Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani

The verb to be

Positive and Negative ‫رێ‌و‌نهرێ‬

‌ ‌
‫ئه‬

I + am / am not Noun

He, she, it, ‫ ناوی تاك‬+ is / isn't Adjective

We, you, they, ‫ ناوی كۆ‬+ are /aren't Adverb

.‫‌ئاوهڵناو‌یان‌ئاوه‌ڵفرمان)‌دێت‬،‌‫(ناو‬
‌ ‌(am, is, are)‌‫‌له‌دوای‬/‌‫تێبینی‬
‌

I'm = I am / she's = she is

Examples:

I'm a student. They're at home. She's beautiful.

‌
Yes / No Question ‫ڵێ‌و‌نهخێر‬
‌ ‌
‫پرسیاری‌به‬

Am + I Noun….?

Is + he, she, it, ‫ناوی‌تاك‬ Adjective…?

Are + we, you, they, ‫ناوی‌كۆ‬ Adverb…?

Are you Mr. Brown? Is he handsome? Are they at home?

Yes, I am / No, I'm not. Yes, he is / No, he isn't Yes, they are / No, they aren't

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‌)a, e, i, o, u(‌‫بزوێنهكان‬
‌ ‌‫‌پیته‬.‫ستپێبكات‬
‌ ‌ ‌‫پێش‌ناوێك‌به‌پیتی‌بزوێن‬
‫ده‬ ‌ ‌‫هێنین‌له‬
‌ ‌
‫كاری‌ده‬ ‌ An
‫‌به‬/

an eraser / an umbrella / an apple

‌ .‫دهستپێبكات‬
‌ ‌‫نه‌بزوێن‬
‌ ‌‫پێش‌ناوێك‌به‌پیتی‬
‌ ‌‫هێنین‌له‬
‌ ‌
‫كاری‌ده‬ ‌ ‌/A
‫به‬

a book / a laptop / a watch

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.‫گهڵ‌ناوێكی‌تاك‬
‌ ‫له‬
‌ ‌‫كاری‌دههێنین‬
‌ ‌ This
‫‌به‬/

This is a book.

What's this? Is this your book?

It's a book Yes, it is. / No, it's not.
Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani
.‫گهڵ‌ناوێكی‌كۆ‬
‌ ‫له‬
‌ ‌‫كاری‌دههێنین‬
‌ ‌ These
‫‌به‬/

These are pens.

What are these? Are these your cars?

They're books. Yes, they're. / No, they're not.

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Wh-questions with be

am

Wh-question + is + Subject + ….?

are

Where are you from? How are you today?

What is he like? Who are they?

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Possessive adjective: ‫ڵناوی‌خاوهندارێتی‬

‌ ‌
‫ئاوه‬

my, your, his, her, our, their

‌ ‌.‫وه‌ناوێك‌دێت‬
‌ ‫ندارێتییه‬
‌ ‌
‫ڵناوی‌خاوه‬‌
‫دوای‌ئاوه‬‌‫‌له‬/‌‫تێبینی‬
‌

This is my book. These are your shoes. This is his pen. These are our books.

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Present continuous: ‫ردهوام‬

‌ ‫بردووی‌به‬
‌ ‌
‫ڕانه‬

(now, right now, at the moment)

Positive & Negative

I + am / am not

He, she, it, ‫ ناوێكی‌تاك‬+ is / isn't Verb (ing) + C.

We, you, they, ‫ ناوێكی‌كۆ‬+ are / aren't

I am working now. They are watching TV right now. He is writing a letter at the moment.

I am not working now. They aren't watching TV right now. He isn't writing a letter at the moment.
Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani
Yes / no Questions

am + I

is + he, she, it, ‫ناوێكی‌تاك‬ Verb (ing) + C…?

are + we, you, they, ‫ناوێكی‌كۆ‬

Are you working now? Yes I am. / No, I'm not.

Is he watching TV right now? Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.

Wh-question

am

Wh-question + is + Subject + verb (ing) + C…?

are

What are you doing now? Where is he going right now?

I'm playing football. He is going to school.

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Present simple: ‌‫ڕانهبردووی‌ساده‬
‌

Positive: ‫ئهرێ‬
‌

I, we, you, they, ‫ ناوی‌كۆ‬+ base (‫ )چاوگ‬+ C.

He, she, it, ‫ ناوی‌تاك‬+ verb (s, es) + C.

I play football. She reads a book. Alan watches TV.

They go to school. John and Jane walk in the park.

Negative: ‫نهرێ‬
‌

I, we, you, they, ‫ ناوی‌كۆ‬+ don't + base + C.

He, she, it, ‫ ناوی‌تاك‬+ doesn't + base + C.

‌ ‌.‫(‌دێت‬base) ‫میشه‌چاوگ‬
‌ ‫هه‬ ‌ ‌(don't, doesn't)‌‫‌له‌دوای‬/
‌ ‫تێبینی‬

I don't walk to school. She doesn't speak Spanish.

The children don't play in the yard.

Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani

Yes / No question

Do + I, we, you, they, ‫ ناوی‌كۆ‬+ base + C…?

Does + he, she, it, ‫ ناوی‌تاك‬+ base + C…?

Do they play basketball? Yes, they do. / No, they don't.

Does Ali speak English? Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.

Wh-question

Wh-question + do + subject + base + C…?

Wh-question + does + subject + base + C…?

When does she go to school?

Where do you play tennis?

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)‫ڵ‌كات‌(سهعات‬
‌ ‌ ‫كاردێت‌له‬
‫گه‬‌ ‌ at
‫‌به‬/

at ten o'clock / at 8:00 a.m. / at night / at noon / at midnight

‌ ‫كانی‌هه‬
‫فته‬‌ ‫گهڵ‌ڕۆذ‌ه‬
‌ ‫كاردێت‌له‬
‌ ‌ / on
‫به‬

on Saturday / on Sunday / on weekends / on weekdays

‌ ‫هتد‬...‫رزهكان‬
‌ ‫كان‌و‌وه‬
‌ ‌
‫ڵ‌ساڵ‌و‌مانگه‬ ‌ ‫كاردێت‌له‬
‫گه‬ ‌ ‌ / in
‫به‬

in 2002 / in January / in spring

in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening

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Have / has

I, we, you, they, ‫ ناوی‌كۆ‬+ have + C.

He, she, it, ‫ ناوی‌تاك‬+ has + C.

I have a car. She has an umbrella.

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Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani

‌‌.‫كردن‌دهرباره‌ی‌شتێكی‌تاك‬
‌ ‌
‫كاردێت‌بۆ‌قسه‬ ‌
‫تی)‌به‬ ‌
‫مانای‌(لێیه‬ / There is
There is a desk in the living room. ‫ئ‌هرێ‬

There isn't a desk in the living room. ‫نهرێ‬

‌

‌.‫گهڵ‌ناوێكی‌تاك‬
‌ ‫كاردێت‌له‬
‌ ‌ (a, an) /‫تێبینی‬
‫به‬

.‫وه‬
‌ ‫ته‬
‌ ‫دا‌ڕوونكراوه‬
‌ ‌ ‫ره‬
‫وه‬‌ ‫كانی‌سه‬
‌ ‌
‫نمونه‬ ‌‫له‬
‌ ‌‌‫رێ‌وهك‬
‌ ‌ ‌‫ین‌به‬
‫نه‬ ‌ ‫مان‌بكه‬
‌ ‌ ‫ڕسته‬
‫كه‬ ‌ ‌‫توانین‌به‌دوو‌ڕێگا‬
‌ ‌ ‌/‫تێبینی‬
‫ده‬

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‌‌.‫ربارهی‌شتێكی‌كۆ‬
‌ ‌‫كاردێت‌بۆ‌قسهكردن‌ده‬
‌ ‌
‫تی)‌به‬ ‌
‫مانای‌(لێیه‬ /There are
There are some books on the table. ‫ئهرێ‬
‌

There aren't any books on the table. ‫نهرێ‬

‌
‌ .‫ی‌ئهرێدا‬
‌ ‫ڕسته‬
‌ ‌‫كاردێت‌له‬
‌ ‌ ‌(some)‌/‫تێبینی‬
‫به‬

‌.‫نهرێدا‬
‌ ‌‫ڕستهی‌پرسیاری‌و‬
‌ ‌‫كاردێت‌له‬
‌ ‌ ‌(any)‌/‫تێبینی‬
‫به‬

There are some tables in the house. ‫ئهرێ‬

‌

There aren't any tables in the house. ‫نهرێ‬

‌

Are there any tables in the house? ‌‫پرسیار‬

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‌‫گهڵ‌ناوی‌كۆی‌ذميَراو‬
‌ ‫كاردێت‌له‬
‌ ‌ /How many
‫به‬

How many books are on the table?

(people, children, men, women) .‫م‌ووشانه‌شازن‬

‌ ‌
‫‌ئه‬/‫تێبینی‬

How many people are in the restaurant?

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‫گهڵ‌ناوی‌كۆی ذميَراو‬
‌ ‫كاردێت‌له‬
‌ ‌ /A few
‫به‬

She likes a few songs by Frank Sinatra.

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‫گهڵ‌ناوی‌كۆی‌ذميَراو‬
‌ ‫كاردێت‌له‬
‌ ‌ /Many
‫به‬

He has written many stories about children.

There aren't many students in class today.

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Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani
‫ڵ‌ناوی‌نهذميَراو‬
‌ ‌ ‫كاردێت‌له‬
‫گه‬‌ ‌ /How much
‫به‬

How much water is in the glass?

How much sugar is in the cup?

‫ڵ‌ناوی‌نهذميَراو‬
‌ ‌ ‫كاردێت‌له‬
‫گه‬ ‌ ‌ /Much
‫به‬

There isn't much water in the glass.

There is much unemployment in that area.

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‫ڵ‌ناوی‌نهذميَراو‬
‌ ‌ ‫كاردێت‌له‬
‫گه‬ ‌ ‌ /A little
‫به‬

There is a little crime in the city.

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‌ ‫نهذميَراو‬
‌ ‌‫گهڵ‌ناوی‌ذميَراو‌و‬
‌ ‫كاردێت‌له‬
‌ ‌ ‌/A lot of / lots of
‫به‬

There is a lot of money.

There are a lot of players in the downtown.

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Comparative and superlative adjective: ‫راورد‌و‌پلهی‌بااڵ‬

‌ ‌ ‫ڵناوی‌پله‬
‫ی‌به‬‌ ‌
‫ئاوه‬

.‫( زياد دةكةين‬est) َ‫( وة بؤ ثمةى باال‬er) ‫ ئةطةر ئاوةلَناوةكة يةك برِطة بوو بؤ ثمةى بةراورد‬.1

Adjective Comparative Superlative

small smaller the smallest
old older the oldest
tall taller the tallest

‌ .‫( زياد دةكةين‬st) ‫( وة بؤ ثمةى باالَ تةنوا‬r) ‫( بؤ ثمةى بةراورد تةنوا‬e) ‫ ئةطةر ئاوةلَناوةكة كؤتاى هاتبوو بةثيتى‬.2

Adjective Comparative Superlative

large larger the largest
nice nicer the nicest
‌

‌
Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani
‫( بؤ ثمةى بالَا‬er) ‫( دواتر بؤ ثمةى بةراورد‬i) ‫( دةيطؤرِين بة‬y) ‫( ئةوا‬ly ‫ يان‬y) ‫ ئةطةر ئاوةلَناويَك كؤتاى هاتبوو بة ثيتى‬.3
.‫( زياد دةكةين‬est)

Adjective Comparative Superlative

busy busier the busiest
easy easier the easiest
friendly friendlier the friendliest
‌

‫ ئةطةر ئاوةلَناويَك كؤتاى بة ثيتيَكى نةبسويَن هاتبوو وة لة ثيَش ثيتة نةبسويَنةكة ثيتيَكى بسويَن هاتبوو ئةوا ثيتة نةبسويَنةكة‬.4
.(a, e, i, o, u) ‫ ثيتة بسويَنةكان بريتني لة‬.‫( زياد دةكةين‬est) ‫( بؤ ثمةى بالَا‬er) ‫دةكةينة جووت ثاشان بؤ ثمةى بةراورد‬

Adjective Comparative Superlative

fat fatter the fattest
big bigger the biggest
thin thinner the thinnest

‫( وة بؤ ثمةى بالَا وشـةى‬less ‫ يان‬more) ‫ ئةطةر ئاوةلَناويَك لة دوو برِطة يان زياتر ثيَكواتبوو ئةوا بؤ ثمةى بةراورد وشةى‬.5
‫ ئةو ئاوةلَناوانةى كة لة دوو برِطة يان زياتر‬.‫( لةثيَش ئاوةلَناوةكة دادةنيَني و دةشتكارى ئاوةلَناوةكة ناكةين‬least ‫ يان‬most)
‫ هةر ئاوةلَناويَك زياد لة دةنطيَكى بسويَنى‬.(ful, ive, ous, ly, able, ent) ‫ثيَكواتوون زؤرينةيان كؤتاييان ديَت بة ثيتةكانى‬
.‫( كؤتاييان هاتووة‬y) ‫ جطة لةو ئاوةلَناوانةى كة بة ثيتى‬.‫تيَدا بيَت ئةوا لة برِطةيةك زياترة‬

Adjective Comparative Superlative

different more different the most different
less different the least different
fabulous more fabulous the most fabulous
less fabulous the least fabulous
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
less beautiful the least beautiful
expensive more expensive the most expensive
less expensive the least expensive
Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani
.‫ هةنديَك ئاوةلَناو هةن شازن‬.6

Adjective Comparative Superlative

good ‌ better the best
bad worse ‌ the worst

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‫ضؤنيَتى ناشينةوةى ئاوةلَناوى ثمةى بةراورد‬

.‫ ( هاتبوو‬than) ‫ ئةطةر هاتوو لة دواى بؤشاى وشةى‬.1

1. Ari is shorter than Ahmad.

2. My mobile is more expensive than your mobile.

***************************************************************************

‌ ‫ضؤنيَتى ناشينةوةى ئاوةلَناوى ثمةى بالَا‬

* Alan is the shortest person in the class. .‫( ديَت‬the) ‫ لة ثيَش ئاوةلَناوى ثمةى بالَاوة‬.1
* What is the largest river in the world? .‫( هةبوو‬in / on + ‫ ئةطةر لة دواى بؤشاى )شويَن‬.2

* New York is simply the most exciting city on earth with many of best theaters.

‌
Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani
Can / can't: ‌‫توانای‬

Positive & Negative: ‫رێ‌و‌نهرێ‬

‌ ‌
‫ئه‬

Subject + can / can't + base + C.

.‫دهبێت‌چاووگ‌بێت‬
‌ ‌‫میشه‬
‌ ‫هه‬ ‌ ‌(can / can't)‌‫له‌دوای‬
‌ /‫تێبینی‬

They can play the piano very well. She can ride a bike Hanna can't drive a car.

Question: ‫پرسیار‬

Can + subject + base + C…?

Can you play football? Yes, I can. / No, I can't.

Can he swim? Yes, he can. / No, he can't.

**************************************************************************************

Future: ‫داهاتوو‬ (tomorrow, tonight, next (week, month, year…), on Friday…, this weekend…)

Positive & Negative

I + am / am not

He, she, it, ‫ ناوی‌تاك‬+ is / isn't going to + base + C.

We, you, they, ‫ ناوی‌كۆ‬+ are / aren't

I'm going to swim tomorrow. They aren't going to stay home tonight.

She is going to watch a soccer game next week.

Question: ‫پرسیار‬

Are you going to swim tomorrow? Yes, I am. / No, I'm not.

Is he going to stay home? Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.

What are you going to do this weekend? When is he going to finish his work?

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Past simple: ‫ڕابردووی‌ساده‬

‌

‌‫نیشانهی‌ڕابردوو‬
‌
(yesterday, ago, last night/week/year/month, in + ‫)ساڵێكی‌ڕابردوو‬

Positive: ‫ئهرێ‬
‌

Subject + verb (ed) / irregular + C.

‫شازهكان‬
‌ ‌‫فرمانه‬
‌ ‌‌
Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani
I played tennis yesterday. John watched TV last night. They studied English last week.

They spoke English yesterday. She bought a car in 2002. You took a photo two hours ago.

Negative: ‫نهرێ‬
‌

Subject + didn't + base + C.

I didn't play tennis yesterday. John didn't watch TV last night.

They didn't speak English yesterday. You didn't take a photo two hours ago.

Question: ‫پرسیار‬

Did + Subject + base + C…?

Did you go out last week? Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.

Did she take a photo yesterday? Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.

Wh-question + did + Subject + base + C…?

What did he study last week?

Where did they go last year?

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Was / were

Positive & Negative

I, he, she, it, ‫ ناوی‌تاك‬+ was / wasn't + Noun / adjective / adverb.

We, you, they, ‫ ناوی‌كۆ‬+ were / weren't + Noun / adjective / adverb.

I was in the garden. They weren't at home yesterday.

She was beautiful. Alan wasn't born in the UK.

Question: ‫پرسیار‬

Were you born in Kurdistan? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't.

Was he at home last night? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn't.

Where were you born? How old was he in 2007?

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Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani
Object pronouns: ‫كانی‌بهركار‬
‌ ‌
‫جێناوه‬

me, him, her, you, us, them

‌.‫وه‬
‌ ‫ڕاست‌یان‌كۆتای‌ڕسته‬
‌ ‌ ‌‫ونه‬
‫ناوه‬ ‌ ‫كه‬
‌ ‫دێن‌ده‬
‌ ‌‫وه‬
‌ ‫دوای‌فرمانه‬
‌ ‌‫ركار‌له‬
‌ ‌
‫كانی‌به‬ ‌
‫جێناوه‬ /‫تێبینی‬

I saw him on the bus.

She calls us.

**************************************************************************************

Verb + to

Do you want to + base…? Do you want to go with me?

Would you like to + base…? Would you like to go with me?

would like
Subject + would hate + to + base + C.
would prefer
would love

I would like = I'd like / she would love = she'd love

I would like to study English.

They'd love to visit the museum with us.

*************************************************************************************

S. + have to / need to + base

They have to study English for the exam.

They need to go out.

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Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani
Present perfect simple: ‫رِانةردووى تةواوى شادة‬

:‫ نيشانةكانى دةمى رِانةبردووى تةواو بريتني لة‬

.(already, just, never, ever, since, for, yet)
.(has ‫ و‬have) ‫( هةميشة دةكةونة دواى‬already, just, never) 
.‫( لةطةلَ رِشتةى نةرىَ و ثرشياريدا بةكارديَت و لة كؤتاى رِشتةدا ديَت‬yet) 
.‫( بةزؤرى لة رِشتةى ثرشياردا بةكارديَت‬ever) 

Positive and negative: ‫ئةرآ و نةرآ‬

I, we, you, they, ‫ ناوى كؤ‬+ have / haven't + P.P + C.

He, she, it, ‫ ناوى تاك‬+ has / hasn't + P.P + C.

I have → I've / he has → he's

1. I have already done my homework.
2. Toni has just finished his seminar.
3. They've never been in London.
4. She hasn't eaten breakfast yet.
*********************************************************************
Question: ‫ثرشيار‬

Have + I, we, you, they, ‫ ناوى كؤ‬+ (ever) P.P + C?

Has + he, she, it, ‫ ناوى تاك‬+ (ever) P.P + C?

1. Have you ever lost money? Yes, I have / No, I haven't.

************************************************************************
.‫بةكارديَت بؤ زانينى ماوةى كاريَك‬/For
.‫ بةكارديَت بؤ زانينى كاريَك كةى دةشتى ثيَكردووة‬/Since
For since

a long time 2000, 1999…

ages Sunday, Monday …
two hours 8:00 a.m
three months July, September …
four years last weekend
a few months elementary school
five weeks
Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani
Adjective + infinitive / noun + infinitive

important
Subject + helpful + to + base + C.
useful
a good idea
best

It's a good idea to take some vitamin D.

It's important to get some rest.

***************************************************************************

could

Subject + may + base

should

will

They should try this new cream.

Could I have something for a cough?

**************************************************************************

So / Neither

‫ئةرآ‬ ‫نةرآ‬

So + am, can, do + I Neither + am, can, do + I

I + am, can, do + too I'm not, I can't, I don't + either

I'm really happy. So am I / I am, too. I'm not at home. Neither am I / I'm not, either

I love Japanese food. So do I / I do, too. I don't like Chinese food. Neither do I / I don't, either

I can eat spicy food. So can I / I can, too. I can't stand salty food. Neither can I / I can't, either
Grammar Elementary University of Sulaimani
Statements ‫بهری‬
‌ ‫ی‌خه‬
‌ ‌
‫ڕسته‬

I'm going to miss class tonight.

(please) Tell him (that) I'm going to miss class.

Could you tell him (that) I'm going to miss class?
Would you tell him (that) I'm going to miss class?
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Requests ‌‫ڕستهی‌داواكاری‬ ‌

Could she take the picture of the board?

(please) Ask her to take a picture of the board.

Could you ask her to take a picture of the board?
Would ask her to take a picture of the board?
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Verb + infinitive

hope
Subject + plan + to + base
want

I plan to go abroad. She wants to take piano lessons. They hope to get a new job.