartridge and heat sink assembly or assemblies are fully seated in
their sockets or connectors.
4. To ensure that chips are fully seated in their sockets, press firmly on the top of each chip.
5. Check whether all jumpers are set correctly.
6. Check whether all cable connectors inside the computer to verify that they are firmly attached to its right connection.
7. Reinstall the computer cover.
Reconnect the computer and any attached peripherals to their power sources, and turn them on.
TOPIC 3: Conducting Stress Test
Stress
testing is a form of software
testing that determines a system’s stability, availability, and reliability.
It
is used to determine the speed and effectiveness of a computer, network,
software, or device.
Performance testing is checking the software whether it

can cope up with the current system performance.
You can conduct stress test by monitoring your computer performance through the Task Manager (Just press CTRL + ALT + DEL
keys to launch the Task Manager).
1. Close all open programs and launch the Task Manager.
2. Select "Performance" from the tabs.
3. Open as many applications as you can or perform many tasks.
4. Observe the computer's CPU Usage and Memory.
The more RAM you have, the smoother it is to access programs.
H5P: Push to speak the answer! (Self check)
It is a form of software testing that determines a system’s stability, availability, and reliability.
 Push to speak
12/28/21, 12:51 PM LESSON 2: Creating User Folder
LESSON 2: Creating User Folder

Course: Setting Up Computer Servers Date: Tuesday, 28 December 2021, 12:51 PM
Book: LESSON 2: Creating User Folder
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Active Directory Domain Services

Features of ADDS
TOPIC 2: Creating a User Folder

Set Static IP Address
Configuring the Active Directory Domain Services
Adding Roles
Creating an Organizational Unit & User
Introduction
In this lesson, you will learn how to create a user folder with Network Operating System, or NOS, features.
Basically, a user folder is the storage of files stored by the user to the computer server.
TOPIC 1: Active Directory Domain Services
Before creating a user folder, the administrator of the server should first install the Active Directory Domain Services (ADDS)
and create a user account.
To install the ADDS, the administrator should open command prompt (Ctrl + R then cmd), and type dcpromo to install ADDS, DNS,
and create a forest and domain.
A server that runs ADDS is a domain controller.
The domain controller basically:
Validates and gives access to all users and computers in a Windows domain type network;
Appoints and creates security protocols for all computers; and
Installs and adds software.
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Features of ADDS
These are the features of having the Active Directory Domain Services:
1. Security - The data is stored securely. Each of the objects in the Active Directory has an ACL or Access Control List which
consists of the resources that one may access and along with access privileges given to each resource.
2. Query Capabilities - The ADDS creates a global catalog to give a mechanism to handle queries. A client which has ADDS can
query the catalog to request directory data.
3. Replication - To replicate a directory to all domain controllers means easy access, high availability, and improved fault
tolerance.
4. Extensibility - Having ADDS is extensible. Meaning that new object types can be added to a directory. An attribute can be
added, for example to the user object.
Once a user is created, a user folder is also automatically created upon the log-in of the user to the client computer.
TOPIC 2: Creating a User Folder
This topic will teach you how to create a user folder with network operating system (NOS) features.
You can carefully follow the steps below if you have two computer units (one installed with Windows Server OS and a Windows
7/8/10 ) connected through a network cable.
1. On the server computer create a shared folder on drive C: or drive D:
2. On server manager, select Features, Group Policy Management, Forest, Domains, (Domain name), Right click on Policy, Edit
3. Chooser User Configuration, Choose Policies
4. Choose Windows Setting
5. Choose Folder Redirection
6. Choose your directory to be redirect, press right click on your mouse and select properties
7. Target Setting: Choose Basic
8. Under Root Path, type the share name of your folder
9. Click OK
10. Log-in to the client computer to automatically create User folder
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Set Static IP Address
Follow the step-by-step procedures on how to set a static IP address. This is a crucial step when configuring the server as this is
required for the server computer itself.
Click the left and right buttons to navigate.
Configuring the Active Directory Domain Services
Follow the step-by-step procedures on how to configure the ADDS. This is important since this is where all the information on
resources are centered on.
Adding Roles
Follow the step-by-step procedures on how to add roles in the ADDS.
Creating an Organizational Unit & User
Follow the step-by-step procedures on how to create an organizational unit and a user.
12/28/21, 12:58 PM LESSON 1: Planning and Preparing for Maintenance
LESSON 1: Planning and Preparing for Maintenance

Course: Maintaining Computer Systems and Networks Date: Tuesday, 28 December 2021, 12:58 PM
Book: LESSON 1: Planning and Preparing for Maintenance
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Preventive Maintenance
TOPIC 2: Conducting Maintenance

Hardware Maintenance
Software Maintenance
TOPIC 3: Troubleshooting
TOPIC 4: Data Protection

Practicing Caution
Backing Up Data
Introduction
Troubleshooting is an approach to locate the cause of faults in a computer system. Not all troubleshooting
experiences are the same since technicians acquire this skill based on their knowledge and personal experience.
That is why as a computer technician, you must be knowledgeable in the fundamentals of the computer concepts
since your approach to solving a problem may rely heavily on your own knowledge.
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TOPIC 1: Preventive Maintenance
Preventive maintenance is the regular and systematic inspection, cleaning, and replacement of worn parts,
materials, and systems.
It is done to prevent failure of parts, materials, and systems by regularly checking whether all parts are in good
working order.
Purpose of Preventive Maintenance
Preventive maintenance reduces the probability of hardware or software problems by systematically and periodically
checking hardware and software to ensure proper operation.
Regular preventive maintenance ensures minimal system failure. When there are fewer failures, less
troubleshooting will be done, thus, saving an organization time and money.
Preventive maintenance can also be done by upgrading certain hardware or software such as a hard drive that is
making a noise, upgrading insufficient memory, and installing new software updates for security and reliability.
TOPIC 2: Conducting Maintenance
First and foremost, maintenance is important in reducing hardware and software issues. With this, computer
downtime and repair costs are reduced.
Preventive maintenance depends on the needs and specifications of the equipment. For example, a device
exposed to a dusty environment such as a construction site would need more maintenance as compare to an office
environment.
High traffic networks such as those used in schools would require more extensive scanning and removal of
malicious software and unwanted files.
Do take note that it is important to create documentation for any type of preventive maintenance, so that you can
also check how often do certain hardware and software issues occur.
Besides these, here are more reasons why maintenance should be conducted:
Increased data protection

Extended device life
Increased equipment stability
Reduced repair costs
Reduced equipment failure.
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Hardware Maintenance
Maintenance for computer

hardware can be done by regularly checking cables, components, and
peripherals.
Regular cleaning of components should also be done to reduce overheating.

Replacement of damaged components
due to excessive wear should also be
conducted.
The following is a guide on conducting hardware maintenance:
Remove dust from fans.

Remove dust from the power supply.
Remove dust from components inside the computer.
Clean the mouse and the keyboard.
Check cables.
Software Maintenance
Software maintenance can be done by making sure that updates are current. Follow the policies when
installing programs, operating system, and security updates.
Testing is done to ensure that minimal problems will be encountered when updating the software and hardware.
Here are some simple tasks when conducting software maintenance:
Review and check security updates.

Review and check software updates.
Review and check driver updates.
Update anti-virus files.
Scan for viruses and malware.
Remove unused and unwanted programs.
Scan hard drives.
Defragment hard drives.
TOPIC 3: Troubleshooting
Although troubleshooting varies and can be modified

depending on case and experience, it requires an organized
and logical approach
when handling computers and components. Doing so will ensure that the process
is in
systematic order.
Make sure to ask the right questions, test the right

hardware, and examine the correct data in order to detect the
issues and
resolve them.
Troubleshooting is honed over time. Every time an

issue is resolved, skills on troubleshooting are also
improved. Through
troubleshooting experience, one would be able to know the steps needed to
resolve an issue
quickly.
The following is a simple process guideline which can

also be modified depending on the situation:
Explain the purpose of data protection.

Identify the root of the problem.
List probable causes of the issue.
Test the theory to determine the exact cause.
Plan the course of action to resolve the issue.
Implement the solution.
Check the system functionality.
If applicable, implement preventive measures.
Create documentation of findings, action, and outcomes.
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TOPIC 4: Data Protection
Before troubleshooting, follow the necessary precautions in order to handle computer hardware and software
properly.
Repairs such as hard drive replacement and operating system installation are very delicate and may put computer
data at risk.
Make sure to prevent data loss when attempting repairs.
Practicing Caution
Data protection is one of the first steps of troubleshooting.
Computer data must first be protected before starting any work on a client or customer’s computer.
A technician can be blamed or held liable if data loss occurs because of improper data handling.
Backing Up Data
Backup is the copy of data on a computer or hard drive that is saved to an external media such as a DVD, CD, or
flash drive.
In an organization, back-ups are routinely done—may it be daily, weekly, or on a monthly basis. This is to ensure
that the organization’s data are protected and are readily available.
If unsure whether a backup has been done, do not conduct troubleshooting activities on a client’s computer.
Make sure to verify the following with the customer first:
Date of last backup

Content of backup
Data integrity of the backup – Data integrity is the maintenance of the accuracy and consistency of the data. It is
making sure that the data can be properly retrieved or restored in its optimum quality.
Availability of backup media for data restoration
12/28/21, 12:58 PM LESSON 2: Maintaining Computer Systems and Networks
LESSON 2: Maintaining Computer Systems and Networks

Book: LESSON 2: Maintaining Computer Systems and Networks
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Routine Maintenance

Maintenance Basics
TOPIC 2: Tips on Maintaining Hardware
Introduction
A properly maintained computer gives higher speeds, may it be via RAM or on the Internet, regardless of hardware
set-up and configurations. This lesson will give some tips on how to maintain computer systems and networks over
time.
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TOPIC 1: Routine Maintenance
Clean browsers.
Use the computer’s Disk Cleanup Utility included in the Windows System. In the same way, you can also download
third party, freeware programs such as CCleaner to do the clean-up for you.
Search and delete spyware and viruses from the device.
Third party softwares like AVG Anti Virus can be used for maintenance. Or use the Windows Security built in on
Windows 10 devices.
Defragment the hard drive routinely to keep the device running smoothly.
Uninstall programs that are no longer used.
Delete files that are no longer needed. The freer space a computer has, the faster it will perform. The computer’s
performace will increase.
Remove startup programs.
Use the msconfig command in the RUN command prompt to open up a window that will allow you to uncheck
startup programs that are no longer used.
Doing this will improve start up and boot down times a lot. Third party softwares such as CCleaner can also be
used for this purpose.
Use your computer’s disk management systems.
For Windows, select Performace and Maintenance. Choose “Rearrance items on your hard disk…” and “Free up
space on your hard disk.” Or simply run Disk Cleanup.
Maintenance Basics
How to Perform Disk Clean Up:
1. Start Menu > Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk Clean Up
2. Select Drive to Clean Up > Click Ok
3. Check all items that need to be removed > Click Ok
How to Clear Internet History
1. Start Menu > Settings > Control Panel > Click Internet Options
2. Click "Clear History"
3. Click Ok
How to Clear Internet "Temporary Internet" Files
1. Start Menu > Settings > Control Panel > Click Internet Optons
2. Click "Delete Files"
3. Check "Delete All Offline Content"
4. Click Ok
How to Run Scan disk and Disk Defragmenter without Interruption:
1. Start Menu > Run > In Run, type "MSCONFIG", then click Ok MSCONFIG will appear.
2. Select "Selective Startup"
3. Uncheck "Load Startup Group Items". Click Ok.
4. Click Yes to Restart Computer Upon Restart.
5. Start Menu > Settings > Control Panel > Click Display
6. Select the "Screen Saver" tab.
7. Change the Screen Saver Drop menu to "None". Click Ok.
Then Perform Scan Disk,
Start Menu > Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Scan Disk
After Scan Disk, Perform Disk Defragmenter
Start Menu > Programs > Accessories > System Tools > Disk Defragmenter > Select which disk to Defragment.
Click Ok.
After Disk Defragmenter
Start Menu > Run > In Run, type "MSCONFIG", click Ok. MSCONFIG will appear. Select "Normal Start Up', click
Ok. Click Yes to Restart Computer Upon Restart
Start Menu > Settings > Control Panel > Click Display
Select the "Screen Saver" tab.
Change the Screen Saver Drop menu to "None". Click Ok.
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TOPIC 2: Tips on Maintaining Hardware
(1) Always run your computer on an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS).
It is an electrical apparatus that gives emergency power when a computer’s main power fails. This will help
protect the device from electric surges. Phone lines for modems and cat 5 or cat 6 network lines also need
surge suppression as they can and will take out your network card or modem in an electric storm.
(2) Open up your computer.
Dust can accumulate in your computer in less than a year, depending on how dusty your house. Check every few
months.
Make sure to follow proper computer assembly and disassembly.
(3) Be careful when plugging peripherals to the computer.
Ports can be easily damaged when mishandled. These repairs can be quite costly.
Courtesy: Wikihow
12/28/21, 12:59 PM LESSON 1: Diagnosing Faults
LESSON 1: Diagnosing Faults

Book: LESSON 1: Diagnosing Faults
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Identifying and Isolating Faults
TOPIC 2: Troubleshooting Network Connection Problems

Basic Network Troubleshooting
Verify Connections (Part 1)
Introduction
In this lesson, we are looking at how we are going to diagnose faults that we may find in the computer systems.
We may need to identify and isolate these issues especially when the hardware that is having a problem is hard to
identify.
It is an essential skill especially when we are troubleshooting computers where the user does not know exactly what
went wrong.
TOPIC 1: Identifying and Isolating Faults
The following are the different ways to diagnose a computer system problem. Make sure to familiarize yourself
with these as you will be making use of these when others would not work.
1. Power On Self Test (POST)
This stands for Power On Self Test. After turning on the computer’s power, this will be the first screen that will
appear before the operating system loads. The POST will display any problems found in the hardware that
prevents the computer to boot or not operate in its full capacity during operation.
2. Operating System Load Time
If the operating system takes to load than usual, there may be errors in the hardrive.
3. Graphic Problems
Check whether the computer graphics are good after the operating system loads. Reduced graphics may indicate
that there are hardware failures with the graphic cards.
4. Perform an auditory test
Play a short audio clip. When the audio is lagging, it means that the processor is working at an elevated speed. It
could also mean that there is no longer enough RAM to keep programs loading.
Changing the startup sound is a great way to apply this test. Another issue associated with choppy sounds is
PIO (Programmed Input/Output) Mode.
This affects how the hard drive reads and writes data from a drive. Switching to DMA allows for faster reads
and writes, and can sometimes repair choppy audio.
5. Check for newly installed hardware
Most operating system, especially Windows, can experience conflict with new drivers. However, Windows would
usually notify you about drivers that may be causing the issue. This can be checked through Windows Device
Manager.
Control Panel > Click System Icon > Click Hardware Tab > Click on Device Manager
Use this to check and arrange hardware properties.
6. Check for newly installed software
New software requires more resources than the system provides. If problem occurs after the software starts, it is
most likely caused by the software.
7. Check RAM and CPU consumption
This is the most common cause of why a computer lag. Check the computer’s Task Manager, click
8. Check if hard drive is making scratching or making loud noises
Should this occur, turn off the computer and diagnose the harddrive. If the CPU fan comes off at high speed when
the CPU is working hard, it means that the computer is working hard beyond its capacity.
9. Run a virus and malware scan.

Third party software applications can be used.
10. Check problems while running safe mode.
Safe mode can be activated by repeatedly tapping F8 during POST. If the issue still occurs even while still in safe
mode, then it is an issue of the operating system.
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TOPIC 2: Troubleshooting Network Connection Problems
To try troubleshooting a network connection problem, try these steps:
1. From the notification area, right click the network icon to open Troubleshoot Problems. Click Diagnose and
Repair.
2. Make sure that all cables are properly connected.
3. If trying to connect to another computer, make sure that the computer is turned on and that file and printer
sharing is enabled on the network.
4. If the problem occurred after installing the new software, check the connection settings if it has been changed.
Basic Network Troubleshooting
Take note that there are various network configurations, operating systems, setup, etc. The following
information may not apply to all networks or all operating systems.
1. Verify that the network adapter is properly installed and detected by the computer with no conflicts.
2. Open the Device Manager to verify if there are no errors. “Network adapters” should be present for each
network adapter installed in the computer.
3. If the network adapter is read as an “Other device”, it means that the network card was not properly installed
in the computer.
4. Let the operating system re-detect and install the Network card by removing the network adapter and
any other conflict devices from Device Manager and then reboot the computer.
5. Ifthe operating system re-detects the card, but not the drivers, download the network adapter drivers from
the computer manufacturer or the network card manufacturer.
Wired Network
Verify that the network cable is properly connected and make sure the LEDs next to the network jack are properly
illuminated.
For example, a network card with a solid green LED light indicates that the card is connected and can receive the
signal. If the green light is flashing, it means that data is being sent or received.
If there are no lights or the lights are orange or red the card may be bad, not connected properly, or that the card is
not receiving a signal from the network. If you are on a small or local network and have the capability of checking a
hub, switch, or router verify that the cables are properly connected and that it has power.
If after checking the connections the LED indicators appear bad, the network adapter, port, or cable may be
defective.
Wireless Network
If you are using a device with a wireless network, like a laptop, make sure that the device has a Wi-Fi button and it
is turned on. If the button is turned on, make sure that your device is connected to the network. The correct
password must be entered when connecting to protected WiFi networks.
Adapter functionality
Verify that the network card can ping itself using the ping command. Users can ping the computer from a Windows
command line. Unix and Linux users can pung from the shell. Ping the card or the localhost, type either:
ping 127.0.0.1 or ping localhost
Typing either will get replies from the network card. If an error occurs and the transmission fails, it means that the
network card was not properly installed to the computer, has incorrect drivers, or the card itself is bad.
Connect to the router
After checking the steps and that your network has a router, check if your computer can connect to the router by
following these steps:
1. Determine the routers address – Use the ipconfig command (or ifconfig command for Linux), determine
the router’s address by looking at the Gateway address.
2. Open the Windows command line.
3. From the command prompt type ipconfig and press enter.
Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : computerhope.com. IP

Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.1.103 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . .
. . . . : 192.168.1.1
The Default Gateway is the address of your router. The Default Gateway is the address of your router.
Most home routers have a gateway address that starts with 192.168 like the address shown above.
Assuming your gateway address is 192.168.1.1 attempt to ping the router to see if it can send and receive
information by running the below command.
ping 192.168.1.1
4. If you get replies form the router, it means that the connection is good and you can skip to the
next step. If there are no replies, it means that the router was not set up correctly. Reset the router to make
sure that it is not a problem with the router. Reset the router by following these steps:
a. Turn off the computer and leave it off for a few minutes.
b. Unplug the power to your router and cable modem or DSL modem.
c. Leave the power cables disconnected for 1- to 15 seconds then plug in the modem and router
again.
d. Finally, turn the computer again and repeat this step to see if the router can be pinged.
5. If the router cannot still be pinged, turn the computer off again and connect the computer to the
router using cables instead of the wireless option. If it still does not work, contact the router manufacturer
for additional support or replacement.
Firewall
If possible, disable the firewall to make sure that the firewall is not causing network problems. If the computer still
utilizes the firewall, make sure that the required ports are open especially the HTTP port.
Internet is not working
If you’re still able to ping the router, but you still cannot connect to the Internet, it’s either the router is improperly
configured or the ISP is having issues.
If the Internet has been working properly, but suddenly stopped working, give it a few minutes to make sure that it
is not a temporary outage. If the problem is not yet addressed after a few minutes, follow these steps:
a. Turn off the computer and leave it off for a few minutes.
b. Unplug the power to your router and cable modem or DSL modem.
c. Leave the power cables disconnected for 1- to 15 seconds then plug in the modem and router again.
d. Finally, turn the computer again and repeat this step to see if the router can be pinged.
If after following the above steps the Internet is still not working, open the Windows command line and run the
below command.
ping google.com
Running the command will get a reply from Google. If you get a reply, this means that the computer is working, if
not, there may be a problem with the Internet browser because your router or modem is not reaching the Internet.
Try using other browsers such as Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox. If you have a router, make sure that DHCP is
enabled and that the WAN or Gateway adress is the proper ISP address.
If problems still occur, contact the ISP to make sure that the problem is not on their end and if they could assist you
to other special configurations.
Additional troubleshooting
Another method of determining network issues is to use the tracert command. It is the command prompt command
that is used to show several details about the path that a packet takes from the computer or device you’re on to
whatever destination you specify.
It gives an overview of each device a packet travels over a network and gives an idea where a problem exists in or
outside your network.
To use this command, you must be at the command line and type one of the below commands depending on your
operating system.
tracert google.com
or
traceroute google.com
If run successfully you should begin to see each hop between the computer and network devices. When the
connection fails, determine what device is causing the issue by reviewing the traceroute listing.
12/28/21, 12:59 PM LESSON 2: Correcting Defects
LESSON 2: Correcting Defects

Book: LESSON 2: Correcting Defects
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Solving Common Hardware Issues
TOPIC 2: Viruses
Removing Viruses
Types of Viruses
Introduction
In this lesson, we are looking at the different techniques and strategies in solving common computer hardware
issues as well as other common troubleshooting and repair techniques.
Please take note that these lessons only give a basic overview and rundown on what the computer might run into but
remember that issues may come and it is up to you, the computer technician, to find a way to solve the problem.
TOPIC 1: Solving Common Hardware Issues
The following are the techniques and strategies that you may perform when you are trying to solve hardware issues
Trial and Error
Try isolating the problem to a specific component by trial-and-error. Trial and error basically means trying and
trying again until you find what the problem is. In this technique, it is unavoidable to make mistakes; hence, the
"error" in trian and error.
To perform this in hardware issues, you can try swap compatible components with each other. Or try different
peripherals. Make one change at a time, but make sure to be careful since this can be harmful if you are recklessly
removing components.
Check cable issues
More than 70% of all computer problems are due to cabling and connections. Make sure that all cables are
connected properly.
Make sure that all the necessary wires from the power supply give electricity to the different computer
components. Again, always consult the manual since this can differ depending on the manufacturer.
Document Computer Issues
In order to avoid the same issues in the future, always document when you are troubleshooting. Components that
you have repaired several times may likely be more prone to issues and problems.
That is why you should address this with the proper protocols so that in the future, you could keep track of which
hardware are very old or will need replacement soon.
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TOPIC 2: Viruses
A virus is a destructible executable program that infects the other programs in the system and spreads by replicating
itself.
This type of programs can damage the victim's computer program.
This is made by malicious programmers and programmed to spread without one's permission and knowledge.
Viruses can:
Corrupt files
Slow down computer speed
Cause the system to hang frequently
Delete or hide various files
Viruses can come from:
Infected CDs, DVDs, etc
Email
Browsing infected sites
Downloading files from the internet

Removing Viruses
To remove these viruses, you can buy an antivirus software or use your operating system's built-in antivirus software
such as the Windows Defender.
A full system scan is recommended to make sure that your computer is clear of any viruses that are present.
Make sure to perform a full scan every so often (e.g. once a week).
There are two methods of eliminating viruses:
1. Removing the virus
When the virus can be easily identified and removed without affecting other files, then the antivirus removes it from
the host place
2. Quarantine
This is performed when the virus cannot be easily removed from the file. Usually the removal of the virus means
that the complete file is also removed. For this case, the virus is not removed by rendered inactive by moving it into
the antivirus' quarantine.
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Types of Viruses
SBoot viruses
These viruses infect floppy disk boot records or master boot records in hard disks. They replace the boot record
program (which is responsible for loading the operating system in memory) copying it elsewhere on the disk or
overwriting it. Boot viruses load into memory if the computer tries to read the disk while it is booting.
Examples are Form, Disk Killer, Michelangelo, and Stone virus.
Program viruses
These infect executable program files, such as those with extensions like .BIN, .COM, .EXE, .OVL, .DRV (driver)
and .SYS (device driver). These programs are loaded in memory during execution, taking the virus with them. The
virus becomes active in memory, making copies of itself and infecting files on disk.
Examples are Sunday and Cascade virus.
Multipartite viruses
A hybrid of Boot and Program viruses. They infect program files and when the infected program is executed, these
viruses infect the boot record.
Examples are Invader, Flip, and Tequila virus.
Stealth viruses
These viruses use certain techniques to avoid detection. They may either redirect the disk head to read another
sector instead of the one in which they reside or they may alter the reading of the infected file’s size shown in the
directory listing. size given in the directory.
Examples are Frodo, Joshi, and Whale virus.
Polymorphic viruses
A virus that can encrypt its code in different ways so that it appears differently in each infection. These viruses are
more difficult to detect.
Examples are Involuntary, Stimulate, Cascade, Phoenix, Evil, Proud, and Virus 101 virus.
Macro viruses
A macro virus is a new type of computer virus that infects the macros within a document or template. When you
open a word processing or spreadsheet document, the macro virus is activated and it infects the Normal template.
Examples are DMV, Nuclear, and Word Concept virus.
12/28/21, 1:00 PM LESSON 3: Inspecting and Testing Computer Systems and Networks
LESSON 3: Inspecting and Testing Computer Systems and Networks

LESSON 3: Inspecting and Testing Computer Systems and
Book:
Networks
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Testing the Hard Drive
TOPIC 2: Testing the Power Supply Unit
TOPIC 3: Testing the Memory
TOPIC 4: Testing the Motherboard and CPU
TOPIC 5: Testing the Optical Drive
TOPIC 6: Testing the Network
Introduction
In this lesson, we are looking at the different testing and method procedures when we are assessing and
inspecting computer systems and networks.
Knowing how to handle and maintain components is an essential step. Your job as a computer technician does not
end with just assembling or connecting a network - it extends as well to make equipment stable for use for efficiency.
TOPIC 1: Testing the Hard Drive
A bad hard drive can cause more issues to your computer.
The following steps will ensure that hard drive errors can be addressed before it makes serious damages to the unit
itself. Take note that the following issues can be caused by a much bigger issue other than a bad disk drive such as:
1. Errors when reading, copying, moving, or deleting data on the computer
2. Extremely slow system.
3. Operating system unable to boot.
4. Random error or computer randomly boots
Software Solutions
The following shows a list of software programs that can be used to test the computer’s hard drive for errors:
• Scandisk
• Chkdsk
• Testdisk
• Hitachi Drive Fitness Test (DFT)
• Seagate Sea Tools
• HDD Health
• Ultimate Boot CD
Replacing the Hard Drive
If the hard drive is bad or is generating SMART error (A S.M.A.R.T. error is a predictive indicator that there will be
a drive failure.) If you get a S.M.A.R.T. error, it means that you have to back-up since you would need to replace
the hard drive soon. If the computer is relatively new, the hard drive may still come under a warranty.
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TOPIC 2: Testing the Power Supply Unit
Some programs such as SpeedFan can help monitor the voltage and power supply to computer fans; however, there
is no software utility to test the integrity of computer power supplies.
It is recommended to replace the Computer Power Supply if it is no longer usable.
It is also wise to check how much wattage your computer really requires. You can do this online at a PSU Wattage
Calculator. This is to provide a more efficient electricity usage when checking your PSU.
TOPIC 3: Testing the Memory
The following are some indicators that your computer’s memory may already be bad:
1. The computer does not boot and a beeping sound is hear.
2. There are random computer crashes causing the Blue Screen of Death (BSOD), General Protection Fault
Error Messages, Illegal Operations, Fatal Exceptions, etc.
3. Computer randomly reboots
4. Windows or other program installation failure.
Take note that before testing your memory, make sure that you have removed recently added new memory to make
sure that it is not the cause of the issue.
Software Solutions
Several software programs are available to test computer hardware, including computer memory. These include:
• Windows Memory Diagnostic Tools
It can be accessed on Windows Vista and Windows 7. Simply search for “Memory” on the Start Search Bar.
Doing so will open the Memory Diagnostics Tool. Two options will appear: (1) Restart Now and Check for
Problems and (2) Check for problems next time I start my computer. Simply choose one of these options to run
a memory test on your preferred time.
• Memtest86
An x86 compatible, free memory tester
• DocMemory
A software that can be used to check the computer’s memory
There are other software programs that can be used to check your computer’s memory.
Some are used at computer service centers or may be issued by the company you are working for.
Other software programs that can be used are:
• PC-doctor
• PC Diagnostics
• Ultra X
Swap and Remove Memory
If there is an available compatible memory from another computer, you can try swapping the memory into the
computer to check whether it is the issue.
If the memory works in another computer without any issues, there may be a problem with the motherboard, PSU,
or other hardware issue.
Replace Memory
If computer memory is completely bad already, replace it with a new one.
TOPIC 4: Testing the Motherboard and CPU
A bad computer motherboard or CPU can cause different issues on a computer.
Below are some of the issues that you may encounter due to a computer with bad motherboard and CPU:
1. The computer does not boot, but instead gives a beep code.
2. The computer randomy crashes causing General Protection Fault error messages, illegal operations, Fatal
exceptions, etc.
3. The computer suddenly reboots.
Here are some recommendations to test the computer’s motherboard and CPU:
Visual Hardware Check
Check the computer motherboard if there is a presence of bulged or blown capacitors.
Check if there is a slight bulge on the top of each capacitor. If the capacitor is leaking, it can be an indicator that it
has already blown. Blown capacitors are likely caused by motherboard issues in the computer.
Once the CPU is removed, check for bent pins on the side that are inserted into the motherboard. If there is a bent
pin, it is most likely the cause of the computer’s CPU issues.
It is possible to replace a blown or bulging capacitor, but it will require precision soldering to install the capacitor.
Bent pins on a CPU can be bent back into place, but make sure to be very careful because the pin might break off
when trying to bend it back into place. If the pin breaks off, the CPU will definitely need to be replaced.
If you are done with the visual hardware check and there seems to be no obvious issues, there may be an issue with
the software.
Software and Hardware Solutions
Here are some software programs that you can use to test your computer’s motherboard and CPU. However, take
note that problems related to the motherboard and CPU have a wide variety of complexity; thus, these programs
may not detect every possible failure.
• Hot CPU Tester – This tester includes a burn-in feature for new computers or computers with new
motherboard or CPU.
• Intel Processor Diagnostic Tool – This can be used for computers running on Intel processor. It is a free
utility for testing a variety of Intel processors.
• PC-doctor – A good, but quite pricey software used by service centers and technicians to diagnose computer
hardware issues including motherboard issues.
• Ultra-X – A collection of products that can be used to test computer hardware, including the motherboard.
Replacing the Motherboard and CPU
After you are done with the visual hardware check and software/hardware check and it was determined that one or
both can no longer be used, then it is already time to replace the motherboard and the CPU. There is typically no
easier or cheaper alternative to fixing the motherboard or the CPU.
TOPIC 5: Testing the Optical Drive
Before testing this, make sure that multiple discs do not work in the drive. If only one CD or DVD is causing the
problem, consider that it can be an issue with the CD and not the CD/DVD drives.
A bad disc drive can cause a variety of issues to your computer. Here are some issues that are caused by a bad
drive:
1. Errors when reading CD or DVD.
2. CDs or DVDs may not play the audio or video properly.
3. CD or DVD programs may not install or may encounter errors after being installed.
Here are some recommendations to test your computer’s CD ROM and DVD drive:
Software and Hardware Solutions
The most common issue that CD ROMs and DVD drives is caused bu dust and dirt making it unable for the drives
to read discs. You can use a CD/DVD Drive Cleaner kit to help clean the disc drive. These can be purchased in
many office supply stores and electronic stores. Some software tools that can be used are:
• CD Roller – Program that can be used to rest CD/DVD drivers as well as recover data from CDs and DVDs
• CD Check – Another program that can be used to check CD drives (no DVD compatibility) and can also
recover data from damaged disks.
• CD/DVD Diagnostic - Diagnostic programs from InfinaDyne that is not only capable of testing a drive and
disc, as well as recover data from disks that have gone bad.
Replace the Disc Drive
After trying various software and hardware solutions and the disc drives still appear to be bad, it is highly
recommended to replace the disc drives.
TOPIC 6: Testing the Network
After setting up network switches, cables, and configuration, verify whether the computer network is
functional.
Here are some steps that you can do to check your computer connection:
Check physical connections
Check whether the little red or green light next to the RJ-45 port is lit on every computer. Check this light both on
the computer itself and on the switch or router the computer is plugged into.
If the light is not on, you may have a connection problem—most likely a poorly connected cable.
Verify that you can log on
Try logging on to each of your network computers using a valid domain user account.
Check the network configuration
Launch the Command Prompt then enter the command ipconfig / all and press Enter. This command will give out
lines of information. In order to make sure that your computer network is working properly, make sure that this line
is present:
IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . .: 192.168.1.125 (Preferred)
If this line does not show, check that your IP Configuration is set correctly and the DHCP server is working.
Verify that computers can ping each other
You can try using the ping command from the command prompt to make sure that all computers on the network
can contact one another. Make sure that the TCP/IP is up and running by having the computer ping itself. Launch
the Command Prompt and type ping localhost. The prompt will indicate whether the ping was successful.
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12/28/21, 10:24 AM LESSON 1: Understanding the Computer: TOPIC 2: Types of Computers
Introduction to CSS
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Introduction
1. Supercomputer
Most powerful and most advance in terms of performance and data processing. These
computers are commonly used by large organizations to conduct specific tasks
such as
weather forecasting, research, and exploration.
Ex. IBM’s Mira in United States. IBM’s Sequoia in United States
Fujitsu K Computer in Japan
2. Mainframe Computer
Large and
expensive computer capable of handling thousands of users and programs
simultaneously. Mainframe computers can handle, process, and store large amount
of data.
These are commonly stored in large air-conditioned rooms because of
its big size.
Ex. Fujitsu’s ICL VME, Hitachi’s

Z800
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3. Minicomputer
Also
known as midrange computers. It features all the functions of a large size
computer, but
has a smaller size. Minicomputers can support many users because
of its multi-processing
system.
Ex. K-202, IBM Midrange computers,

SDS-92
K-202
4. Microcomputer
Most
widely used and fastest growing type of computer. Desktop computers, laptops,
tablets,
and smartphones are types of microcomputers.
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Introduction
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LESSON 2: Basic Hardware Components of Computer Systems
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Introduction
A
computer system consists of hardware and software components. As important as the software
which are the programs that run the computer, the hardware is the physical equipment such
as
the case, storage drives, keyboards, monitors, cables, speakers, and
printers that builds up and let
the software run.
It is important to learn about these components as these will be the basis before you handle
equipment especially in disassembling and assembling a computer system.
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TOPIC 1: Computer Systems

Input Devices
Input devices allow the

user to communicate with the computer by entering data or commands.
Keyboard – primary input device used to input alphanumeric data

and commands to the
computer
Mouse – primary input device used to navigate and interact

with the monitor output
12/28/21, 10:28 AM LESSON 2: Basic Hardware Components of Computer Systems: Input Devices
Scanner – scans documents and converts them digitally, which

can be edited on a computer.
Webcam – small cameras attached to a monitor or desk that

record or broadcast video
Joystick – device used to control video games, aside from the

keyboard
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Output Devices
Output devices enable the computer to show the processed

data and information
understandably to the user.
Printer – prints paper documents, photographs, and other

outputs called hard copies which are
physical versions of the documents.
Monitor – acts as the primary display of the unit where the

user interface and programs are
reflected.
12/28/21, 10:28 AM LESSON 2: Basic Hardware Components of Computer Systems: Output Devices
Speakers – sound system device that produce audio output from

the computer
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Table of contents
Introduction
Processing Devices
Storage Devices
Input Devices
Output Devices
TOPIC 2: The System Unit
Power Supply
Motherboard
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Cooling Technology
Expansion Cards
Storage
TOPIC 3: Ports, Sockets, Slots, & Connectors
Ports
Slots
Sockets
Connectors
12/28/21, 10:29 AM LESSON 2: Basic Hardware Components of Computer Systems: Power Supply
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Power Supply
Power supplies serve as the source for electricity to the computer. Attached are vital hardware
cables and buses for
transferring power to various components in the computer.
The following are the

basic connector you can see in a power supply:
ATX 24 pin main power

connector is the standard motherboard power connector used in nearly
every
computer.
SATA 15 pin power supply

connector is one of several standard peripheral power connectors.
SATA power
connectors only connect to SATA drives like hard drives and optical drives.
SATA
power connectors do not work with older PATA devices.
Molex 4 pin power supply

connector is a standard peripheral power connector. Molex power
connectors
connect to many different kinds of internal peripherals including PATA hard
drives
and optical drives, some video cards, and even some other devices.
Floppy drive 4 pin power

supply connector is the standard floppy drive power connector. The
floppy power
connector, also called a Berg connector or Mini-Molex connector, is included in
even the newest power supplies even though floppy drives are becoming obsolete.
ATX 4 pin power supply

connector is a standard motherboard power connector used to provide
+12 VDC to
the processor voltage regulator. This small connector usually attaches to the
motherboard near the CPU.

connector is a motherboard power connector used to provide +12 VDC
to the
processor voltage regulator but the 4-pin variety is the more commonly used connector.
This small connector usually attaches to the motherboard near the CPU.
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Processing Devices
Storage Devices
Input Devices
Output Devices
Power Supply
Motherboard
Cooling Technology
Expansion Cards
Storage
Ports
Slots
Sockets
Connectors

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Motherboard
The motherboard is also known as mainboard, system board, logic board, or MOBO. It
holds and
allows communication between the crucial components of the computer
such as the CPU and
memory. It also provides connection for other peripherals.
This provides the path which the
processor (CPU) communicates with all the
components of the computer.
There are several components that are attached

to the motherboard. These include:
1. Chip – small piece of semiconducting material,

where more integrated circuits are embedded.
They have standard-sized pin
connectors that allows them to be attached to the motherboard.
2. Bus - an electrical path that enables data flow

between various system components.
3. Integrated
Circuit (IC) – contains
microscopic pathways that carry electric current. The IC
contains millions of
elements such as resistors, capacitators, and transistors. Many different kinds
of chips are located in the motherboard
4. Microprocessor
– this is the central
processing unit on a chip.
Different variety of chip packages:
1. Dual
Inline Package (DIP) – this
has two parallel rows of pints that attach the chip package to
the circuit
board
2. Pin
Grid Array (PGA) – holds a
larger number of pins because the pins are mounted on the
surface of the
package.
3. Flip
Chip-PGA (CF-PGA) Package – higher performance PGA
packaging that places the chip
on the opposite sides of the pins.
4. Single
Edge Contact (SEC) Cartridge
– does not use pins but connects to one of the edges in
the motherboard.
The form
factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the board. It also describes the
physical layout of the
different components and devices on the motherboard. Various form
factors exist for motherboards:
AT –
Advanced Technology
ATX –
Advanced Technology Extended
Mini-ATX
– Smaller footprint of ATX
Micro-ATX
LPX –
Low-profile Extended
NLX –
New Low-profile Extended
BTX –
Balanced Technology Extended
The function of the northbridge is primarily a fast path between the CPU and the video bus and
system RAM. While the southbridge connects with the slow hardware/components of the system.
See the photo below (courtesy of Quora) to understand the function of these bridges:
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Commonly known as the CPU or processor, this is the

brain of the computer. It interprets and
carries out the basic instructions to
operate a computer.
It impacts overall computing power and manages most of the

computer operations. The
motherboard contains a socket to hold the processor or CPU. The central
processing unit (CPU),
also called the processor or microprocessor, does most of
the processing of data and instructions
for the entire system. Because the CPU
generates heat, a fan and heat sink might be installed on
top to keep it cool.
Nowadays, processors have multiple cores

called multi-core processors. This
means that the
processor is a single chips that has two or more separate
processors. In multi-core processors,
each of the processors run at a slower
clock speed as compared to a single-core processor, but
this efficient process
typically increases performance. There are two kinds of common multi-core
processors today:
1. Dual
Core Processor – chip that
contains two separate processors
2. Quad Core

Processor – chip with four separate processors
12/28/21, 10:30 AM LESSON 2: Basic Hardware Components of Computer Systems: Central Processing Unit (CPU)
AMD and Intel are the two most popular brands of processors in the market nowadays.
Bundled with the processors are the heat sinks. A heat

sink consists of metal fins that draw heat
away from a component. The
fan and heat sink together are called the processor cooler. The
photo below shows a CPU with a heat sink mounted on the motherboard.
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Processing Devices
Storage Devices
12/28/21, 10:31 AM LESSON 2: Basic Hardware Components of Computer Systems: Cooling Technology
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Cooling Technology
Cooling technologies are essential in avoiding the computer from overheating and maintaining a
good, well-ventilated system.
Chassis Fan
Several cooling technologies are present

throughout the system unit:
o
Fans are also present in several components such as the power supply,
ports, processor,
hard disk etc.
o
Heat sink, on another hand, is a small metal or ceramic
component with fins on the surface
which absorbs and distributes heat produced
by electrical components.
o
Heat pipe is used on smaller devices like notebook computers
since this is smaller in size.
12/28/21, 10:32 AM LESSON 2: Basic Hardware Components of Computer Systems: Expansion Cards
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Expansion Cards
A
motherboard has expansion slots to be used by expansion cards. An expansion
card, also called
an adapter card, is a circuit board
that provides more ports than those provided by the
motherboard.
The photo below shows a Video Card, where it provides three video ports. Notice the cooling fan
and heat sink on the
card, which help to keep the card from overheating. The trend today is for
most
ports in a system to be provided by the motherboard (called onboard ports) and
less use of
expansion cards.
12/28/21, 10:32 AM LESSON 2: Basic Hardware Components of Computer Systems: Expansion Cards
There are also other variants of expansion cards such as network cards, sound cards, video
capture cards, interface cards, and other expansion cards that cater to whatever the computer
user for his/her needs and improvements for the system.
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Processing Devices
Storage Devices
Input Devices
Output Devices
Power Supply
Motherboard
Cooling Technology
Expansion Cards
Storage
Ports
Slots
Sockets
Connectors

12/28/21, 10:54 AM LESSON 2: Basic Hardware Components of Computer Systems

Book: LESSON 2: Basic Hardware Components of Computer Systems
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Table of contents
Introduction

Processing Devices
Storage Devices
Input Devices
Output Devices

Power Supply
Motherboard
Cooling Technology
Expansion Cards
Storage

Ports
Slots
Sockets
Connectors
Introduction
A
computer system consists of hardware and software components. As important as the software which are the programs that
run the computer, the hardware is the physical equipment such
as the case, storage drives, keyboards, monitors, cables, speakers,
and
printers that builds up and let the software run.
It is important to learn about these components as these will be the basis before you handle equipment especially in disassembling
and assembling a computer system.
The complete computer

made up of the CPU, memory and related electronics (main cabinet), all the
peripheral devices connected to
it and its operating system.
Computer systems fall

into two broad divisions: clients and servers.
Client machines fall into three

categories from low to high end: laptop, desktop and workstation.
Servers range
from small to large: low-end servers, midrange servers and mainframes.
Processing Devices
Processing devices are the computer’s circuitry

in the system unit.
Motherboard – the circuit board housing the memory and the

central processing unit (CPU)
Central Processing Unit (CPU) – manipulates input data into the information
needed by the users
Memory – also known as Random Access Memory or RAM. It is a

series of electronic elements that act as temporary storage of
data and program
instructions while the instructions are being processed by the CPU.
Chips – these make up the CPU and the memory; these are
electronic devices that contain many microscopic pathways designed
to carry
electrical currents.
Storage Devices
Storage devices store data and

programs. These hold data, information, and programs permanently.
Solid State Drive (SSD) – mass storage device that stores data in a
permanent state even without power. Similar to an HDD’s
function, only the
internal components are different. SSDs do not have moving parts but store data
on magnetic platters making
use of flash memory.
Hard Disk Drive (HHD) – often called hard drive or hard disk. This is
the most common storage device that do not need power to
maintain data; these
store data through spinning platters or magnetic disks, recording individual
bits written into the disk.
Flash Drive – highly portable small data storage devices making use
of flash memory and a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port
connection
CD – “compact disc”, this storage device can hold up to 700

MB; it is read by an optical drive through a laser
Input Devices
Input devices allow the

user to communicate with the computer by entering data or commands.
Keyboard – primary input device used to input alphanumeric data

and commands to the computer
Mouse – primary input device used to navigate and interact

with the monitor output
Scanner – scans documents and converts them digitally, which

can be edited on a computer.
Webcam – small cameras attached to a monitor or desk that

record or broadcast video
Joystick – device used to control video games, aside from the

keyboard
Output Devices
Output devices enable the computer to show the processed

data and information understandably to the user.
Printer – prints paper documents, photographs, and other

outputs called hard copies which are physical versions of the
documents.
Monitor – acts as the primary display of the unit where the

user interface and programs are reflected.
Speakers – sound system device that produce audio output from

the computer
The
System Unit is the overall structure that houses
the processor, memory, and electronic components of the computer that are
used
to process data. All input and output devices are connected into the system
unit. The system unit is housed by what is known as
system case or computer case. It holds
and protects most components of a computer.
The
Computer Case contains the framework to support and enclose internal components
of the computer. It helps to prevent
damage from static electricity. It typically made up of plastic, steel, and
aluminum which are available in a variety of styles. The
size and layout of a case is called a
form factor. It is also designed to keep
internal components cool by using airflow vents and
cooling fans.
Computer cases are referred to in a number of

ways: Computer chassis, Cabinet, Tower, Box and Housing.
Types:
Tower (Full, Mid, Mini)
Desktop (Standard, Slimline)
Power Supply
Power supplies serve as the source for electricity to the computer. Attached are vital hardware cables and buses for
transferring
power to various components in the computer.
The following are the

basic connector you can see in a power supply:
ATX 24 pin main power

connector is the standard motherboard power connector used in nearly every
computer.
SATA 15 pin power supply

connector is one of several standard peripheral power connectors. SATA power
connectors only
connect to SATA drives like hard drives and optical drives.
SATA power connectors do not work with older PATA devices.
Molex 4 pin power supply

connector is a standard peripheral power connector. Molex power connectors
connect to many
different kinds of internal peripherals including PATA hard
drives and optical drives, some video cards, and even some other
devices.
Floppy drive 4 pin power

supply connector is the standard floppy drive power connector. The floppy power
connector, also
called a Berg connector or Mini-Molex connector, is included in
even the newest power supplies even though floppy drives are
becoming obsolete.

connector is a standard motherboard power connector used to provide +12 VDC to
the processor
voltage regulator. This small connector usually attaches to the
motherboard near the CPU.

connector is a motherboard power connector used to provide +12 VDC to the
processor voltage
regulator but the 4-pin variety is the more commonly used connector.
This small connector usually attaches to the motherboard
near the CPU.
Photo from Corsair
Motherboard
The motherboard is also known as mainboard, system board, logic board, or MOBO. It
holds and allows communication between
the crucial components of the computer
such as the CPU and memory. It also provides connection for other peripherals.
This
provides the path which the processor (CPU) communicates with all the
components of the computer.
There are several components that are attached

to the motherboard. These include:
1. Chip – small piece of semiconducting material,

where more integrated circuits are embedded. They have standard-sized pin
connectors that allows them to be attached to the motherboard.
2. Bus - an electrical path that enables data flow

between various system components.
3. Integrated
Circuit (IC) – contains
microscopic pathways that carry electric current. The IC contains millions of
elements such as
resistors, capacitators, and transistors. Many different kinds
of chips are located in the motherboard
4. Microprocessor
– this is the central
processing unit on a chip.
Different variety of chip packages:
1. Dual
Inline Package (DIP) – this
has two parallel rows of pints that attach the chip package to the circuit
board
2. Pin
Grid Array (PGA) – holds a
larger number of pins because the pins are mounted on the surface of the
package.
3. Flip
Chip-PGA (CF-PGA) Package – higher performance PGA
packaging that places the chip on the opposite sides of the pins.
4. Single
Edge Contact (SEC) Cartridge
– does not use pins but connects to one of the edges in the motherboard.
The form
factor of motherboards pertains to the size and shape of the board. It also describes the physical layout of the
different
components and devices on the motherboard. Various form factors exist for motherboards:
AT –
Advanced Technology
ATX –
Advanced Technology Extended
Mini-ATX
Micro-ATX
LPX –
Low-profile Extended
NLX –
New Low-profile Extended
BTX –
Balanced Technology Extended
The function of the northbridge is primarily a fast path between the CPU and the video bus and system RAM. While the southbridge
connects with the slow hardware/components of the system.
See the photo below (courtesy of Quora) to understand the function of these bridges:
Commonly known as the CPU or processor, this is the

brain of the computer. It interprets and carries out the basic instructions to
operate a computer.
It impacts overall computing power and manages most of the

computer operations. The
motherboard contains a socket to hold the
processor or CPU. The central
processing unit (CPU), also called the processor or microprocessor, does most of
the processing of
data and instructions for the entire system. Because the CPU
generates heat, a fan and heat sink might be installed on top to keep it
cool.
Nowadays, processors have multiple cores

called multi-core processors. This
means that the processor is a single chips that has
two or more separate
processors. In multi-core processors, each of the processors run at a slower
clock speed as compared to a
single-core processor, but this efficient process
typically increases performance. There are two kinds of common multi-core
processors today:
1. Dual
Core Processor – chip that
contains two separate processors
2. Quad Core

Processor – chip with four separate processors
AMD and Intel are the two most popular brands of processors in the market nowadays.
Bundled with the processors are the heat sinks. A heat

sink consists of metal fins that draw heat away from a component. The
fan
and heat sink together are called the processor cooler. The photo below shows a CPU with a heat sink mounted on the motherboard.
The Random Access Memory or RAM acts as temporary storage as long as the computer is running. The contents of the RAM
change as programs are executed. These are chips that are placed directly on the
motherboard. These RAM consists of switches
which are triggered by changes in
electric current.
Three basic types of RAM:
1. Dynamic
RAM (DRAM) – This kind of RAM
needs to be recharged by the CPU. If not, it loses its contents. There are many
variations of DRAM such as:
o Synchronous
DRAM (SDRAM) – faster
than DRAM because it is synchronized to the system clock
o Double
Data Rate (DDR) SDRAM –
faster than SDRAM because they transfer data twice for each clock cycle
o DDR2
and DDR3 SDRAM – faster
than DDR SDRAM
o ambus
DRAM (RDRAM) – type of
DRAM faster than SDRAM that uses pipelining techniques
2. Static
RAM (SRAM) – This kind is
faster and more reliable than any form of DRAM. Unlike the DRAM, this does not
need to
be re-energized. However, it is much more expensive and it used for special
purposes.
3. Magnetoresistive
RAM (MRAM) – This kind stores
data using magnetic charges instead of electrical charges. It has greater
storage capacity, consume less power, and faster access times.
The RAM chips are housed in a small circuit

board called the memory module,
which is inserted into the motherboard.
Three types of memory modules:
1. Single
Inline Memory Module (SIMM) –
this has pins on opposite sides of the circuit board which connect together to
form
a single set of contacts. This houses SDRAM chips along with DIMMs.
2. Dual
Inline Memory Module (DIMM) –
the pins on the opposite sides of the circuit board do not connect and form two
sets
of contacts. This houses SDRAM chips along with SIMMs.
3. Rambus
Inline Memory Module (RIMM) –
this houses RDRAM chips
The computer will need a certain amount of

memory to be able to handle programs, data, and information, depending on the
types of
applications used.
The more RAM a computer has, the faster the

computer will be.
To be able to use basic application software such as Office

Suite, one needs at least 1GB of RAM.
Using programs and multimedia should have

at least 4GB.
Playing modern games or using editing software will require at

least 8GB.
Today the RAM ranges up to 64GB depending on the programs that will
be used for the computer.
Cooling Technology
Cooling technologies are essential in avoiding the computer from overheating and maintaining a good, well-ventilated system.
Chassis Fan
Several cooling technologies are present

throughout the system unit:
o
Fans are also present in several components such as the power supply,
ports, processor, hard disk etc.
o
Heat sink, on another hand, is a small metal or ceramic
component with fins on the surface which absorbs and distributes
heat produced
by electrical components.
o
Heat pipe is used on smaller devices like notebook computers
since this is smaller in size.
Heat Sink
Expansion Cards
A
motherboard has expansion slots to be used by expansion cards. An expansion
card, also called an adapter card, is a circuit
board
that provides more ports than those provided by the motherboard.
The photo below shows a Video Card, where it provides three video ports. Notice the cooling fan and heat sink on the
card, which
help to keep the card from overheating. The trend today is for most
ports in a system to be provided by the motherboard (called
onboard ports) and
less use of expansion cards.
There are also other variants of expansion cards such as network cards, sound cards, video capture cards, interface cards, and other
expansion cards that cater to whatever the computer user for his/her needs and improvements for the system.
Storage
A system might
have one or more hard drives, an optical drive, a tape drive, or, for really
old systems, a floppy drive.
A hard drive, also called a hard disk drive (HDD),

is permanent storage used to hold data and programs.
Hard Disk Drive
For example, the Windows operating system

and applications are installed on the hard drive. All drives in a system are
installed in a
stack of drive bays at either the front or on the lower portion of the case. Nowadays, users use Solid State Drive or SSDs because
of its use of flash memory, which does not use physical disks to write memory/data.
Solid State Drive
Each drive has two

connections for cables: the power cable connects to the power supply and
another cable, used for data and
instructions, connects to the motherboard.
SATA Cable // SATA Connector Slot in the Motherboard
The motherboard has several ports, sockets, slots, and connectors that link the computers' components, input, and output devices
among each other. First we'll look at the port which are usually found at the side of the motherboard or the back of the system case.
The port basically serves as an

interface between the computer and other computers or peripheral devices.
A
port generally refers to the female part of connection. Computer ports have
many uses, to connect a monitor, webcam, speakers,
or other peripheral devices.
On the physical layer, a computer port is a specialized outlet on a piece of

equipment to which a plug or cable connects.
Electronically, the several
conductors where the port and cable contacts connect, provide a method to
transfer signals between
devices.
Familiarize yourself with the following ports usually found with computer systems below:
Ports
Go through the flashcards to be familiarized with the different ports for the computer systems! (No
need to input an answer just click the next card)
6 / 18
ur answer Check Your answer Che

Your answer Check


Slots
Go through the flashcards to be familiarized with the different slots for the computer systems! (No need
to input an answer just click the next card)
1 / 10
Your answer Che

Your answer Check
Sockets
The following are the most common sockets found in the motherboard. The CPU socket where the CPU itself is inserted and the
CMOS slot where the CMOS battery (which lets the motherboard remember the date and time of the computer) that is replaced
after it has worn out.
Connectors
12/28/21, 10:59 AM LESSON 3: Hand Tools and Equipment
LESSON 3: Hand Tools and Equipment

Book: LESSON 3: Hand Tools and Equipment
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Electrostatic Discharge Tools
TOPIC 2: Hand Tools
TOPIC 3: Cleaning Tools
TOPIC 4: Diagnostic Tools
Introduction
Most tools used in computer system servicing are hand tools. These can be part of a computer repair toolkit as well. In this lesson,
you will learn about the common hand tools and equipment that you will be using especially in handling computer equipment such as
disassembly/assembly of a computer, as well as repair and maintenance.
TOPIC 1: Electrostatic Discharge Tools
When working with electronic equipment, it is

important to make sure that there is no static electricity to avoid damage of
computer parts.
Static electricity can be easily generated by friction on carpets, clothing, hair, fabric, flooring, etc.
Thus, these tools should be utilized:
Anti-static
wrist wrap
Worn to prevent ESD damage to computer hardware
Anti-static
mat
Used to stand on or place tools to prevent buildup of static electricity.
Photo Courtesy of ndcllano
TOPIC 2: Hand Tools
TOPIC 3: Cleaning Tools
Lint-free
cloth
For cleaning computer parts without leaving marks or scratches.
Compressed
air
For clearing or blowing away dust from computer parts.
Cable
Ties
Used to organize and bundle cable together.
Parts
organizer
For holding and organizing screws and other small computer parts.
TOPIC 4: Diagnostic Tools
Digital
Multimeter
A tool that can

be used to measure amps, volts, and ohms. It can test the integrity of circuits
and the quality of electricity in
computer components. Information is flashed
on the screen.
Loopback
Adapter
Also called as
loopback plug. This tool tests the basic functionality of computer ports. The
adapter is specific to the port that you
want to test.
Toner
Probe
A two-part tool that

generates a tone that travels the length of the cable. The toner part is
attached to a cable at one end using
specific adapters, such as RJ-45, coaxial,
or metal clips. When the probe is near to the cable where the toner is
attached, a tone
can be heard from the speaker.
12/28/21, 11:00 AM LESSON 1: CSS in the Electronics Industry
LESSON 1: CSS in the Electronics Industry

Book: LESSON 1: CSS in the Electronics Industry
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Why is CSS relevant?
TOPIC 2: What jobs can I land on?
TOPIC 3: What are my job functions in the future?
TOPIC 4: What does the Qualification require?
TOPIC 5: What knowledge and skills do I need?
Introduction
Hey there! Welcome to the online course of CSS!
As many of today's basic functions are being simplified by technology, computers have been on the forefront in
developing innovations through its many functions.
Many of the things that we thought were impossible before are now being achieved by computers nowadays.
In this digital economy, having the knowledge and skills in computer servicing is the start and most fundamental of
all.
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TOPIC 1: Why is CSS relevant?
In today’s industry, almost every

establishment needs the assistance of technology.
Even establishments and

businesses are now gearing towards the use of information technology to promote
their services.
The demand for people who offer computer servicing and repair
continues to increase as society rapidly
changes.
For example
Computer hardware need maintenance services

in order to repair normal wear and tear.
Network infrastructures used by organizations

will need maintenance and monitoring.
Computer equipment would need occasional

repair and maintenance; thus, requiring the assistance of computer
systems
service providers.
Commonly, the industry’s main line of business is on

selling computer hardware systems and components, as
well as providing repair
and installation services.
Thus, if you were to venture in this industry, you must be well informed on basic concepts related to computer
systems servicing.
TOPIC 2: What jobs can I land on?
Since society is now becoming more

technology-driven and technology-dependent, it is no wonder that more and
more
establishments are in need of the expertise of computer service providers.
The Computer Systems Servicing National

Certificate (NC II) Qualification trains its learners with competencies
that will
allow them to diagnose and troubleshoot PC systems and software issues, as well
as restoring its parts to
return the device to its normal function.
A person who has achieved the Computer Systems

Servicing NC II Qualification is competent to be a:
TOPIC 3: What are my job functions in the future?
TOPIC 4: What does the Qualification require?
Because technology also changes rapidly,

computer technicians must be updated with the current trends,
technology, and
developments related to the computer industry. In addition to that, computer
staff may need to
work with various people that will require their expertise.
Thus, the ability to work in groups and the ability to
translate technical
information to non-technical users may be required when working in this field.
Having a CSS NC II qualification is an entry

point for a career in the computer field.
Being a computer technician may

require you to travel to see clients or be at an office and workplaces as a
member of the IT support team. As a technician, you must possess the
interests and skills that the job demands.
TOPIC 5: What knowledge and skills do I need?
As much as possible, you will need some prior knowledge and skills so that you will be able to perform computer
servicing easily.
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12/28/21, 11:00 AM LESSON 2: OHS Policies and Procedures
LESSON 2: OHS Policies and Procedures

Book: LESSON 2: OHS Policies and Procedures
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Occupational Health and Safety
TOPIC 2: Hazard Identification
TOPIC 3: Risk Assessment
TOPIC 4: Risk Control
ASSIGNMENT!
Introduction
Occupational Health and Safety or OHS is concerned with health, safety, and welfare issues in the workplace.
Policies and procedures are important in discussing OHS because it aims to make the workplace safer and better
for workers and stakeholders.
It is concerned with many factors such as removal of hazards and reducing accidents in the workplace.
As a future computer technician, it is your responsibility to know these standard protocols especially since you
will be assembling and repairing expensive and sensitive equipment that need care and proper handling.
TOPIC 1: Occupational Health and Safety
Occupational
Health and Safety (OHS) is a
set of policies and procedures that is followed in a workplace in order to
prevent
accidents, illnesses, and injuries.
It involves knowing the risks that can be

encountered in a workplace and figuring out how it can be prevented.

Following OHS policies and procedures is
important when dealing with electronics since it would protect not only the
personnel dealing with the components, but also the unit itself.
Three steps
may be done to facilitate OHS procedures in a CSS work space:
1. Hazard
identification
2. Risk assessment
3. Risk control
In addition to that, here are some additional

OHS Procedures that must be observed in computer servicing:
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TOPIC 2: Hazard Identification
Hazards are anything that can hurt a person.

Example of hazards that can be encountered when conducting computer
systems
servicing are:
Tangled electrical cords
Unsecured or unevenly stacked boxes
Noise
Hazard identification involves observing the

workplace’s surroundings to recognize potential risks.
What
are common hazards that can be encountered in the electronic industry?

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TOPIC 3: Risk Assessment
TOPIC 4: Risk Control
Once the hazard has been identified and its

risks have been evaluated, it is time to address these issues:
Ask your supervisor for instruction and

training before using or repairing an equipment.
Do not carry or move heavy objects by

yourself.

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ASSIGNMENT!
Note: No need to submit! However we still encourage you to do this on your own.
12/28/21, 11:01 AM LESSON 3: Applying Quality Standards
LESSON 3: Applying Quality Standards

Book: LESSON 3: Applying Quality Standards
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Assessing Quality
TOPIC 2: Documentation
TOPIC 3: Inventory Form
Introduction
Standards are sets of rules that outline specification of dimensions, design of

operation, materials, and
performance. Standards provide basis for good quality and protocol.
When it comes to computer systems servicing, standards are important as it serves as comparison for computer
performance. Maintaining quality is important to manage customer satisfaction where the revenue and profits will
depend upon.
TOPIC 1: Assessing Quality
In computer systems servicing, you will be handling a lot of equipment. You will be purchasing them, assembling
and disassembling, repairing, or even maintaining them!
That is why it is important to assess the quality of the materials you will be receiving especially when you are
purchasing from a supplier.
Here are some standard protocols in checking the materials and goods you will be receiving in work.

TOPIC 2: Documentation
Here are some samples of log reports and documentation assessed by a quality checker.
Take note however, that not all organizations will make use of the same form.
You can download an empty version of this form here.
TOPIC 3: Inventory Form
Here is an example of an inventory form.
You will be encountering this after disassembling computers. You will be listing down the PC specifications in this form.
You can write the general description of what the item is under Items while you can write the specifications or
necessary description below Description/Specification. Anything else that you think are important notes should be
written on the Remarks column.
You can download an empty version of this form here.
12/28/21, 11:07 AM LESSON 1: Configuring the BIOS
LESSON 1: Configuring the BIOS

Book: LESSON 1: Configuring the BIOS
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Understanding the BIOS
TOPIC 2: Configuring the BIOS
TOPIC 3: Creating a Bootable Device

H5P: Find the words!
Bootable Devices
H5P: Creating Bootable USB Device
H5P: Fill in the blanks!
Introduction
The BIOS (pronounced as "bay-os") or the basic input/output system of the computer, is responsible in making sure that all the
other chips, hard drives, ports, and the CPU function together.
The BIOS basically sets up your computer -- it loads your drivers and boots the operating system.
TOPIC 1: Understanding the BIOS
The BIOS is a software usually built onto the motherboard that shows the major hardware components of your computer with the
operating system.
It is usually stored on a Flash memory chip on the motherboard, but sometimes the chip is another type of ROM.
When you turn on your computer, the BIOS does several things. The sequence is as follows:
1. Check the CMOS Setup for custom settings
2. Load the interrupt handlers and device drivers
3. Initialize registers and power management
4. Perform the power-on self-test (POST)
5. Display system settings
6. Determine which devices are bootable
7. Initiate the bootstrap sequence
TOPIC 2: Configuring the BIOS
By default, the
first boot of the newly installed computer is on the hard disk--may it be on a
laptop or a desktop computer. When
installing an operating system, the BIOS
should be configured to set the system to boot on the operating system to be
installed. It
should boot first on the USB installer.
Running the BIOS
Upon turning the computer on, press the

keys that would run Setup. On most computers, it would be keys: ESC, DEL, F1, F2, F12,
Ctrl-Esc, or Ctrl-Alt-Esc to enter
setup. There is usually a line of text at the bottom of the display that tells
you "Press ___ to Enter
Setup."
BIOS setup would depend on the

motherboard manufacturer. However, these are the common, standard options you may see in the
BIOS setup:
1. Ifyou would like to boot from a certain device, say a USB Flash Drive to install an Operating System (which we will demonstrate
later), click advanced set-up and look for the first, second, and third
boot device.
2. Select first boot device. By default,

it would be the hard drive on the installed computer.
3. Make sure to choose "Save Changes" when you are changing settings in the BIOS. Afterwards, this will restart the computer so
the new settings take effect.
System Time/Date - Set the system time and date
Boot Sequence - The order that BIOS will try to load the operating system
Plug and Play - A standard for auto-detecting connected devices; should be set to "Yes" if your computer and operating
system both support it
Mouse/Keyboard - "Enable Num Lock," "Enable the Keyboard," "Auto-Detect Mouse"...
Drive Configuration - Configure hard drives, CD-ROM and floppy drives
Memory - Direct the BIOS to shadow to a specific memory address
Security - Set a password for accessing the computer
Power Management - Select whether to use power management, as well as set the amount of time for standby and suspend
Exit - Save your changes, discard your changes or restore default settings
TOPIC 3: Creating a Bootable Device
WHY IS BOOTING REQUIRED?
Hardware doesn’t know where the operating system resides and how to load it.
Need a special program to do this job – Bootstrap loader.
(e.g. BIOS – Boot Input Output System)
Bootstrap loader locates the kernel, loads it into main memory and starts its execution.
In some systems, a simple bootstrap loader fetches a more complex boot program from disk, which in turn loads the kernel.
H5P: Find the words!
Find the words from the grid
 Find the words
booting
bootsequence
bootdevice
harddrive
windows
microsoft
 Time Spent : 0:00 0 of 6 found
 Check
Bootable Devices
1. Booting is a startup sequence that launches the operating system of a computer when it is turned on.
2. A boot sequence is the initial set of operations that the computer performs when it is switched on. Every computer has a boot
sequence.
3. A boot device is any device or drive that has the required boot files that allows the computer to start.
In this case, if we are building a PC from scratch, usually there is still no operating system. With this, an operating system can be
booted or installed from a boot device.
A boot drive commonly used is the hard drive. Usually, an operating system like Microsoft Windows is installed in a hard drive to
load Windows.
H5P: Creating Bootable USB Device
Using a third party application (Rufus), scroll the demonstration slides below to see the step-by-step process on creating a bootable
USB device.
H5P: Fill in the blanks!
Fill in the missing words
The BIOS (pronounced as "bay-os") or the input/output of the computer, is responsible in making sure that all the other
chips, hard drives, ports, and the CPU function together.
 Check
12/28/21, 11:07 AM LESSON 2: Installing Operating Systems
LESSON 2: Installing Operating Systems

Book: LESSON 2: Installing Operating Systems
Description
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Different Operating Systems
H5P: Installing Windows Operating System
Common Operating Systems
H5P: Drag the words!
Introduction
When you open a computer, usually this will either be a Windows PC or a Macintosh computer. They will have different user
interfaces or applications that may be specific to that computer. The Windows or the Mac are called operating systems.
The Operating System (OS) is a layer of software which is used to manage computer resources. It also provides an interface, so
that users can utilize computer resources. It configures and manages hardware to connect the components and the applications.
TOPIC 1: Different Operating Systems
The three most popular operating systems are Windows, MAC, and Linux.
Windows is the dominant over the other two. 90% of computer users use Windows operating system.
Windows and MAC are expensive operating systems however, MAC OS requires the users to buy the MAC systems (Macbook,
Mac) built by Apple.
On the other hand, Linux is a free operating system.
Windows and MAC have similar file structures while Linux has a different code base (single file tree compared to Windows and
MAC's many directories)
Windows interface has a Start menu, Taskbar, System Tray, and the Windows Explore while Linux has easy to switch interfaces.
Linux is most preferred by programmers, MAC is preferred by graphic artists, and Windows is perferred by gamers.
H5P: Installing Windows Operating System
Go through the step-by-step procedure on how to install a Windows operating system below:
Common Operating Systems
The following are common operating systems being used today:
H5P: Drag the words!
Drag the words into the correct boxes
Windows programmers Apple Linux gamers graphic artists
is the dominant over the other two. 90% of computer users use Windows operating system.
Windows and MAC are expensive operating systems however, MAC OS requires the users to buy the MAC systems (Macbook, Mac) built by .
On the other hand, is a free operating system.
Linux is most preferred by , MAC is preferred by , and Windows is preferred by .
Check
12/28/21, 11:09 AM LESSON 3: Installing Device Drivers
LESSON 3: Installing Device Drivers

Book: LESSON 3: Installing Device Drivers
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Installing Device Drivers

H5P: Installing Using a Driverpack
TOPIC 2: Checking Device Driver Installation
H5P: Single choice and T/F Self Check!
Introduction
This is an essential step that you need to be aware of after installing an operating system. Basically, the device drivers tell your
operating system how to use the components like the motherboard, graphics card, network interface cards, sound cards, and other
devices.
Most of the time, Windows would be able to recognize a device and will install drivers automatically. Some cases would require to
install generic drivers.
Drivers
– small software programs
that help the operating system use the device. When a device is malfunctioning,
one should ask
whether the right driver has been installed.
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TOPIC 1: Installing Device Drivers
There are several ways to install device drivers for your newly installed components:
1. Manufacturer’s DVD Installer – Provided upon buying a computer, laptop, device
2. Driverpack Solution – A free tool which automatically finds proper drivers for a computer, then downloads and installs it
without wizards or installation prompts.
3. Device Manager (Driver Update) – Can be accessed by clicking Start > Computer > Manage > Device Manager. From here,
each component can have the option to install a driver through a CD or through searching automatically online.
4. Download Online – Look for unit’s Model Name and Number
H5P: Installing Using a Driverpack
TOPIC 2: Checking Device Driver Installation
After installation, you would want to see if you've installed the correct device drivers to avoid any issues that may hinder the
component from running in its full performance.
In this simple procedure, we are looking if there drivers are already installed. If the device driver is installed, updating it through the
device manager would prompt to say that the drivers are installed.
1. Open the Control Panel.
2. Select System and Security.
3. Click System and select Device Manager from

the left side.
4. Click “Monitor” and you will see that a

genetic monitor is installed.
H5P: Single choice and T/F Self Check!
Drivers are large software programs that help the operating system use the device.

 True  False
 Check
12/28/21, 11:09 AM LESSON 4: Installing Software
LESSON 4: Installing Software

Book: LESSON 4: Installing Software
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Establishing Installation Procedure
TOPIC 2: Types of Software
TOPIC 3: File System Types/Formatting

Storage File System Formatting
Common File Formats
H5P: Multiple Choice
TOPIC 4: Installing Applications
Introduction
Software
is basically the instructions and programs that tells the computer to run different tasks.
It can be categorized into system or OS, application,

and programming.
System/Operating System - tells the CPU what to do. The most

common types of operating systems are MS DOS Windows,
MAC OS, and Corel Linux.
Application - assigned to perform specific functions / tasks on the

computer.
Programming - it is development of various

sets of instructions for a computer to do a task. Different programming
languages can
be used to carry out a certain task and to let the computer
operate smoothly.
TOPIC 1: Establishing Installation Procedure
Installer
- computer program that
installs files, such as applications, drivers, software onto a computer.
Installation
(setup)
of a computer program
is making a program ready for execution or user access. This process may varyd
depending on the program, type of computer, computer operating system, etc.
Common Windows Installer File Extension:
1. Executable - .exe
2. Microsoft Windows
Installation - .msi
3. Compressed Zip File

- .zip
4. ISO image - .iso
TOPIC 2: Types of Software
System Software
Also known as Operating System. It tells the CPU what to do.
Most common examples include Windows, MAC OS,

MS-DOS and Linux.
Application
Software
It accomplishes specific tasks intended for

personal, business, or scientific purposes. Example tasks include inventory
management, payroll processing, human resource management, etc.
Common Application Software:
Word
Processor
Spreadsheets
Database
Programs
Presentation
Software
Desktop
Publishing Software
Reference
Software
Graphics
Programs
Educational
Software
Computer
Games
Network
Software
Language
Software
Programming
Software
Used to make computer programs. Programming

language is used to create computer programs.
Eclipse
Coda
Notepad ++
Sublime Text
TOPIC 3: File System Types/Formatting
File
System – A program used by
the operating system to organize data or application files. The type of file
system is used to
determine how data and programs will be accessed. In addition
to that, it can also control what data or programs will be available to
users.
Types of File
System
1. FAT File System
File Allocation Table Type allows the

operating system to look for files on a disk.
2. FAT32 File System
More advanced version of the FAT File System.

It can partition size as well as access speed. Because of this, FAT32 allows
users
to have better disk space utilization.
3. ExFAT
Stands for Extended File Allocation Table. A

file system type that can be used for memory sticks and SD cards.
4. NTFS File System
New Technology File System. Compared to FAT

and FAT32, NTFS has a much bigger partition and file size. It is a highly
reliable
file system type because it is recoverable. It also has fault
tolerance which means that logged transactions can be used to
recover data.
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Storage File System Formatting
Follow the guidelines to format the file system in a storage.
1. By default, formatting is set to FAT.
– If you try to format an internal hard disk that is

smaller than 32 GB, you will see the options for NTFS, FAT and FAT32.
– If you try to format an internal hard disk that is

larger than 32 GB, you will only see the option for NTFS.
– If you try to format an external USB device smaller

than 32 GB, you will see all the options.
– If you try to format and external USB device larger

than 32 GB, you will only see NTFS and exFAT.
2. Devices smaller than 32 GB should be formatted

in FAT or FAT32 for more reliability and less disk space wastage.
3. Files larger than 32GB should be formatted in

exFAT for latest operating systems.
4. For other compatible devices and other

operating systems, files larger than 32 GB should be formatted using NFTS.
Common File Formats
The following are the most common file formats that you will encounter when working in a computer.
File type File extension
Text .doc .docx .asc .rtf .msg .txt .wpd .wps
Image .jpg .gif .png .bmp .eps .pict .psd .tif
Sound .mp3.aac .au .mid .ra .snd .wma .wav
Video .mp4.avi .mpg .mov .wmv
Program .exe .bat .com
Compressed .arj .gz .hqx .rar .sit .tar .z .zip .arc
Courtesy of computerhope.com
H5P: Multiple Choice
The following file extensions are part of which file type?

.jpg .gif .png .bmp .eps .pict .psd .tif
Image
Sound
Text
Check
TOPIC 4: Installing Applications
This is the basic procedure that is most common when you are installing applications.
1. Find the installer folder.
2. Right click Setup.exe.
3. Follow the on-screen instruction.
Click through the step-by-step presentation below in installing a web browser:
12/28/21, 11:10 AM LESSON 1: Disassembling a Computer
LESSON 1: Disassembling a Computer

Book: LESSON 1: Disassembling a Computer
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Preparing for Disassembly

VIDEO: Disassembly Proper
Performance Checklist
H5P Activity: Arrange the following sequence
Introduction
You might be wondering why the lesson starts with disassembly and not assembly itself? Simply because we want to learn how to
disassemble so we can assemble it again from how we took out the parts.
It is because in the industry, you will be performing disassembly especially in servicing, compared to building a new computer and
repairing and maintaining the computers in the workplace. You will have to be familiar especially first with the system unit. We want
you to learn how to assemble what you've taken out (disassembled).
It is important that you have taken and reviewed the prerequisite module (Intro to CSS) before going into this hands-on
course.
TOPIC 1: Preparing for Disassembly
Before going into the disassembly proper, you will have to prepare all the materials that you will need.
VIDEO: Disassembly Proper
Watch the demonstration video on Computer Disassembly below:
If you tried disassembling a computer on your own, this checklist might be able to help you if you've done the job correctly.
Check the following if you've met the criteria:
CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you... ?
1. Unplug the System Unit before proceeding to
disassembling?
2. Wear anti-static wrist strap and other PPE
properly?
3. Remove the following safely and correctly?
a. Outer
Steel/Casing?
b. Case
Fan?
c. CPU
Fan?
d. Power
Supply?
e. Memory
(RAM)?
4. Remove the Optical Disk Drive?
5. Remove the Hard Drive?
6. Remove the Motherboard?

H5P Activity: Arrange the following sequence
Drag to arrange the images in the correct sequence
Time spent
0:00
Total Moves
0
 Check  ShowSolution
12/28/21, 11:10 AM LESSON 2: Assembling a Computer
LESSON 2: Assembling a Computer

Book: LESSON 2: Assembling a Computer
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Preparing for Assembly
VIDEO: Assembly Proper

H5P Activity: True/False
Introduction
Now that you've learned how to disassemble a PC, we are now going to proceed to assembling what we just disassembled. Ideally, as
seen in the last part of the disassembly video, you need to document the specifications/status of the components before putting back the
system unit together again.
A helpful tip is since you worked your way part by part in disassembly, now you are just going to retrace your steps in assembling it.
TOPIC 1: Preparing for Assembly
Before going into the assembly proper, you will have to prepare all the materials that you will need.
VIDEO: Assembly Proper
Watch the demonstration video on Computer Assembly below:
¤ If you tried assembling a computer on your own, this checklist might be able to help you if you've done the job correctly.
Check the following if you've met the criteria:

CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you…?
1. Clean the equipment and parts before assembly?
2. Wear anti-static wrist strap and other PPE?
3. Install the following correctly and carefully:
a. CPU
Fan?
b. Hard
Disk Drive?
c. Optical
Drive?
d. RAM
(Random Access Memory)?
e. Power
Supply?
f. Interface
Cards/Add-on Cards/Adapters
Graphics/Video Cards?
g. System
Fan?
4. Attach the System cover properly?

H5P Activity: True/False
It is not necessary to wear anti-static wrist wrap anymore in assembling a computer.
 True  False
 Check
12/28/21, 11:11 AM LESSON 3: Installing I/O Devices
LESSON 3: Installing I/O Devices

Book: LESSON 3: Installing I/O Devices
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Installing the Keyboard
TOPIC 2: Installing the Mouse
TOPIC 3: Installing the Monitor
TOPIC 4: Installing the Speakers
TOPIC 5: Installing the Webcam
TOPIC 6: Installing the Printer
H5P: What's my cable?
Introduction
If you still do not have an installed

operating system, you can simply install the keyboard and mouse first. Then,
install an operating system. After installing an operating system, install the
rest of your peripherals.
These devices are important since it lets you control your computer.
It is important that you have assembled a PC by this time. If not, please finish the previous lesson first.
TOPIC 1: Installing the Keyboard
1. Make sure to read the instruction manual of

your keyboard first.
2. Check whether the keyboard has a USB (flat,

rectangular shape) or PS/2 (typically round and purple colored)
connector.
3. Install the keyboard by connecting it to its

proper port.
4. Do not install the keyboard while the computer

is powered on. Do not remove the keyboard while the
computer is running.
TOPIC 2: Installing the Mouse
The process to installing this device is

similar to that of the keyboard. Check whether your mouse is using a PS/2
Connector or a USB connector then connect it to its proper port.
TOPIC 3: Installing the Monitor
1. Identify the connection type that will connect

the monitor to the motherboard or the graphics card.
2. A DVI, VGA, or HDMI are common ports in the monitor and used to produce best picture qualities.
3. Once the display is plugged to its proper

connector on the video card or the motherboard, the display is
ready. Most of the time, drivers
are not required but it should be downloaded to utilize a maximum resolution.
TOPIC 4: Installing the Speakers
1. Determine the type of speaker and its

connector.
2. Connect the cable (usually a 3.5mm jack) to the line-out jack of the
computer sound card or on the system
unit.
3. Plug in the power cord.
TOPIC 5: Installing the Webcam
Common webcams can be simply plugged into the

USB port and you will be prompted to install their drivers. Some
webcams would need to
have its driver installed first. Make sure to read the manufacturer’s
instruction manual first.
TOPIC 6: Installing the Printer
1. Make sure to have the printer and

power cable.
2. Connect the

printer connector to the unit.
3. Insert the ink or toner cartridge to the

printer.
4. Turn the printer on.
5. Power the computer.
6. Start the Printer Install Wizard.
7. Follow the instructions to install the Printer

Driver.
8.
Run a
test print to check if the printer isinstalled correctly.
H5P: What's my cable?
Drag and drop
12/28/21, 11:34 AM LESSON 1: Understanding Network Devices
LESSON 1: Understanding Network Devices

Course: Setting Up Computer Networks Date: Tuesday, 28 December 2021, 11:32 AM
Book: LESSON 1: Understanding Network Devices
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Network Devices
TOPIC 2: Local Area Network

Local Area Connection Properties
Different Network Location Types
TOPIC 3: Wide Area Network

IP Addressing
Introduction
We aim to understand how computers are connected to each other that is why it is essential that we should be familiar
with the different devices found in the workplace to perform network connectivity.
It is important to understand that each workplace has a unique plan/map of how the organization distributes
information and who has access.
This lesson's goal is to simply familiarize ourselves with the different network devices which we'll get to connecting
later.
TOPIC 1: Network Devices
Router
A device that forwards data packets along networks.

A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly
two LANs or WANs or a LAN and its ISP's network. Routers are located at gateways,
the places where two or
more networks connect.
Switch
A device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments. Switches operate

at the data link layer (layer 2)
and sometimes the network layer (layer 3) of
the OSI
Reference Model and
therefore support any packet protocol.
LANs that use switches to join segments are called switched LANs or,
in the case of Ethernet networks, switched
Ethernet LANs.
Hub
A common connection point for devices in a network.

Hubs are commonly used to connect segments of a LAN.
A
hub contains multiple ports. When
a packet arrives at one port, it is copied to
the other ports so that all segments
of the LAN can see all packets.
Hubs and switches serve as a

central connection for all of your network equipment and handles a data type
known as frames. Frames carry your data. When a frame is received, it is
amplified and then transmitted on to
the port of the destination PC.
Repeater
A network device used to regenerate or replicate

a signal. Repeaters are used in transmission systems to
regenerate analog or digital signals distorted by
transmission loss. Analog repeaters frequently can only amplify
the signal
while digital repeaters can reconstruct a signal to near its original quality.
Bridge
A device that connects two local-area

networks (LANs), or two segments of the same LAN that use the
same protocol,
such as Ethernet or Token-Ring.
TOPIC 2: Local Area Network
Basically, a local area network, called as LAN, is a group of computers and connected devices that share a common
communication line (or may be wireless) to a server.
A LAN is where computers and mobile devices may share resources like printers, scanners, storage, etc.
Local Area Connection Properties
To make sure that your LAN works properly, make sure that the following items are installed and enabled in the Local
Area Connection Properties:
Clients For Microsoft Networks
Allow your computer to share files and printers in Microsoft Network
Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)
The protocol that enables the computer to communicate with other computers in the network. This can be set
automatically or manually specified along with other network information to work properly. Make sure however that
each device has a unique IP.
LAN Settings
These are specific IP settings for the LAN interface.
The default IP Address is 192.168.0.1.
The default Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.0.
DHCP Server
Stands for Dynamic Host Control Protocol. This gives the IP Addresses when a device starts and requests an IP
address from the network. It can be set to obtain IP address automatically.
Different Network Location Types
Home Network
This type is ideal for home networks where you trust all the people and the devices using the network. By default,
network discovery is turned on, allowing you to see other computers and devices, and others can see you as well.
Work Network
This type is used in small office or other workplace networks. By default, network discovery is enabled allowing other
computers on a network. However, you cannot join or create a homegroup.
Public Network
This type is the safest. This is designed to keep your computer from being visible to others and helps protect your
computer from malicious software from the Internet. However, network discovery is turned off and homegroup is not
available on this network.
Domain Network
This is used for domains and at enterprise networks. This is controlled by the network administrator.
TOPIC 3: Wide Area Network
Also known as WAN. This is a collection of computers and networks connected via a network just like the LAN.
However, in WAN, it is connected over a large geographic area.
The following are the WAN settings used to connect to the Internet Service Provider (ISP):
Dynamic IP Address
This is to obtain an IP address automatically from the ISP.
Host Name
This is optional. Usually, this is the model number of the device.
MAC Address
This is optional. MAC stands for Media Access Control. The MAC Address is set by default to the MAC
Address of the WAN interface in the device.
Primary DNS Address/ Secondary DNS Address
This is optional. A Domain Name Server (DNS) is entered. If left blank, the ISP provides the DNS address.
Auto-Reconnect
This feature allows the router to reconnect to the ISP automatically if connections is disconnected.
Static IP Address
This is to set a specific IP Address that is still provided by the ISP. However, this is avoided because this requires a
lot of work and manual entry of network information.
PPPoE
Stands for Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet. Only used if the ISP uses this protocol. The ISP provides the
username and password.
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IP Addressing
IP Address, or the Internet Protocol Address, is a numerical label assigned to a device within a computer network
that uses the Internet Protocol. It has two functions: (1) network hosting ; and (2) location addressing.
The IPv4 is still in use today. It is a 32-bit number system.
On the other hand, a new version of Internet Protocol called the IPv6 makes use of 128 bits for its address.
(e.g. 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1)
12/28/21, 11:36 AM LESSON 2: Creating Network Cables
LESSON 2: Creating Network Cables

Book: LESSON 2: Creating Network Cables
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Network Media

Wireless Connections
Wireless Networking
TOPIC 2: Cable Installation

VIDEO: Creating Network Cables
TOPIC 3: Patch Panels

Patch Panel to Modular Box
VIDEO: Installing Patch Panels
Introduction
Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to another.
There are several types of cables which are commonly used with LANs. In some cases, a network will utilize only one
type of cable, while other networks will use a variety of cable types.
The type of cable chosen for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol, and size.
Understanding the characteristics of different types of cable and how they relate to other aspects of a network is
necessary for the development of a successful network.
TOPIC 1: Network Media
The network can be connected through two types of connections: wired and wireless.
Having a wired connection is more reliable than a wireless connection. However, wireless connections are widely
used by some devices such as cellphones and laptops for their portability.
The following are different wired connections commonly used in networking. However for this Qualification, we are
focusing on UTP and STP Cables which are most common for Local Area Networks.
1. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
A popular type of cable that is commonly used for Local Area Networks. It has a two shielded wires twisted around
each other.
2. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
The extra covering of the STP Cable provides extra protection to prevent electromagnetic interference.
3. Coaxial Cable
This the cable commonly used in television industries. The metal shield surrounding the cable helps block
interference from fluorescence lights, motors, and other computers.
4. Fiber Optic Cable
Transmits light rather than electronic signals which reduce the risks of electrical interference. It is ideal for
environments where electrical interference is present.
Wireless Connections
Wireless connections make use of LANs which allow high frequency radio signals to
communicate between work
stations, servers, or hubs.
Wireless networks are

ideal for allowing laptops, portable devices, and other devices to connect to
the LAN. This is
also beneficial in establishments where it may be harder to
install cables.
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Wireless Networking
A wireless network is any type of computer network that use wireless data connections for connecting network
nodes.
Wireless PAN
Stands for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). This connection interconnect devices within a small area. An
example would be bluetooth and infrared.
Wireless LAN
Known as WLANs. This is used to connect to local resources and the internet. It links two or more devices over a short
distance using a wireless distribution method - usually through an wireless router/wireless access point for internet
access. Wi-Fi falls under WLANs.
Wireless Mesh Networks
This is a wireless network made up of radio nodes organized in a mesh topology. It can be a
(1) Wireless MAN or Wireless Metropolitan Area Network which connects several WLANs.
(2) Wireless WAN or Wireless Wide Area Network which covers large areas such as cities/towns, branch offices,
business, public internet access system, etc.
(3) Global Area Network (GAN) for used for mobile technology such as texting, calling, etc.
(4) Space Network which is used between spacecrafts within the vicinity of earth. NASA's Space Network makes use
of this technology.
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TOPIC 2: Cable Installation
In network installation, we have to be familiar with the RJ45 (Registered Jack).
It is a jack used for Ethernet networking and used for cables. Both T568A and T568B are common wiring standards
however the T568B is widely used in the Philippines.
There are two common network cabling namely the straight-through and the crossover cables.
A straight-through cable is also known as the patch cable or Ethernet cable. This is the most common format
for network cables. The wires have same pins from either end. This is used when connecting a computer to a
modem, router, or switch. This is also used between networking equipment that are not similar to each other.
A crossover cable crosses the wires from the other end differently to the other. We use these when we connect
two devices of the same type like two computers or two similar networking devices. These wirings use two different
ends, T568A and T568B.
However, if we use a device between two devices (such as a switch), all cables are straight through.
VIDEO: Creating Network Cables
Watch the video below to learn how to create straight-through and crossover cables
NOTE:
Aside from the straight-through and crossover patterns shown in the video, the following may also be commonly done.
TOPIC 3: Patch Panels
A patch panel, also known as patch bay, patch field, or jack field, is used to connect and route circuits for monitoring,
interconnecting, and testing circuits in a convenient and flexible matter.
Having an organized patch panel is important in the workplace. Although the patch panel is meant for organization,
it is still essential to minimize hazards such as hanging and open network cables.
Good patch panel cable management is important. Neat patch, for example, is one of the most common patch panel
cable management systems.
It allows users to store patch panels in a neat and tidy compartment. It is also compliant with industry standards.
Patch Panel to Modular Box
In connecting a patch panel to a modular box, it is important to take note that the UTP cable at this time is neither a
straight-through or crossover.
We will be installing both ends on a patch panel and a modular box.
(A) Patch Panel
> First, strip the outer covering of the cable
> Then, arrange the wires according to its proper color coding based on the color coding you have done on the
RJ45.
A – white blue / blue / white green / green / white orange / orange / white brown / brown
B – white blue / blue / white orange / orange / white green / green / white brown / brown
(B) Modular Box
> Strip the outer covering of the cable
> Arrange the wires according to its proper color coding based on the color coding you have done on the RJ45.
Connect the cables ust like the numbers arranged at the figure below.
VIDEO: Installing Patch Panels
Watch the video below on how to install patch panels:
12/28/21, 11:40 AM LESSON 3: Configuring the Network
LESSON 3: Configuring the Network

Book: LESSON 3: Configuring the Network
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Network Categories
TOPIC 2: Difference in Network Categories
TOPIC 3: Network Topologies

Bus Topology
Ring Topology
Star Topology
Mesh Topology
Tree Topology
Hybrid Topology
ASSIGNMENT: Draw your own topology!
Introduction
A computer network is a collection of computers and other devices linked together via use networking devices.
Networking devices are also called as communicating devices.
Computer networks are important because it ensures effective transmission and sharing of data between
different computer devices.
Setting-up computer networks at your homes does not need to be complicated. Few basic pieces of computer
hardware are needed to connect your computers and other devices to each other and to the Internet.
TOPIC 1: Network Categories
Personal
Area This is used for communication among
Network (PAN) computer and different devices close to
a person. PAN usually reaches up to
10
meters.

Local
Area Network Consists of personal computers linked
(LAN) together within a limited area. For
example, within a small building, office,
floor, or department.
Metropolitan
Area Larger than LAN. It can span in no more
Network (MAN) than
50 miles. It is used to cover a small
Wide
Area Network This type of network covers a large
(WAN) geographic area such as a city or even
a country. Different types of
communication channels such as
telephone lines, cables, and air waves
are
used for this to be possible. The
Internet is an example of a WAN and it
is
the world’s largest WAN.

TOPIC 2: Difference in Network Categories
Difference
in... LAN MAN WAN
Cost Low Optic High Higher
Network
Size Small Large Largest
Speed Fastest Slower Slowest
Transmission Twisted Pair Twisted Pair Fiber

Media Optic
Fiber-Optic
Cables Radio
Wave
Satellite
Number
of Smallest Large Largest
Computers
TOPIC 3: Network Topologies
Basically, network topology is how the network of devices/computers is arranged through the connection of various
nodes through lines of connections.
Imagine a topology as a guide or a map in creating your own network.
There are different types of network topologies that we will be going through in this topic.
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Bus Topology
This is a network type in which the computers and network devices are connected to a single cable.
This type of network can transmit data in only one direction. Each device is connected to a single cable.
PROS
☑ Cost-effective
☑ Cable is required
☑ For small networks
☑ Easy to understand and create
☑ Easy to expand (through joining two cables)
CONS
☑ When cable fails, the whole network fails
☑ If network traffic is heavy, the performance of the network decreases
☑ Cable has limited length
☑ Slower than ring topology
Ring Topology
This network forms like a ring where a computer is connected to another computer. The last computer is connected to
the first. Each compputer has two neighbors.
It has a number of repeaters. The transmission is unidirectional.
The data is also transferred in a sequential manner, bit by bit.
PROS
☑ Not affected by high traffic
☑ Cheap to install and expand
CONS
☑ Hard to troubleshoot
☑ Adding or removing a computer will disturb network activity
☑ When a computer fails, the whole network is disturbed
Star Topology
This type features all computers connected through a single hub/switch through a cable. The hub/switch is a central
node and all others are connected to a central node.
Each node has a dedicated connection to the hub/switch. This will act as a repeater as well for data flow. This can be
done using a UTP, optical fiber, or coaxial cable.
PROS
☑ Fast performance the fewer nodes
☑ Low network traffic
☑ Switch/Hub can be easily upgraded
☑ Easy set-up and modification
☑ When a node fails, the others can work smoothly
CONS
☑ High cost
☑ Expensive to maintain
☑ When switch/hub fails, whole network stops
☑ Switch/hub capacity controls the performance
Mesh Topology
This type is a point-to-point connection with other devices. The traffic is carried between two devices which it is
connected.
There are two types: (1) partial mesh topology where some of the systems are connected in the same fashion as
mesh topology but some devices are connected to two or three devices; and (2) full mesh topology where each and
every device is connected to each other.
This type features a full, robust connection. However, it is not flexible.
PROS
☑ Each connection can carry own data load
☑ Robust
☑ Easy troubleshooting
☑ Secure and private
CONS
☑ Difficult to install and configure
☑ Expensive cabling cost
☑ Bulk wiring
Tree Topology
This type has a root device and other devices are connected to form a hierarchy. Also known as hierarchical
topology. It should have at least three levels in the hierarchy.
This is ideal if workstations are located in groups. It is used in WANs.
PROS
☑ Can be extensions of bus and star topologies
☑ Easily expanded
☑ Easily managed and maintained
☑ Errors are easily detected
CONS
☑ Heavily cabled
☑ Expensive
☑ The more devices, the harder the maintenance
☑ If central switch/hub fails, network fails
Hybrid Topology
This type is a mixture of two or more topologies. You may have a department in the office using ring topology while the
other uses a star topology. This is called a Hybrid Topology.
It can combine even more than two topologies. Both the advantages and disadvantages are included when you create
a hybrid, thus, ideal for a non-conventional set-up.
PROS
☑ Reliable
☑ Easy troubleshooting
☑ Errors are easily detected
☑ Easily scalable
☑ Flexible
CONS
☑ Complex
☑ Expensive
ASSIGNMENT: Draw your own topology!
Using the network devices you've learned at the previous lesson, try to draw your own office network.
Imagine at least 10 workers but they are divided at far ends of a building.
You have a pool of options to create a topology that will fit them to still have a network connection. You may use
any (e.g. wireless, wired) connections that you deem appropriate.
No need to submit your assignment here, but you are encouraged to still do this on your own!
You may check sample topologies online.
12/28/21, 11:40 AM LESSON 1: Configuring the Wireless Network
LESSON 1: Configuring the Wireless Network

Book: LESSON 1: Configuring the Wireless Network
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Broadband Internet Connection
TOPIC 2: Wireless Router

Positioning the Wireless Router
TOPIC 3: Securing the Wireless Network

Wireless Network Security Protocols
TOPIC 4: Wireless Network Configuration

Changing Router Username and Password
Changing Wireless Name and Security Key
MAC Address Reservation
Creating a Workgroup
TOPIC 5: Wireless Repeater Configuration

Setting up a Wireless Access Point
Introduction
Having a wireless network will let people communicate and access applications and information without physical wirings. This
advantage of cleaner, tidier, and freer space lets people access the internet with ease.
TOPIC 1: Broadband Internet Connection
Nowadays, broadband Internet connection is used instead of the dial-up connection. DSL, which stands for Digital Susbscriber
Line, and cable are two common broadband connections.
ISPs provide the broadband connection. For example, PLDT, a telephone company, provides DSL, and SKY, a cable TV
company, provides internet connection too. These ISPs provide broadband modems, and nowadays, even combination
modem/wireless routers.
TOPIC 2: Wireless Router
A wireless router is essential in a WLAN for home and small office networks. It allows connection to the Internet as well as local
network access. The router can be connected through a wired or wireless WAN.
There are varieities of routers still being developed and improved today that allow capabilities such as being able to filter traffic.
All modern routers nowadays support 802.11n, or Wireless-N, which offer the most stable speeds. These router still offer backward
compatibility with older standards like the 802.11g.
Positioning the Wireless Router
The wireless router is ideally placed somewhere in the home/small office where it can receive a strong signal and has least
amount of interference.
Follow these guidelines to ensure the best out of your wireless router:
1. Position the router in the center of the house.
2. Raise the router from the floor
3. Move it away from walls and metal objects.
4. Reduce interference by placing it away from microwaves/cordless phones.
TOPIC 3: Securing the Wireless Network
Security is important especially in the workplace where confidential files are being transferred throughout. The network's signal may
even extend outside your home and may be accessed by people outside.
That is why it is important to set certain protocols in ensuring privacy of personal information and files as these can lead to
identity theft or malicious practices.
Simply putting a network security key to your wireless router can prevent unauthorized access to the network.
Wireless Network Security Protocols
There are three types of wireless network encryption: (1) Wi-Fi Protected Access, or WPA and WPA2, (2) Wired Equivalent
Privacy (WEP), and (3) 802.1x, however this is usually used in enterprise.
The following are encyption methods for wireless networks:
1. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2)
This security method encrypts the information and assures that the security key has not been modified. WPA is for all wireless
network adapters, but not in older routers and access points. WPA2 is a secure version, but does not work in older adapters.
2. Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
This is an older method but not recommended anymore. When enabled, the security key is set up. This key encrypts the
information that one computer sends to another through the network. This, however, is easy to crack.
3. 802.1X Authentication
This helps improve security for 802.11 wireless networks and wired Ethernet networks. It makes use of a server to validate users
and provide network access. This is common in workplaces.
TOPIC 4: Wireless Network Configuration
We can divide wireless network configuration into three tasks.
To start, we are installing the router to the computer:
(1) Using a cable, connect the router to the computer
(2) Open the internet browser and type the default IP Address (usually 192.168.0.1). This is also found at the sticker under the
router.
(3) Read the instructions, because this will depend on the manufacturer. Usually the username and password are "admin".
(4) You can explore the interface and configure wireless set-up such as the SSID or the name of the router, the password (e.g.
WAP2), or the MAC Address.
Next, we can set-up a security key:
(1) Open Network and Sharing Center (Start> Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center)
(2) Click Set up a new connection or network.
(3) Click Set up a new network, then next.
The wizard will walk you through with a network name and security key; the default will be a Wi-Fi WPA2.
Then, we can add computers to the network:
(1) Open Connect to a Network. Click the network icon in the lower-right.
(2) In the list of networks, click where you want to connect. Click Connect.
(3) Enter the security key.
Changing Router Username and Password
Follow the step-by-step procedures on how to change the router username and password. Click the left and right buttons to navigate.
Changing Wireless Name and Security Key
Follow the step-by-step procedures on how to change the wireless name and security key. The difference is that the previous
topic is on the administrative privileges of accessing the router itself while this is when you connect wirelessly; what name
appears on your phone's wi-fi connection options.
MAC Address Reservation
Follow the step-by-step procedures on how to configure the MAC Address Reserve. This is done when you want to reserve
specific devices to connect exclusively to the router, no matter how much limit you put into wireless devices to connect, for
example. Each device has a MAC Address so this means that you are reserving these devices. Most of the time these devices
are your own or the family's. So no matter how many neighbors or friends connect to your router, and you've limited to only 5, for
example, your devices will still connect.
Creating a Workgroup
Follow the step-by-step procedures on how to create a workgroup. This is especially important when you want to create a tightly-
bound local area network connection within your office, as an example. This will also be useful for servers later.
TOPIC 5: Wireless Repeater Configuration
When we find dead spots in the house, or the wireless router is not able to reach the whole house, wireless repeaters are used.
These are basically extenders that can connect via wire or wireless connections.
To configure the wireless repeater,
(1) First, find the basic wireless settings. Maxmize the broadcast of the signal to the highest Mbps as possible.
(2) Select Repeating Functions or Signal Repeat Settings or menu items that mention repeating. From here, you identify the
primary router as the base station where the internet, for example, is connected first.
(3) If prompted, enter the MAC Address of the router/repeater. This is a 16-character name located at the sticker below the
device.
(4) Unplug the ethernet from the primary router. Connect it to the repeater or secondary router that will be a wireless repeater.
Log in to the router at 192.168.0.1
(5) Type in the SSID you will use. Repeat the previous process: Enable the signal repeating functions. Enter the MAC address.
Save and disconnect repeater from computer.
(6) Make sure you find a good location for the wireless repeater. It should still reach the Wi-Fi signal area but enough to maximize
its extended signals.
Setting up a Wireless Access Point
Follow the step-by-step procedures on how to configure the wireless access point.
12/28/21, 11:40 AM LESSON 2: Securing the Network
LESSON 2: Securing the Network

Book: LESSON 2: Securing the Network
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Network Security Components
TOPIC 2: Firewall
Introduction
There are many security threats that are spread over the internet. Viruses, worms, Trojan horses, zero-day
attacks, hacker attacks, denial of service (DOS) attacks, data interception, and theft.
That is why it is important that there are security protocols aside from router configuration to further protect the
network. It is wise to prevent these threats from entering and spreading on the network.
TOPIC 1: Network Security Components
To avoid these security threats, it is important that we have network security components. These are software
applications that protect the usability, reliability, integrity, and safety of the network and the data.
These components include anti-virus and anti-spyware programs, firewalls (to block unauthorized access to the
network, intrusion prevention systems, or IPS, (to identify fast-spreading threats such as zero-day or zero-hour
attacks), and Virtual Private Networks, or VPNs, (to provide secure remote access).
TOPIC 2: Firewall
Basically, a firewall is a device -- that can be hardware or software based -- which controls access to the
organization's network.
There are several types of firewalls depending on the security needed by the network.
Network Layer Firewalls
These operate at a low level of TCP/IP protocol where packets are not allowed to pass through unless they match
the rules set by the firewall administrator.
Application Layer Firewalls
These work on the application level of the TCP/IP stack. These can intercept all packets traveling to or from the
applcication. They can block other packets - unwanted outside traffic can be prevented.
Application Firewalls
These are network-layer and application-layer types that overlap. An example is restricting ftp services through
/etc/ ftpaccess file.
Proxy Firewalls
These operate at the firewall's application layer. These act as intermediary for requests from one network to
another for a specific network application. These prevent direct connections between either sides; allowing or
blocking traffic based on the rules set.
12/28/21, 11:40 AM LESSON 3: Inspect and Test Networks
LESSON 3: Inspect and Test Networks

Book: LESSON 3: Inspect and Test Networks
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Network Testing
TOPIC 2: Important Network Characteristics
TOPIC 3: Final Testing
TOPIC 4: Generating Reports
Introduction
It is important to test computer networks to assure that these networks will be effective especially in the long run.
Aside from ensuring that these networks are secure, it is essential that we know in the first place that they are working
correctly to avoid issues in the future.
TOPIC 1: Network Testing
Network Testing is the actual measurement of the network's state of operation over a period of time. This record
will be the basis for comparison or control.
It is often called understanding the past to predict the future.
A good network testing strategy is one where the network manager is able to predict the operation of the network.
Testing the reliability and its ability to support new applications and users are among the list of factors in examining a
good network.
TOPIC 2: Important Network Characteristics
Through a comprehensive network test, the network manager is able to maintain a network actively. When it is
implemented properly, it is easy to track the changes and trends that can be seen in its daily operation.
From here, a network manager is able to obtain valuable insight where s/he may use for further improvements and
troubleshooting.
We should look for the following when we are testing the network:
(1) Utilization levels
(2) Number of users
(3) Number of operational protocols
(4) Error statistics
(5) Application utilization
TOPIC 3: Final Testing
Final testing aims to test the hardware and software aspect of the systems and the network.
Follow the following steps.
(1) Launch cmd by CTRL+R, typing cmd, then press enter.
(2) Type ping and the IP address of a comptuer in the network. If the timeout does not request, it means that the
computer is connected to the network.
(3) You can log-on to the network as well by accessing your network device. Observe the color of the NIC on the
computer; the light should be green or yellow and has one solid and a blinking light.
TOPIC 4: Generating Reports
Network testing will essentially need documentation and reports from the computer. This is important since this
will be used for maintenance.
The following steps may require you to be an Administrator to access some of the features in this procedure.
To enable diagnostic logging,
(1) Open the Network Connections folder and view the available connections.
(2) Press ALT to display the menu bar, then access Advanced, click Remote Access Preferences.
(3) Access Diagnostics, you can do one or more of the following:
a) You can enable logging for all remote access connections. Select Enable logging. Then click Generate Report.
b) You can clear logs that were created during previous connection attempts. Select Clear Log. Then click
Generate Report.
To view this report, click View Report.
To save it to a file, click Save report to this file.
To send report to an e-mail address, click Send report to this e-mail address.
To generate a more concise report, click Generate summary report.
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12/28/21, 12:51 PM LESSON 1: Understanding the "Server" and "Client"
LESSON 1: Understanding the "Server" and "Client"

Book: LESSON 1: Understanding the "Server" and "Client"
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Client/Server
TOPIC 2: Client/Server Functions
TOPIC 3: Client/Server Topologies
TOPIC 4: Advantages and Disadavantages
Introduction
Networks, like humans, exist even within computer systems!
To understand this, this module will run you through how computer networks are connected in sharing information and
resources through servers and clients.
Since you've just learned about networks in the previous module, the computer server will be an example of a
network that you will be working with in the workplace.
This lesson will run you through the client/server network model. You will be able to enumerate the various functions of
the client/server model and as well as discuss their different topologies.
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TOPIC 1: Client/Server
Client/Server, according to the Management Information System, is the new technology that yields solutions to many
data management problems faced by modern organizations.
This is a model based on the distribution of functions between two types of independent and autonomous
processes: Server and Client.
In simple method definitions,
Client - any process that requests specific services from the Server.
Server - a process which provides requested services for the Client.
Basic Client/Server Model
Basically, the two processes reside on two or more independent computers on a network. The server gives services
for more than one client.
The network is the medium in which the server and client connects.
TOPIC 2: Client/Server Functions
TOPIC 3: Client/Server Topologies
A Client/Server Topology is the physical layout of the Client/Server network. It plots out how the clients and serevrs
are connected to each other.
The following are the most common designs and strategies:
1. Single client, single server
One client is directly connected to one server in this setup.
2. Multiple clients, single server
Several clients are directly connected to one server.
3. Multiple clients, multiple servers
Several clients are connected to several servers.
TOPIC 4: Advantages and Disadavantages
Advantages
Performance and reduced workload
Workstation independence
System interoperability
Scalability
Data integrity
Data accessibility
System administration (Centralized management)
Integrated services
Sharing resources among diverse platforms
Masked physical data access
Location independence of data processing
Reduced operating cost
Reduced hardware cost
Communication costs are reduced
Disadvantages
Maintenance cost
Training cost
Hardware cost
Software cost
Complexity
12/28/21, 12:51 PM LESSON 3: Configure User Access
LESSON 3: Configure User Access

Book: LESSON 3: Configure User Access
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Features of a User Account
TOPIC 2: Configuring User Access
Introduction
In the workplace, computers are not used by an individual for personal use. Computers are usually accessed by more
than one person. System administrators are able to log on locally if these accounts are in the domain.
A computer is able to identify between one person to another through a security deviced called the user account
object
Each user in the network has a unique user account which contains the contact details of the users as well as what
his/her rights and restrictions in accessing resources/folders, etc.
TOPIC 1: Features of a User Account
The following are the features of a domain-based user account in Windows Server 2008 r2 (which we will be using
throughout this module).
Password Security
Each user account is protected by a password to provide authorization and access to the system.
Permissions
These are access privileges granted to a user account (e.g. group memberships, user-specific settings to access
resources, etc.)
Identification
Having a user account means easily identifying the person to the computer system and network.
User Rights
Having user rights is a high-level privilege given to users or groups to define their action on a computer system.
Roaming
The administrator may define user accounts in a way that a user is able to log on to any system which is a memer
of a domain using a domain user account, a Remote Access Service (RAS), or gateway.
Environment Layout
Profiles are user-specific and able to store information about the layout, desktop, and user environment in general.
They are specifically restricted through the use of mandatory profiles.
Auditing
The server can track access and use by domain user accounts.
TOPIC 2: Configuring User Access
This topic will teach you how to configure user access level based on NOS features and established network
policies and end-user requirements.
You can carefully follow the steps below if you have two computer units (one installed with Windows Server OS
and a Windows 7/8/10 ) connected through a network cable.
1. To get to Active Directory Users and Computers, choose Start> All Programs > Administrative Tools > Active
Directory Users and Computers.
2. In the console tree, click the folder that corresponds to the domain or organization unit to which you want to
assign this new account.
3. In the details pane, right click the group and then choose Properties.
4. On the Members tab, Click Add.
5. Fill in the following information.
6. Click the Next button to continue setting up this new user account object.
7. Type the password for this account and confirm that password to the system by retyping it.
8. Configure the password setting using the options described.
9. Click the Next button when you’re finished marking your selections.
10. Click the Finish button if everything is correct.
12/28/21, 12:52 PM LESSON 1: Checking Normal Functions
LESSON 1: Checking Normal Functions

Book: LESSON 1: Checking Normal Functions
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Boot Process

Preboot
Boot
Load, Initialization, and Logon
Introduction
In this lesson, you will be able to identify various boot processes. This is important because a startup failure might
occur. To successfully boot the server operating system is the first step in handling the server.
Some issues may be easily diagnosed and corrected however, take note that not all server errors occur only during
booting. It can also occur when it is running or even when the server is shutting down.
TOPIC 1: Boot Process
The boot process has five major stages:
1. Pre-boot
2. Boot
3. Load
4. Initialization
5. Log-on
In each stage, there are steps that should be followed in loading and using files. In each of these stages, observe how
the process works, how the particular files are utilized, and what is seen on screen.
Preboot
Pre-boot is basically the BIOS startup process.
By turning on or resetting the computer, you should perform the Power-On Self-Test or POST routine discussed in
the previous modules.
The BIOS shall execute the Initial Program Load where the boot devices are read and prioritized.
The partition information is seen as well as the boot sector and the Windows Boot Manager. You will also see the
memory check, hardware, and boot device search.
The following are common causes of error during this stage:
Corrupt MBR
This is caused by many viruses in the Master Boot Record which corrupted it.
Improperly configured hardware
This happens when the hard drive is not recorgnized. This error can happen even if the device is fine and the
configuration is unchanged.
No partition is marked as active
This may happen if the Fdisk utility is recently used and no partition is made from all the free space available.
Corrupt or missing Ntldr file
This may happen when the Ntldr file is corrupted or deleted by a virus.
Boot
Windows Boot Manager reads the boot configuration data (BCD). But in the case of having more than one boot
partition, it prompts the user to choose a partition and its operating system.
If a choice is not made before the time clocks out, the default partition and operating system will be loaded. If you are
booting a Windows Server operating system, the Windows Boot Loader (Winload.exe) is started.
The following are common causes of error during this stage:
Missing or corrupt files
If Ntldr, Boot.ini, Bootsect.dos, Ntdetect.com, or Ntoskrnl.exe is corrupt or missing either by a virus or by some
malicious intent, the boot sequence will not succeed. An error message will indicate which file is missing or corrupt.
Improperly configured Boot.ini file
This may happen when you manually edit Boot.ini or if you have made any changes to the disk configuration.
Unrecognizable improperly configured hardware
If the error that appears is due to Ntdetect.com, the issue comes from the hardware .
Load, Initialization, and Logon
Load
By this time, the Windows Server 2008 “splash” screen comes up.
While this happens, the Windows Boot Loader loads the operating system kernel, the hardware abstraction layer that
provides the interface between the operating system and a particular set of hardware, the Registry file, and the drivers
for basic hardware devices, such as the monitor, mouse, and keyboard.
Initialization
The OS kernel is initialized and takes over from the Windows Boot Loader, bringing up the graphical display and filling
the Registry with HKEY_LOCAL_ MACHINE\HARDWARE key, and HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\SELECT
subkey (called the “Clone Control Set”) and loads the remainder of the device drivers.
Logon
The Windows Server OS graphic user interface (GUI) comes up and the logon screen will show.
After a successful logon, the necessary services are prompted, the Last Known Good control set is written on the
basis of the Clone Control Set, and the start-up programs are started.
Possible errors during logon stage.
1. If logon errors occurs, they are usually due to an incorrect username or password or to the unavailability of a
DNS server or a domain controller to authenticate the request (if the computer is a part of a domain).
2. Errors can also occur if a service cannot be loaded. If a service fails to load, you will see a message in the
System Log of Event Viewer.
12/28/21, 12:52 PM LESSON 2: Installing Modules and Add-ons
LESSON 2: Installing Modules and Add-ons

Book: LESSON 2: Installing Modules and Add-ons
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Using Modules

List of Modules/Add-ons
TOPIC 2: Installing Modules/Add-ons
Introduction
One must be able to load modules and add-ons so that you can access their functions. Modules will contain other
modules. But however, modules are independent and can be used without the other depending on the needs of
the server.
This lesson will briefly go through the different modules and add-ons that you may utilize for the server.
TOPIC 1: Using Modules
The module is the package that contains Windows PowerShell commands. Examples of these are ascmdlets,
providers, functions, workflows, variables, and aliases.
You are able to write commands with these modules to organize commands and share with others.
Those who will receive modules can add commands in the modules to their Windows PowerShell sessions to use
them like built-in commands.
List of Modules/Add-ons
The following are modules which support different functions and features in the Windows Server OS.
1. Active Directory module
2. Active Directory Rights Management Services module
3. Active Directory Rights Management Services Administration module
4. Application ID Policy Management module
5. Best Practice Analyzer module
6. Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS)
7. Failover Clusters module
8. Group Policy module
9. Network Load Balancing Clusters module
10. Remote Desktop Services module
11. Server Manager module
12. Server Migration module
13. Internet Information Services (IIS) module
TOPIC 2: Installing Modules/Add-ons
The following are the steps you should follow in installing modules/add-ons.
Procedure:
Step 1: Find all “Module” commands
In the PowerShell window, type the following command and press ENTER:
Get-Command –Noun Module
Step 2: List all modules that are available
Get-Module –ListAvailable
Step 3: Load the ServerManager module into the current session
Get-Help Import-Module
Import-Module ServerManager
12/28/21, 12:52 PM LESSON 3: Performing Network Services
LESSON 3: Performing Network Services

Book: LESSON 3: Performing Network Services
Table of contents
Introduction
TOPIC 1: Remote Access
TOPIC 2: Domain Controller
TOPIC 3: Web Services
TOPIC 4: Database Services
TOPIC 5: Proxy Server
TOPIC 6: File Services
TOPIC 7: Print Services
TOPIC 8: Performing basic network service configuration

Folder Sharing
Folder Redirection
Remote Desktop Configuration
Introduction
When you are managing a NOS or Network Operating System, you should know there are different network services that are
avaialble.
These services need to be configured so that communication will flow easily within the network.
You are expected to learn most of these network services and configure them.
There are seven basic network services that you need to be familiar with: remote access, domain controller, web services,
database services, proxy server, file services, and printer services.
We will go through each of these through this lesson.
TOPIC 1: Remote Access
Remote access technology enables one to login to a system as an authorized user without being physically present at the keyboard.
This is common in corporate computer networks.
One of the most common form of remote access is the remote dekstop. This basically allows a server computer can control with
the actual desktop user interface of another computer.
To setup a remote desktop, both the host and target (controlling computer and remote computer to be accessed) need to be installed
certain software.
TOPIC 2: Domain Controller
This service is one of the most used on a Windows network. It enables one to realistiically assess operational requirements and
server performance for each computer.
It responds to security authentication requests and the like that need verification from the host for many security and validation
doors across the network.
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TOPIC 3: Web Services
Having a web server enables hosting among websites and web-based applications. Both static and dynamic content can be hosted
on a Web server.
Several web applications that have many roles and functions can also be hosted using ASP.NET and .NET Framework 3.0,
among others.
TOPIC 4: Database Services
A database server is a computer program that offers database services to other computer programs or computers, as seen in the
client–server model.
The term may also refer to a computer dedicated to running such a program. Database management systems frequently provide
database server functionality.
TOPIC 5: Proxy Server
In computer networks, a proxy server is a server (a computer system or an application) that acts as a middle-ground for requests
from clients seeking resources from other servers.
A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource available from
a different server and the proxy server evaluates the request as a way to simplify and control its complexity.
Proxies were created to add structure and encapsulation to distributed systems.

TOPIC 6: File Services
The file services role provides essential services for managing files and the way they are made available and replicated on the
network.
A number of server roles require some type of file service.
Includes these role services and subservices: File Server, Distributed File System, DFS Namespace, DFS Replication, File Server
Resource Manager, Services for Network File System (NFS), Windows Search Service, Windows Server 2003 File Services, File
Replication Service (FRS), and Indexing Service.
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TOPIC 7: Print Services
For print servers, this resource type provides for high availability of network-attached print devices. Printers connected directly to
print servers cannot be included because there is no way to fail over control to a different server.
If a print server fails, all jobs that are currently spooling are restarted. Jobs that are in the process of spooling are discarded and must
be re-spooled or reprinted to the Print Spooler resource.
TOPIC 8: Performing basic network service configuration
You will be needing a computer installed with Windows Server 2008 R2 operating system to perform the following procedures.
Steps/Procedure:
Task 1: Install DHCP and File Services
• In Server Manager, select Role; then select Add Role in the right pane
• Follow the series of steps provided in the wizard
a. Tick “DHCP Server” and “Files Services”
b. Read the installation guide and follow the steps carefully
c. Note: Always validate the IP Address; set the IP range after the installation
Task 2: Make a Group Policy Management
• Go to “Features”, Group Policy Management, Forest, Domain
• Right click on Domains and choose Create a GPO in this domain
• Write a GPO name and click OK
• Unchecked Link Enabled
• On Security Filtering, click Add and Insert Everyone
• Close the Server Manager to refresh
Task 3: Create DHCP (IP Scope)
• Select Roles, DHCP Server, (domain), right-click on IPv4 and select New Scope
• Write a new scope name
• Set your IP Address range
• Skip on IP add Exclusions
• Set Lease Duration
• Choose YES for Configure DHCP Options
• Skip on the next procedures
• Activate the scope now
Task 4: Create Folder Redirection
• Select “Features”, Group Policy Management, Forest, Domains, (Domain name), right-click on Policy, choose Edit
• Choose User Configuration
• Choose Policies
• Choose Window Settings
• Choose Folder Redirection
• Choose your directory to be directed, right-click and select Properties
• Target Settings: Choose Basic
• Under Root Path, type the share name of your folder
• Click OK
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m
Folder Sharing
Follow the step-by-step procedures on how to configure folder sharing where folders across a network are shared to all connected
devices.
Folder Redirection
Follow the step-by-step procedures on how to redirect folders across a network.
Remote Desktop Configuration
Follow the step-by-step procedures on how to configure a remote desktop.

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12/28/21, 10:21 AM LESSON 1: Understanding the Computer

LESSON 1: Understanding the Computer

Site: TESDA Online Program Printed by: Amos Espino

In this lesson, we will start with the basics.

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TOPIC 1: The Computer

TOPIC 2: Types of Computers

Ex. IBM’s Mira in United States. IBM’s Sequoia in United States

Fujitsu K Computer in Japan

Ex. Fujitsu’s ICL VME, Hitachi’s

Fujitsu ICL VME

Ex. K-202, IBM Midrange computers,

TOPIC 3: Fundamental Elements of a Computer

LESSON 5: Conducting Tests

Site: TESDA Online Program Printed by: Amos Espino

TOPIC 1: Software Tools/Disk Management Tools

TOPIC 2: Testing Procedures

TOPIC 3: Conducting Stress Test

H5P: Push to speak the answer! (Self check)

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TOPIC 1: Software Tools/Disk Management Tools

A command-line tool that creates and

It optimizes space on hard drive and allow

TOPIC 2: Testing Procedures

This is the basic testing procedure you will follow throughout.

1. Gathering test information.

2. Validating test information.

3. Responding to rest information.

Proceed to the next topics to learn the different methods.

H5P: External Visual Inspection

Observing the Boot Routine

2. Examine the power supply fan.

Is the fan running normally?

> If YES, proceed to Step 3.

> If NOT, troubleshoot the system power.

Internal Visual Inspection

2. Remove the computer’s right-side cover.

5. Check whether all jumpers are set correctly.

7. Reinstall the computer cover.

TOPIC 3: Conducting Stress Test

Performance testing is checking the software whether it

1. Close all open programs and launch the Task Manager.

2. Select "Performance" from the tabs.

3. Open as many applications as you can or perform many tasks.

4. Observe the computer's CPU Usage and Memory.

The more RAM you have, the smoother it is to access programs.

H5P: Push to speak the answer! (Self check)

LESSON 2: Creating User Folder

Site: TESDA Online Program Printed by: Amos Espino

TOPIC 1: Active Directory Domain Services

TOPIC 2: Creating a User Folder

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TOPIC 1: Active Directory Domain Services

A server that runs ADDS is a domain controller.

The domain controller basically:

Appoints and creates security protocols for all computers; and

Installs and adds software.

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TOPIC 2: Creating a User Folder

1. On the server computer create a shared folder on drive C: or drive D:

3. Chooser User Configuration, Choose Policies

4. Choose Windows Setting