Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal

Department of Architecture
Faculty of Architecture, Urban and Town Planning

Landscape Architecture
Minor test -2,
Bachelor of Architecture, 9th Semester
Question- Trace the evolution and development of the profession of landscape architecture in
India from post-independence era to the present day citing examples.
Question- Discuss various systems of irrigation in gardens and explain garden and street
furniture with example and sketches.

Submitted to :
Prof. Amrita Khandelwal
Submitted by:
Elisha Khatiwal
Roll no 17001006021
B.arch- IX sem.
Question- Trace the evolution and development of the profession of landscape architecture in
India from post-independence era to the present day citing examples.
Answer:
• If you look at the progress and development of the profession of landscape
architecture in India after independence, it's unlikely that a review of the field would have
been conceivable.
• There was very little work on the ground; apart from the renowned examples of Ram
Sharma and RavindraBhan,
• and not to mention the masterly grace of the late Joseph Stein's work, there was
virtually any current created landscape to gaze at.
• Landscape architects were significantly more misunderstood back then—with the
exception of a numerically small but professionally significant specialism gained after
finishing a professional architectural degree—they were far more misunderstood.
• These could be viewed as market indicators, indicating a growing awareness of the
landscape profession's future potential and significant evolution.
• Before that "professional space" can be expected or offered, it takes a long time of
constant effort and commitment to high professional standards.
• If the landscape architectural profession appears to be on the verge of entering a new,
more productive phase, it is only because of previous labour.
• Landscape architects appear to have a common understanding of what they are
attempting to do and what qualifies attaining excellent.
• in the coming decades, we will be able to not only point to some fine examples of
landscape architecture from the past and present, but also to cite clear theoretical support for
our activities, and that the potential contribution of landscape architecture will become more
widely recognised and still increasing too.
• Driven by the rapid urbanisation of Indian cities, pollution and population have been
on the rise.
• It is now more important than ever to integrate nature into public and private spaces.
• Further, it is scientifically proven that spending time in nature helps us improve our
general physical, emotional, and mental well-being.
• Landscape at common featured parks:
Present days local neighbourhood areas.
Example1: Tathagata Tsal (Buddha Park), Sikkim
Landscape architecture also plays an impactful role in a city’s storm-water
management,pollution levels, pedestrian safety, and social and recreational activities.

A city that is well planned and designed in its landscaping provides numerous economic, social,
and cultural benefits to its citizens.

Example2: Kanjurmag,LANDSCAPE DESIGN (Prabhakar B. Bhagwat)

It is evident through projects such as SAMANWAYand KANJURMARG that ecological
research along with artistry and craftsmanship are equally important in the studio’s design
process.

Founder of the Indian Society of Landscape Architects Professor Prabhakar B Bhagwat is one
of the founders of the profession of landscape architecture in India. His studio, established in
1973, still continues to undertake projects of varying scales and typologies.
Question 2 - Discuss various systems of irrigation in gardens and explain garden and street
furniture with example and sketches.

Answer: Efficient, Responsible Water Use

The danger of exhausting valuable aquifers by excessive pumping is paralleled by the threat
of polluting the groundwater with industrial, agricultural and home landscape contaminants.
Nitrates from excessive and untimely fertilization are especially threatening.

Types of Irrigation
• Surface irrigation. Surface irrigation is the oldest form of irrigation and has been in
use for thousands of years. ...
• Micro-irrigation. ...
• Drip irrigation. ...
• Sprinkler irrigation. ...
• Center pivot. ...
• Irrigation by lateral move (side roll, wheel line, wheelmove) ...
• Lawn sprinkler systems. ...
• Hose-end sprinklers.
When street furniture is effectively integrated into the design of a public space, it builds a
sense of place and identity around it .
Items of street furniture, such as objects that facilitate transportation or the use of land
adjacent to a street, are commonly used in urban areas with the goal of making the street
more aesthetically appealing;
however, if placed near intersections, these objects may obstruct drivers' vision, especially if
crowds form around them;
and if placed close to the roadway, they should not obstruct pedestrians' sight distance .
1.1. The significance of street furniture Street furnishings create the settings for resting,
sitting and eating, and social encounters with others. Such settings may be of great
importance to the elderly, those with limited mobility, and adults who have small
children; but in addition to their functional aspect, items of urban furniture such as
benches and tables in parks and squares can also be socially significant
1.2. Arrangement of furniture
To plan the design of street furniture, one must first plan and specify the type of space in
question, such as a park, a street, a plaza, a shoreline, a recreational area, or a mall. The
first defining questions are: who are the possible users of the space, what will it be used
for and when, and how will it service them when they arrive?
2. Placement of street furniture The location of the furnishings should be based on their
functions , and coherent with the patterns and designs of the hard surfaces at the site.
3. Street furniture design The furnishings of urban outdoor spaces should be designed
with the needs of the disabled, children, and the elderly in mind, and also to enable
triangulation – i.e. they should be linked together to stimulate social encounters and
encourage people to talk to strangers.

4. examples of street furniture

• It includes benches,
• traffic barriers,
• bollards,
• post boxes,
• streetlamps,
• traffic lights,
• traffic signs,
• bus stops,
• tram stops,
• taxi stands,
• public lavatories,
• fountains,
• watering troughs,
• memorials,
• public sculptures,
• and waste receptacle