West Visayas State University

(Formerly Iloilo Normal School)

HIMAMAYLAN CITY CAMPUS
Brgy. Caradio-an, Himamaylan City, Negros Occidental,6108
* Tel.No. (034)-388-3300
*Official Page: https://www.facebook.com/westhimamaylan/
Email Address: himamaylan@wvsu.edu.ph

FINAL TERM

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 FINAL PRIMER
Term Outcomes:
 Discuss the meaning of urban geography and explain the role of urban geography in
understanding cities.
 Explain the diversity and spatial differentiation in the City
 Analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the city movements of
people.
 Discuss on heterogeneity of cities.

Sessions 17 to 18 Module 5 - Spatial Pattern and Short Essay

Oct. 25-29, 2021 Segregation What ways do different groups
1. The City and Urban Sprawl separate and distance
2. Observing Spatial Patterns themselves from each other?
Sessions 19 to 20 Module 6 - Cities and Social Environmental Web-Based Research:
Nov. 1-5, 2021 Issues Find cities that have web page
1. Sustainable Cities and Urban Governance that shows ways in which
2. How are cities becoming sustainable urban environmental issues are
being addressed.
Sessions 21 to 22 Module 7 - The Scale of Urban Governance Reflection:
Nov. 8-12, 2021 1. City Politics and the Environment What initiatives have your city
2. City Politics and governance in the 20th and taken to be socially and
21st Century environmentally sensitive?
Sessions 23 to 24 Module 8 - Administered Cities Discuss the stakeholders who
Nov. 15-19, 2021 1. The Stakeholders in Urban Governance are involved in urban politics.
Give examples of their
contribution towards
sustainable urban governance.
Sessions 25 to 28 Module 9 - Cities of all sizes Short Essay:
1. Visions of the City How do cities intersect
Nov. 22-Dec. 4, 2. Geographical imaginaries for the city with economic, political,
2021 3. Cities with economic, political and cultural and cultural globalization?
globalization
Sessions 29 to 30 Module 10 - Neoliberalism and its Limits What are the existing policies
Dec. 6-10, 2021 1. Neoliberalism and the City and programs that are
2. Components of Neoliberalism affecting and have affected the
3. Cities and Economic Change cities?
Sessions 31 to 32 Module 11 - Emerging Cultural and Social Talk about these cities and the
Dec. 13-17, 2021 Forces in Asian Cities ways they are being
1. Singapore and Tokyo neoliberalized or not.
2. Manila, Cebu, and Davao
Sessions 33 to 35 Module 12 - The Future of my City Make a development plan for
Jan. 3-7, 2022 your city using the format to be
provided in the class’ group
chat.
Sessions 36 Final Examination: Topics 6 to 11 Test Paper/Test Booklet
Jan. 10-12, 2022 To be conducted at WVSU-HCC.

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 MODULE 5
SPATIAL PATTERN AND SEGREGATION

I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:

a. define spatial pattern and segregation;
b. illustrate how groups separate and distance themselves from each other; and
c. discuss what is a city and urban sprawl.

II. INTRODUCTION

Every city is different, but they all have closely similar parts and housing areas. Through the
years,sociologists and urban planners tried to look for the best model of a city. For observers in the
nineteenth century, one of the most perplexing aspects of the cities was the spatial separation of the
classes. This pattern of concentric zones, with the working class concentrated near the centre, was to
become typical of many Western cities. In the Philippines, however, the urban development plan of
Spanish Government through Fray Juan de Plasencia was and still is the most influential model. This
model (reduccion) features a plaza complex composed of the church (heart of the city), presidencia
municipal or town hall, hall of justice, and a park. Surrounding this are the houses of prominent families.
The far you are in the plaza complex, the less prominent and essential you are.

III. LESSON INPUTS

A City can be split into four main parts

Cities are usually made up of four parts. Each part has a different land use (housing or
residential). The land use of each part stays fairly similar from city to city, but it can differ depending on
social, economic, and cultural factors. The diagram below is a view from above of a typical city. It shows
roughly where the four parts are:
1. CBD - this is the central business district. It is usually fount right
at the centre of a city. It’s the commercial centre of the city with shops and
officers.
2. The Inner City - This part is found around the CBD. It has a mix
of poorer quality housing (like high-rise tower blocks) and older industrial
buildings.
3. The Suburbs - These are housing areas found towards the edge
of the city.
4. The Rural-Urban Fringe - This is the part right at the edge of a
city, where there are both urban land uses (like factories) and rural land
uses (like farming).

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Land Use is decided by Social, Economic, and Cultural Factors

Sometimes, the land use of each part does not match with the models above. Real cities are all
different. For example, cities in poorer countries usually have their low-cost housings and squatter
communities on the outskirts of the city, but high class housing in the CBD (just like in the Philippines).
Also, land use of each part of the city may change over time. For example, in recent years, a lot of
shopping centers have been built outside the CBD. It also follows that public utilities are also being built
outside the city for the purpose of reserving the city for business and commerce.

Models of Urban Development

1. Concentric Zone Model is based on the assumption that CBD is the center of the city and home
values/rents increase as distance from city increase. This model presents the following features.
 Zone 1 - Central Business District (CBD)- Center of transportation to allow commuting.
High cost of land leads to skyscrapers. Most government institutions, businesses,
stadiums, and restaurants chose this area to build on due to its accessibility.
 Zone 2 – (Zone of Transition) Contains industrial eras and poorer-quality housing. Large
percentage of people rent as they most often are immigrants or single individuals.
 Zone 3 – (Zone of Independent Workers Homes) Primarily occupied by members of the
working class. Contains modest older houses rented by stable, working class families.
 Zone 4 – (Zone of better residence) Newer and more spacious houses occupied mostly by
families in the middle-class. There are a lot of condominiums in this area and residents are
less likely to rent.
 Zone 5 – (Commuter’s Zone) Located beyond the build-up area of the city. Mostly upper
class residents live in this area.

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 2. The Sector Model is based on the observations of 1939 Chicago. It presumes that different
areas attract different activities by chance or environmental factors. Thus, different sectors grow out
in wedge shaped areas away from CBD

3. Multiple Nuclei Model is theorized in 1949 to account for growing importance of car and sprawl of
urban areas. The creation of different nuclei that support each other – Business districts to support
suburbs - are also featured in this model. Other districts develop to be further away from each other
and airports develop further away from cities.

IV. SUMMARY
a. Spain introduced a unique way of urban planning in Asia through the Philippines. This urban
pattern symbolized the authority and importance of the church in social, political, economic,
and cultural affairs.
b. Despite the given models, there is no definite design of a perfect city.

V. ASSESSMENT
Analyze the following questions and answer in essay form. This will be your assessment task for
the week. Answer in either electronic or typewritten format. Submit to your instructor’s email address.
1. Give three problems that Himamaylan city has to deal with in relation to its urban development
model. Suggest a solution to these problems.
2. Considering the culture, economy, and social climate of your own city, what would be the best
model for your LGU’s planning and development office to adapt? Explain further.

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 MODULE 6
CITIES AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:

a. identify and explain the factors that shaped the cities sociocultural and economic development;
b. discuss in which urban environmental issues are constructed; and
c. illustrate on how cities addressed issues and on how they are becoming sustainable.

II. INTRODUCTION

For a third world country to thrive amidst globalization, the government should adapt three
independent strategies for development such as, but not limited to (1) total human development, (2)
world competitiveness, and (3) sustainable development. Development in the Philippines is implicated
in a family liberated from poverty in a healthy and well-balanced ecosystem. However it cannot be
attained in a family too large to sustain and an environment too polluted to be recovered.
In this module, we will rediscover the factors that shaped the total development of the cities as well
as urban environmental issues. Finally, we will assess how cities in the Philippines address these
issues and their sustainable development plan.

III. LESSON INPUTS

The Concept of Sustainable Development

In 2015, the United Nations crafted a 15-year agenda for development of the nations by 2030. The
Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all.
They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate,
environmental degradation, prosperity, and peace and justice. The Goals interconnect and in order to
leave no one behind. Thus, it is important that each cities achieve each Goal and target by 2030.

 Goal 1: No Poverty. Economic growth must be inclusive to provide sustainable jobs and
promote equality.
 Goal 2: Zero Hunger. The food and agriculture sector offers key solutions for development, and
is central for hunger and poverty eradication.
 Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being. Ensuring healthy lives and promoting the well-being for
all at all ages is essential to sustainable development.
 Goal 4: Quality Education. Obtaining a quality education is the foundation to improving people’s
lives and sustainable development.
 Goal 5: Gender Equality. Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a
necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world.
 Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation. Clean, accessible water for all is an essential part of the
world we want to live in.
 Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy. Energy is central to nearly every major challenge and
opportunity.
 Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth. Sustainable economic growth will require
societies to create the conditions that allow people to have quality jobs.
 Goal 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure. Investments in infrastructure are crucial to
achieving sustainable development.
 Goal 10: Reduced Inequalities. To reduce inequalities, policies should be universal in principle,
paying attention to the needs of disadvantaged and marginalized populations.

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  Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities. There needs to be a future in which cities
provide opportunities for all, with access to basic services, energy, housing, transportation and
more.
 Goal 12: Responsible Production and Consumption. Less food waste and increased
productivity of the agriculture industry.
 Goal 13: Climate Action. Climate change is a global challenge that affects everyone,
everywhere.
 Goal 14: Life Below Water. Careful management of this essential global resource is a key
feature of a sustainable future.
 Goal 15: Life On Land. Sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, halt and reverse
land degradation, halt biodiversity loss
 Goal 16: Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions. Access to justice for all, and building effective,
accountable institutions at all levels.
 Goal 17: Partnerships for the Goals. Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
development

It is noteworthy that each goal are interdependent with one another. For example, in order to
achieve responsible consumption and production (Goal 12), life below water (Goal 14) and life on land
(Goal 15) must also be considered. Accordingly, sustainable cities and communities (Goal 11), which is
the core of our course can be realized if there inequalities are reduced (Goal 10), there is clean water
and sanitation (Goal 6), and zero hunger (Goal 2). These are just examples of how these goals can be
partnered with one another, hence, Goal 17. This makes the framework more realistic, inclusive, and
measurable.

Elements of Sustainable Environmental Planning in Cities

Much of the nation’s unsuccessful planning arises from the erroneous belief that project success
equals planning success. Highways that are filled with cars, housing projects that are fully rented, and
civic centers with busy people may be successful may be successful in their own terms. However, the
cities around them may be completely unaffected. Worse, they may be in greater trouble that they were
prior to these projects.
Only when a project has beneficial effect on the surrounding community can it be considered a
successful planning. Thus, planning should be defined as “public action that generates a sustained and

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widespread private market reaction”, which improves the quality of life of affected community, thereby
making it more attractive, livable, convenient, and environmentally friendly.
There is no formula that guarantees a desirable private market reaction in response to public action.
However, six elements must be intelligently dealt with for any project to succeed. An understanding of
how these elements operate and interact will increase the likelihood of favorable results.
1. Market. To be successful, urban planing must reflect and relate to the market demand and
supply. Market demand often declines when customers discover cheaper, more convenient, or
more attractive places to shop. Thus, in order to sustain development in cities, urban planners
should be sensitive with economic forecasting in micro and macro scales.
2. Location. Location consists of two characteristics: a site’s inherent attributes and its
proximity to other major locations. Site’s inherent conditions can make or break urban planning
considering the conditions of the natural environment (topography, climate, etc.). As such,
proximity is also the same yet it involves time and space. This involves the site’s
interdependence with other areas of the city.
3. Design. This is the most misunderstood element of all. Too often, design is highlighted only
after all other important decisions are made. Design is not just a matter of architectural style for
it changes over time. Other more enduring aspects of design are more important such as,
arrangement of components, relative size of each components, usable characteristics, and
attractiveness. When design is competently combined with other factors, the result is a
successful planning project.
4. Financing. Every urban planning project requires financing, whether public or private. If it is
a publicly funded project, planners should consider whether or not it is a public utility (hospitals,
schools, government offices, transportation), for it is funded through people’s taxes. Thus,
parks and other recreational projects should remain as a conditional priority of urban planners
and government officials, for these can be delegated to the private sector.
5. Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs conceive, assemble, and coordinate projects with
interested parties. Urban planning fails because public officials ignore the role of entrepreneurs.
In the Philippines, planning strategies of Prof. Palafox and Associates (Filipino urban planners
and designers), have been rarely addressed by politicians. To make things worse, their plans
are utilized by other countries first before being utilized locally.
6. Time. Three time sequences affect the urban success: the first is the period when one
passes through an area, the second takes into account what will occur in one week or so, and
lastly, the third may take decades since political and financial climates change over time. Of all
the time-based strategies, the best consideration is the business cycle. In the duration of
planning, the prototype will experience continually changing economic conditions, political
trends, migration patters, and consumer demands.

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Environmental Issues
Around the world, people are recognizing the need to address challenges to the environment. Yet in
the Philippines, people do not see environmental issues as the most pressing of concerns, and they
often balk at proposed solutions. Unfortunately, framing environmental issues as “problems” may
prevent people from seeing environmental deterioration as the by-product of both institutional practices
and their own behavior. Thus, in a 2015 global study, only 45 percent of the people felt that climate
change was a very serious problem (Stokes et al. 2015).
Discussed below are the enormous challenge of global warming, along with three broad areas of
environmental concerns in the urban community. Two of them, air and water pollution, are thought to be
contributors to global warming.

Air Pollution. Worldwide, more than 1 billion people are exposed to potentially health-damaging
levels of air pollution. Unfortunately, in cities around the world, residents have come to accept smog and
polluted air as normal. Urban air pollution is caused primarily by emissions from automobiles and
secondarily by emissions from electric power plants and heavy industries. Smog not only limits visibility;
it also can lead to health problems as uncomfortable as eye irritation and as deadly as lung cancer.
Such problems are especially severe in developing countries. Although people are capable of changing
their behavior, they are unwilling to make such changes permanent.
Solutions range from community efforts to clean up power plants and enforce or strengthen air
quality standards to individual actions, like driving less often or using less electricity.

Water Pollution. Throughout the Philippines, dumping of waste materials by industries and local
governments has polluted streams, rivers, and lakes. Consequently, many bodies of water have
become unsafe for drinking, fishing, and swimming. Around the world, pollution of the oceans is an
issue of growing concern. Such pollution results regularly from waste dumping and is made worse by
fuel leaks from shipping and occasional oil spills.
The situation is worsened by heavy, widespread pollution of surface and groundwater by towns,
industries, agriculture, and mining operations. In Egypt, a typical example, agricultural and industrial
waste pours into the Nile. Every year about 17,000 Egyptian children die from diarrhea and dehydration
after contact with the river’s polluted water.
Although water conditions in the Philippines are not as deadly, from 2000 until now, we experienced
moderate to exceptional drought and an escalating demand for water.

Climate Change. Climate change is an observable alteration of the global atmosphere that affects
natural weather patterns over several decades or longer. Periods of climate change occurred well
before humans walked the earth. Recently, climate change has included rapid global warming.
The term global warming refers to the significant rise in the earth’s surface temperatures that
occurs when industrial gases like carbon dioxide (CO2) turn the planet’s atmosphere into a virtual
greenhouse. These greenhouse gases, which also include methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone, trap heat
in the lower atmosphere. Even one additional degree of warmth in the globe’s average surface
temperature can increase the likelihood of wildfires, shrinkage of rivers and lakes, expansion of deserts,
and torrential downpours, including typhoons and hurricanes.
Greenhouse emissions are highest in highly industrialized nations such as Germany, Russia, and
Japan. However, these nations have made efforts to reduce the emission of CO2. Still, in developing
nations such as China and India CO2 emissions have greatly increased, even when population growth
is taken into consideration.

Initiating Policy
The global economic downturn that began in 2008 has been a mixed blessing for environmentalists.
Currently, public opinion marginally favors environmental progress over energy production. The Great
Recession had the side effect of reducing consumption, and as a result, energy use. The nations of the

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world convened in Paris in 2015 to map out a short-term and long-term strategy to combat global
warming. But as has been noted, not a single fossil-fuel-burning power plant will be closed down in the
immediate future as a result of the many declarations arising from that meeting.
It is likely that environmentalists, recognizing that green issues are intertwined with issues of
economic growth and fairness, will seek to form coalitions with grassroots political and economic
activists. Coalitions between environmentalists, business, and labor would sustain development while
also addressing environmental issues. For example, such coalitions might work toward the creation of
energy-efficient products and the promotion of ecotourism that financially rewards preservation of
natural resources.

IV. SUMMARY
a. Environmental justice addresses the disproportionate subjection of minorities to environmental
hazards.
b. Four broad areas of environmental concern include air and water pollution, global warming,
and globalization. Though globalization can contribute to environmental woes, it can also have
beneficial effects.
c. Environmentalism is a social movement that is dominated by affluent White people from
industrialized countries. Increasingly, however, people of all races, ethnicities, social classes,
and nationalities are becoming concerned about global warming and the threat it poses to our
planet’s health.

V. ASSESSMENT
Analyze the following questions and answer in essay form. This will be your assessment task for
the week. Answer in either electronic or typewritten format. Submit to your instructor’s email address.
1. Describe your community’s environmental problems and explain how you would seek to solve
them.
2. In relation to your answer in number 1, illustrate a feasible project in your city with regards to an
environmentally-healthy sustainable community. Make a name for your project, how it may be
utilized, and its specific location. Consider the discussions above on the Elements of Sustainable
Environmental Planning in Cities.

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 MODULE 7
THE SCALE OF URBAN GOVERNANCE

I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:

a. explain what is city politics;
b. discuss the different issues attached to urban development;
c. explain how politics shaped the progress of the city and the challenges they face

II. INTRODUCTION

While the Philippines is divided into 18 regions, these regions do not necessarily represent political
or administrative units below the national government. Local government units are sub-divided into
provinces or highly urbanized cities, such as the city of Manila, which is not a part of a province but its
own separate political unit, and then further sub-divided into component cities, municipalities and
barangays.
Each local government unit is sovereign and has its own rights, responsibilities, and duties, but
each local unit is also subservient to the respective higher governmental authority. Each local
government unit has the right to exist and its boundaries cannot be altered without a plebiscite by the
political unit’s population.
The 1987 Philippine Constitution limits local office holders to three year terms and not more than
three consecutive terms. Each local unit of government will participate in elections to select the local
government officials. Each local government unit has the right to generate revenue to be used
exclusively by that respective political unit.

III. LESSON INPUTS

Government Efforts Toward Comprehensive Urban Planning

After World War II, the economic and demographic growth of Manila and its suburb was substantial.
The current piecemeal approach to urban planning has apparently become inadequate as squatter
population and congestion increased in the city. The World Bank, who then supported major
infrastructure projects in the country, sounded off the need for a comprehensive urban planning system.
The first initiative to comprehensive planning was made under the reign of President Marcos (1965-86).
In particular, Marcos created a national urban planning program, which aimed to broaden town or city
planning to include the entire range of land use management and development. The program consisted
of radical policies such as the an urban and agrarian land reform program, land use and zoning laws, a
development control system involving permits and licenses, and anti-squatting laws.
The urban land reform program of 1979 (PD 1517) required that land use had to be in line with
government development plans and that real estate transactions had to be registered and approved by
government. This law would have allowed government a free hand to “rebuild” Metro Manila but this
was not to be because the law was strongly contested by Manila’s landowners, contractors, real estate
owners and other sectors of the business community (van Naerssen, Lighart and Zapanta 1995). Thus,
the urban land reform law was confined to “depressed areas” (mainly marginal, unprofitable land used
by squatter families), which covered about 638 hectares or 1.1% of Metro Manila’s land area.
Government direct intervention on land use has been mainly implemented through a land
development control system. This system requires that changes in land uses and building of structures
on land have to pass through a system of permits and licensing. In particular, permits and licenses are
obtained on the basis of the following planning regulations:

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1. Land Use Control: All cities and municipalities in the country are required to provide comprehensive
land use and zoning plans of their specific localities. Land use zones are given identity labels such as
“R” for residential districts, “C” for commercial districts and “I” for industrial districts.

2. Subdivision Development Controls: Land developments have to conform not only to the
prescribed land use but also to the physical and legal standards of property subdivision and sale. The
minimum design standards for land developments are contained in two decrees: one, the Subdivision
and 16 Condominium Buyers Protective Decree (PD 957) and two, the Rules and Standards for
Economic and Socialized Housing Projects (BP 220). Presidential Decree 957 requires conformity to
standards on roads, drainage, sewerage, water systems, etc. including the registration of all developed
properties on sale. BP 220, on the other hand, defines the development standards specific to low cost
housing developments (i.e. house and lot worth not more thanP375,000).

3. Building Regulations: Building controls have been adopted since the 1950s by virtue of the
National Building Code RA 6541, which was revised in 1978 (PD 1096). The Building Code provides the
minimum standards relating to structural, plumbing, sanitary, electrical, mechanical, fire protection of
proposed building plans.

4. Environmental Controls: The Philippine Environmental Policy was decreed in 1977 through the
creation of the National Environment Protection Council (NEPC). In 1978, the Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS) System was established (PD 1586) which required all environmentally critical projects
and projects in environmentally critical areas to submit to the EIS. The EIS provided the guidelines to
determine quality standards for air, water and land use. It also required monitoring of land development
projects of both private and public entities with regard to their effects on the environment

On the other hand, the Aquino and Ramos administration provided a truly decentralized system of
governance. This was made possible through the enactment of the 1991 local government code that

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gave local governments control over the management of local affairs by providing them financial and
administrative independence. Urban and land use planning thus have become locally administered.
However, the efforts of the government toward urban management and land use planning have
been limited. The Marcos, Aquino and Ramos administrations failed to adopt a comprehensive land use
plan for the country. The absence of technically sound land use plans created conflicts with regard to
decisions on land use and zoning and in the guidelines in the issuance of permits and licenses.

IV. SUMMARY
a. Each local government unit is sovereign and has its own rights, responsibilities, and duties, but
the land and real estate market works well in an environment with strong government
presence.
b. Where government has been aloof in land planning, the result is misuse, land speculation, and
high transaction costs.
c. Strong and more direct government presence seems necessary in the land and real estate
market.

V. ASSESSMENT
Problem-tree Analysis
The Problem Tree is a visual representation of how problems are linked and interrelated in a
situation. It defines which appear to be causes and effects of an identified core problem and the other
problems that appear to result therefrom. This, however, depends on the availability of data and
information.
Make a problem tree that summarizes the issues and concerns, problems and constraints identified
in your city. Organize the problems into cause-effect relationships with the lower boxes representing the
causes (“roots”) and the boxes above are effects (“foliage”). All problems and issues should be
presented from the perspective of the local government (institutional sector) to make it easier to identify,
the appropriate intervention measures.
Problem 2: Problem 3:

Problem 1: Problem 4:
Immediate Cause/s:

Common Root Cause:

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 MODULE 8
ADMINISTERED CITIES

I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:

a. identify the different stakeholders in urban governance; and
b. explain the scale of global governance.

II. INTRODUCTION

The Local Development Council (LDC) is one of the two more important components of the
planning structure; the Sanggunian being the other one. They are the bodies that lay down policy
guidelines and take decisions regarding the direction, character and objectives of local development.
Together with the Congressman’s representative, they comprise the political component of the local
planning structure.
The most ample avenue for multi-stakeholder participation in local planning and development is the
allocation to non-governmental organizations of one-fourth of the total membership of the LDC. The
Code explicitly directs LGUs to promote the establishment and operation of people’s and
non-governmental organizations (POs and NGOs) as active partners in the pursuit of local autonomy
(Section 34, RA 7160).
The technical component of the local planning structure is composed of non-elective officials of the
LGU, particularly the Local Planning and Development Office (LPDO), LGU department heads, local
special bodies, sectoral and/or functional committees of the LDC, chiefs of national government
agencies in the LGU and private sector representatives. It is in the sectoral of functional committees
and/or other local special bodies where other stakeholders who did not gain accreditation as members
of the LDC can get to participate in the planning process.

III. LESSON INPUTS

The Structure of Local Development Planning

The Local Development Council (LDC) is the body mandated by the Local Government Code
of 1991 (LGC) to prepare the multi – sectoral development plan of a local government unit (LGU). It is
therefore critical to ensure that the LDC as well as its functional and sectoral committees, as providers
of technical support and assistance are constituted and activated.

Sectoral committee members are drawn from various sectors of the community – the
academe, religious, business, government, non-government organizations, people’s
organizations and other civil society organizations.
Functional committees should likewise be multi-sectoral. However, the life of functional
committees depends on the need for its continued existence.

The Local Chief Executive (LCE) as Chairperson of the LDC is in the best position to determine the
size and composition of the planning team. The minimum composition of the core technical working
group is suggested below:
a. Local Chief Executive or Mayor as the Chairperson and the Vice – Mayor as Co -
Chairperson
b. Local Planning Development Coordinator (LPDC) or representative from the Local
Planning Development Office (LPDO)
c. Department Heads and Sanggunian Committee Chairpersons of major sectors

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 d. Representatives of the majority and minority blocs of the SB/P
e. Representatives of the private sector and civil society organizations (CSOs)

The Urban Economic and Environmental Inventory

The government takes an active interest in the state of health of the economy because on it largely
depends the level of income and employment and, hence, the level of well – being of the residents.
a. The Structure of the Local Economy - The local economy consists of three sectors: primary,
secondary and tertiary. The size of each sector represents the relative share of that sector to the
total economic structure. The Philippine Standard Industry Classification lists the following activities
under each sector.
i. Primary Sector
o Agriculture, livestock, fishery and forestry
ii. Secondary Sector
o Mining and quarrying
o Manufacturing
o Electricity, gas and water
o Construction
iii. Tertiary Sector
o Wholesale and retail trade
o Transportation, storage and communication,
o Finance, insurance, real estate and business services
o Community, social and personal services

LGUs are now empowered to share responsibility with the national government in the management
of natural resources and maintenance of ecological balance within their territorial jurisdiction.

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 a. Natural Resources Inventory
i. Coordinate with the nearest offices of the DENR. Collect and collate data for such
sectors as forests, lands, mines, protected areas and wildlife.
ii. Standard inventory data include existing / remaining stock in terms of commercial
value/ volume by latest reckoning, the rate of flow or exploitation, the products and
services derived from a particular source, and the protection and conservation measures
that are in place.
iii. Sources of data include maps, aerial photographs and satellite images.
iv. The inventory should also include pertinent laws, administrative issuance and other
relevant policies.
b. Inventory of existing mitigation, rehabilitation, protection and conservation measures that to
ensure the sustainable use and serviceability of the ecosystem.

c. Human pressures, threats – human and natural, to the very survival of the ecosystem

IV. SUMMARY
a. The Local Development Council (LDC) is one of the two more important components of the
planning structure; the Sanggunian being the other one.
b. The government takes an active interest in the state of health of the economy because on it
largely depends the level of income and employment and, hence, the level of well – being of
the residents.
c. LGUs are now empowered to share responsibility with the national government in the
management of natural resources and maintenance of ecological balance within their territorial
jurisdiction.

V. ASSESSMENT

Critic the following participants in the urban development planning process. Give the advantages or
uses of their participation in the Local Development Council. Provide a general analysis thereafter.

LDC Member Advantages of their participation General Analysis

Mayor/Vice Mayor
Head, Local Planning and
Development Office
Head, Agriculture Office
Head, Health Office
Head, Assessor’s Office
Head, Engineer’s Office
Head, Social Welfare
SP Members
Congressman
NGO and Private Sectors

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 MODULE 9
CITIES OF ALL SIZES

I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:

a. discuss how the sizes of cities affects their visions for globalization; and
b. explain how cities intersect with economic, political and cultural globalization

II. INTRODUCTION

A vision is a desired state or scenario of the LGU and its people. It is the stakeholders’ shared
image of the LGU’s future. It describes what the LGU wants to become or where it wants to go; it serves
as an inspiration and a guide to action; it keeps the LGU in its course despite changing demands of
constituents and shifting political and economic forces. It answers the question: How do you see your
LGU in the future?

III. LESSON INPUTS

Setting the City Vision

It is important for an LGU to set its vision because its serves as:
a. an end toward which all future actions specified in the plan are directed;
b. criteria for evaluating alternative strategies, approaches and policies; and
c. standard against which success of each action is measured.

A good LGU vision should not deviate from, but rather, be a local variation of the very aspiration of
the national government that LGUs, as political and territorial subdivisions, attain their fullest
development as self-reliant communities and become effective partners in the attainment of national
goals (Sec. 2, a. RA 7160)
A good LGU vision, therefore, must have two major components to reflect its dual function as a
political subdivision of the national government and as a corporate entity:
a. Desired role of the LGU or the best contribution it can make to the development of the
nation.
This “outward-looking” component:
i. identifies the wider region to which the LGU relates or makes a unique or
substantial contribution; and
ii. defines the LGU’s role in that region both at present and in the future.

b. Desired state of the LGU as an environment for its inhabitants to live and where they can make a
living. This “inward-looking” component defines the condition of the following:
i. Local population (social sector)
ii. Local economy (economic sector)
iii. Natural environment (environment sector)
iv. Built form (infrastructure sector)
v. Local leadership/ governance (institutional sector)

A good vision statement should possess the following characteristics:

a. Achievable. Though a vision is ambitious, it certainly must be achievable or well grounded
on reality.

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 b. Inspiring. It should encourage commitment and inspire enthusiasm. It should be powerful
and compelling so that the people concerned can relate to it and work hard to achieve it. It
should be a driving force even at trying times. It should capture the imagination, engage
the spirit and inspire performance.
c. Easily understood. It should be well articulated using simple language.
d. Distinctive. It should build on the distinct character of the LGU, i.e., Marikina City as a
river city should highlight in its vision its river resource.
e. Complementarity. Neighboring LGUs should have complementary not competing visions,
i.e., municipalities along the same zone do not all have to serve as ports.

Setting the City’s Goal

Goal formulation or the process of determining what the people want their city or municipality to
become is often considered the most important step in the planning process. A badly conceived goal
cannot lead to a good plan. Worse, without goals, any move that people make is at best only an aimless
rambling, a directionless locomotion.
Goals are the translation of an organization’s vision into more concrete and measurable terms.
They are simply clearer statements of visions that specify the actual accomplishments that need to be
achieved if the vision is to become a reality. They are the end toward which design or action tends.

What are sectoral goals?

Sectoral goals are the desired end – results that are the same, or derived from, the particular
element of the vision statement that pertains to a specific sector. Such consistency is necessary to
ensure that every policy and action (programs, projects, activities, legislative and other regulatory
measures) formulated in the CDP will contribute to the realization of the vision.

What is the importance of goals in planning?

Goals serve at least three (3) purposes in the planning process:
1. As an end toward which all future actions specified in the plan are directed.
2. As a set of criteria for evaluating alternative strategies and approaches
3. As a standard against which the success or failure of each action is measured.

Source of development goals: Universal concept of Public Interest

Public interest is a broad concept that can be broken down into smaller components such as the
following:
a. Public health and safety – This can be promoted in at least two ways in the plan:
i. Regulations, or prevention of conditions injurious or hazardous to the physical well –
being of the community;
ii. Developmental measures or provision of services and facilities for the promotion of
improved health and safety by planning for and building them into the physical environment.

b. Convenience – This is a function of the circulatory system, i.e. the proper positional
arrangements and relationships between and among different land uses, and varying intensities of
land development so that the movement of goods and people that they generate and attract is on
the whole, efficient.

c. Economy – This is related to convenience in the sense that while convenience pertains to
physical ease of movements, economy translates physical ease to efficiency or the least costly way
of carrying out one’s activities.

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 d. Environmental amenity – This pertains to the pleasantness of the environment as a place in
which to live, work and to spend one’s leisure time. It refers to the perceptual aspects of the
surroundings, their aesthetic appeal to the eye and the other senses.

Geographical Imagination
By explicitly combining sociological and geographical perspectives, geographical imagination was
introduced as a kind of spatial consciousness that, “enables the individual to recognize the role of space
and place in his own biography, to relate to the spaces he sees around him, and to recognize how
transactions between individuals and between organizations are affected by the space that separates
them” (Harvey, 1973, p. 23). Harvey proposed that individuals possess a disposition towards linking
personal difficulties with public issues that affect society and shape urban landscape. He believed that
the necessity to produce or reproduce space is largely dependent on geographical imagination of social
systems that are shaped by the interplay of environmental, socio-economic, and political realities.
Geographical imagination can involve individual or collective conceptions about what place should
be, how place is produced, and its actuality. Thus, all beliefs, rationales, or negotiations that give
meaning to the political use of space can serve as foundations for geographical imagination.
Geographical imagination is a means of trying to “understand how unifying or dominant views
shared by communities, nations, or distinct groups of people are negotiated, consolidated, and
reproduced through images (such as maps, diagrams, icons, and descriptive imagery)”. Hence,
geographical imagination seems to play an essential role in shaping geographical thinking, perceptions,
and models of the world. This kind of imagination is not merely a set of images in individuals’ minds, but
a reflection of individuals’ worldview.
In drafting a plan for the urban space through geographical imagination, the following human
ecological processes must me considered:
 Centralization - clustering of economic and service functions.
 Concentration - tendency of people and activities to cluster together.
 Decentralization - flight of people and activities from the centre of the city.
 Invasion - entrance of new kind of people or activity into an area.
 Segregation - concentration of a certain type of people or activities within a particular area.
 Succession - completed replacement of one kind of people or activity by another.

IV. SUMMARY
a. It is important for an LGU to set its vision.
b. Goal formulation or the process of determining what the people want their city or municipality to
become is often considered the most important step in the planning process.
c. Geographical imagination can involve individual or collective conceptions about what place
should be, how place is produced, and its actuality.

V. ASSESSMENT

In a 1/8 illustration board, draft a bird’s eye-view of your masterplan for West Visayas State
University - Himamaylan City Campus. Grounded on the assumption that the campus site is a future
center of education and commerce, consider it’s geographical setting, proximity to other centers, road
channels, among others in drafting your master plan.

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 MODULE 10
URBAN POLICY-MAKING

I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:

 Define “policy” in the context of governance
 Provide a useful way of looking at policy as outputs of the political system
 Research a government policy that addresses identified human “warm body” through
various government department that could address the issue in emerging human event

II. INTRODUCTION

Policy is a pervasive, ubiquitous term in political science, but it is a vague concept in the sense
that what is referred to constantly changes across the instances of its usage. Policy refers to any action
taken by the government (executive and legislative) to broader categories of actions, to express
intentions of authorities, and to utilize the principles of government.
For example, a “travel ban” policy limiting the mobilization of people from place-to-place, in
response to a health crisis (COVID-19 for example), is a specific government action; “agriculture policy”
would refer to all actions (intended or implemented) of the government in regard to agriculture as an
economic sector; “modernization” or “development” policy (ex.: Jeepney Modernization Act) may refer
to intention to modernize and develop a sector or society in general; and “Ambisyon Natin 2040” is a
policy at the level of “general principle” of government as adopted by President Rodrigo Duterte for his
presidency.

III. LESSON INPUTS

Types of Government Policy

Models of the political system provide a useful way for looking at policy as outputs or outcomes
of the political system. To study and understand policy, we can start with questions about policy in so far
as it is “extractive”, “distributive”, “redistributive”, and/or “regulative”, as identified by Almond and Powel
(1978). Looking at a specific identified policy, we could ask whether in what way, or which aspect of
some identified policy is extractive, distributive, etc. For example, if we identify “Agriculture Policy” as
the subject:
 Extractive policy - agriculture policy in itself is an extractive policy as we expect it is
concerned with agricultural production, or extracting food resources for the society. Therefore,
other extractive policies are those which extract other resources lime minerals (Mining Act),
human resources (K-12, GoNegosyo, etc.), among others.
 Distributive policy - policies such as the allocation of government support for crop production
as distributive in nature. Hence, we may consider the 4P’s program, Social Amelioration
Program (SAP), and UNIFAST Law, as extractive policies.
 Redistributive policy - framed on the ideals of socialism, these policies are aimed to
redistribute resources for equitable utilization of economic participants (people). The Agrarian
Reform Program is an example of this.
 Regulative policy - regulates or limits the explicit exercise of human “freewill” in order to
maintain peace, order, and avoid socio-economic and even political abuses. Examples are:
limiting the use of chemical fertilizers, ban of genetically modified organisms, anti-drug
campaign, etc.)

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 Note that the organization of the national government, in particular the executive branch that is
tasked with leadership in policy implementation with policy formulation, reflects the policy areas, or the
aspects of life in society that require authoritative action: Department of Agriculture (for food), LGU and
Department of National Defense (for security), DSWD and DepEd (for human development), DOLE (for
human resources) Department of Energy, DENR, and DOST (for natural and technological resources),
Department of Finance, DTI, DPWH, Department of Transportation and Department of Information and
Communications Technology (for public goods resources).
Take note also that changes in these organization reflect changes in the society. For example,
the split of Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) which made the Department of
Transportation and Department of Information and Communications Technology - reflects government’s
response to the emerging need to upscale its focus on ICT industry due to the increasing demand for
quality and fast internet connectivity.

The Policy Study

Policy, being regarded as the government’s response to needs in society requires an
authoritative action. This can be understood as the course of action rendering the most benefit at the
least cost, in other words, it being the rational choice. A policy study using rational action model would
require data for:
1. Needs that must be addressed;
2. Alternative strategies for addressing identified needs;
3. Calculations of the projected comparative benefit-to-costs ratios for alternative strategies;
and
4. Calculation of the ratio of actual benefits and actual costs of the chosen policy once it is
implemented.

When these questions are raised, it is important to remember is not a monolithic power structure.
Recalling earlier lectures on government structure, we are reminded that modern democratic
governments are separated with co-equal and co-existing branches, and the executive branch
(implements policy) is further divided into different departments and sectors of concern. Further, the
legislative branch (formulates policy) is fragmented into different parties, districts, sectors, and political
interests. On the outset, societal institutions such a interest groups, pressure groups, NGOs, and civil
society groups may also influence government decision-making and policy. Therefore it is fair to look at
government policy as a piece of “pie” - limited yet desired by many. This is the reason why political
platforms may or may not turn out as initially planned by the politician.

IV. SUMMARY
Summing up, there are two aspects of policy: policy making and policy implementation. For both
aspects, formal institutions and the societal institutions, as defined in this module, play significant roles.
In general therefore, the questions we must raise in the study of political science would be the following:
1. With regard to the formulation of policy, to what extent is it a government initiative, and to
what extent is it government response to intra-societal demand-making, or to extra-societal forces?
2. What features of the actual formal institutions involved in the formulation (and later,
implementation) of a given policy facilitate/obstruct process?
3. Who are the stakeholders? What interest groups and/or civil society organizations, are
against or in favor of the policy? What strategies of framing, organization, and lobbying do they
employ?
4. What is the shape - across society, as well as over time - of public opinion on the policy?

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V. ASSESSMENT

For each the the identified human “warm body” events in society below, research a government policy
that addresses it through the indicated government department, or indicate a policy (actual or
suggestion) and indicate which local government department (or departments, if appropriate) could be
involved in addressing the issue in the human event.

HUMAN EVENT POLICY GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT

(legislation/executive
pronouncement or action)
“SARS”, “H1N1 virus”, 1.
“coronavirus”, “Ebola virus”
City Health Office
and other epidemic scares
2.
Public Employment Services
Office (PESO)
Violence Against Women 3. 4.

Vaccination against COVID-19 5. 6.

Communities hit by 7. Local Disaster and Risk

earthquake, typhoon, volcanic Reduction Management Office
eruption, and other natural (LDRRMO)
disasters
8. City Social Welfare and
Development

9.
City Agriculture Office

Rice Shortage 10. 11.

Out-of-school children of 12. 13.

farmers and laborers in farm
communities
People in senior age (60+ 14.
City Social Welfare and
years old)
Development
15.
City Health Office

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 MODULE 11
EMERGING SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FORCES IN ASIA

I. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:

a. explain how different cities in Asia experience development; and
b. discuss some of the ways on which cities in less affluent countries experience monetary
policy set by organizations operating globally

Group Reporting Guidelines

Group reporting, a form of cooperative learning, is a learning tool often employed in residential
teaching to facilitate quality learning. Like other cooperative learning methods, it enhances learning in
classrooms by allowing students work on activities in small groups to receive rewards based on their
group’s performance.
In this module, you will be tasked to report, by group, topics relevant to the Emerging Social and
Cultural Forces in Asia. In this light, you will be tasked to group based on your personal preferences as
long as each group will have 5-10 members and 1 focal person.
Sub-topics will be distributed per group to wit:
 Group 1 - Singapore
 Group 2 - Tokyo
 Group 3 - Seoul
 Group 4 - Kuala Lumpur
 Group 5 - Manila
Each group will be given only 10 minutes to present. 1-2 oral presenters will do, provided that the
rest of the group members participated in the planning and implementation phase of the activity, as
certified by the designated focal person. The discussion should focus on how the Asian city
developed over time considering the political, economic, and cultural factors of development.
During the presentation, the presenters are allowed to share their prepared slideshow. Focal
persons of other groups will rate each group’s presenter/s using the criteria below.
A. Oral Presentation - 30%
B. Visual Materials - 15%
C. Completeness of the Content - 15%
D. Organization of Ideas - 25%
E. Veracity of the information - 15%

Scores from each focal persons shall be consolidated and combined with the instructor’s rating of
the report, base on this point distribution:
Focal Person’s Rating - 45%
Instructor’s Rating - 55%

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 MODULE 12
THE FUTURE OF MY CITY

II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:

a. Make a Comprehensive Development Plan for their Local Government Unit.

Comprehensive Development Plan

As a final requirement, students will be tasked to apply what they have learned in the duration of the
course through a Comprehensive Development Plan for their local government. The substantive
elements of the Comprehensive Development Plan should include the following:

i. Cover Page - personalize this part base on your own preference

ii. Table of Contents

PART I. Preliminaries
Quick Facts about the LGU (Brief and preferably in bullet form only)
a. Brief Historical Background
b. Geo-physical Characteristics
Location and Total Land Area
Topography
Climate
c. Social Services
Number of schools, hospitals, daycare centers
d. Economy
Major economic activities
Number of business establishments by industry sectors
e. Institutional Machinery
Political subdivisions (Number of Districts, Barangays)

PART II. Comprehensive Development Plan

1. Vision (make your own vision for your city)
2. Sectoral Development Plans

a. Social Development Plan – This is a compendium of proposed activities designed to deal with
the identified issues and concerns relative to improving the state of wellbeing of the local population and
upgrading the quality of social services such as health, education, welfare, housing and the like.
Questions of equity and social justice and gender sensitivity are also addressed by this sectoral plan.
Many programs and projects in this sector are of the “soft” non-capital type but they are as important as
the capital investment or “hard” projects.
b. Economic Development Plan – This embodies what the local government intends to do to create
a favorable climate for private investments through a combination of policies and public investments to
flourish and, ultimately, assure the residents of steady supply of goods and services and of jobs and
household income. A very significant component of this sectoral plan is the LGU’s support to agriculture
and other food production activities and the promotion of tourism programs.
c. Infrastructure and Physical Development Plan – This deals with the infrastructure building
program and the land acquisition required as right-of-way or easements of public facilities. The physical
development plan may include redevelopment schemes, opening up new settlement areas or
development of new growth centers in conformity with the chosen spatial strategy.

24
 d. Environmental Management Plan – This consolidates the environmental implications of all
development proposals within the municipality and provides mitigating and preventive measures for
their anticipated impacts. It embodies programs for maintaining cleanliness of air, water and land
resources and rehabilitating or preserving the quality of natural resources to enable them to support the
requirements of economic development and ecological balance across generations. A major
component of this sectoral plan will also include measures to minimize the vulnerability of the local
residents to natural hazards and disasters.
e. Institutional Development Plan – This focuses on strengthening the capability of the local
government bureaucracy as well as elected officials to plan and manage the development of the
municipality. Manpower development, fiscal management and program/project management are the
vital components of this sectoral plan. This sectoral plan likewise promotes the involvement of voluntary
groups or civil society organizations in the preparation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of
the different sectoral programs, projects and activities. The outputs of each sectoral plan will serve as
an input to the local development investment program and to the legislative agenda of the Sangguniang
Bayan.
NOTE:
Each sectoral development plan contains the following:
a. Introduction
b. Goals
c. Objectives and Targets
d. Strategies

PART III. Group Composition with corresponding roles/designations:

Project Leader:
Technical Editor:
Logistics Officer:
Researcher/s:
Writer/s:
Lay-out Artist/s:
Compiler:

Since this is a group project, students will be group depending on their residence.

HIMAMAYLAN KABANKALAN SOUTH NEGROS CENTRAL NEGROS

Michille Tabuada Princess Therese N. Reyes Gemma M. Barco Suspeñe, Rizlyn P.

Marjorie Sotto Tuson Hope P. Segurate Ellaisa O. Docto Alona Nillas

John Mark Bendan Jerrah Mae B. David De la Cruz Jeresa L. Danny Ve R. Quiritan

Romero L. Gabato Jhon Regand O. Pasquin Marisol A. Dela Torre Ma. Yzabel Pakingan

John Lloyd Hontiveros Josiah M. Dela Peña Mae Ann S. Iligan Elbanbuena, Nela Mae C.

Reziel Mae E. Baldivino Jenny Mae D. Catahuran Jazen Z. Elumba Daniella Villacanas

jehanne Mandolado Richel Jane Tellano Seva Vevelyn P. Soquena Ryan Joseph G. Taypin

April Rose T. Miguel Cajeda, Christine Joy T. Chavez, Ma. Ana Beatrice I. Edsel Genaro Gomez

Nilrose A. Bajala Samuel F. Saltida John Rolly S. Ramos

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 Darlyn Belarmino Iligan, Israh May A. Marcia A. De la Peña

*choose 1 LGU only *choose 1 LGU only

Those who are not included in this list should initiate to contact his/her applicable group mates.
URBAN GEOGRAPHY
PRELIMINARY TERM

References and Resources:

Bowden, R. (2007). Urbanization: Human settlements. Wayland

Duany, A., Plater-Zyberk, E., Speck, J. (2001). Suburban nation: The rise of sprawl and the
decline of american dream. Farrar, Straus and Giroux

Knox, P. L. & McCarthy, L. (2005). Urbanization: An introduction to urban geography. Speck,

J. (2013). Walkable city: How downtown can save america, one step at a time. Farrar, Straus and
Giroux

Verma, L. N. (2006). Urban geography. Rawat Publications

Prepared and Designed By:

ALVIN KRIS B. ALIC

Course Facilitator
e-mail ad: alicalvinkrisUNOR@gmail.com; Messenger Acct. Name: Alvin Alic

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