Qave

Vave = π D2
4
volume
Volumetric Flow rate = Q =
time
Q1+Q 2+Q 3
Average volumetric flow rate = Qave =
3
ρ x D x Vave
Reynold’s Number = Re =
μ
Experimental Friction Factor = fexp = ΔPave x D / 2 x ΔL x ρV2ave

Theoretical Friction Factor

For laminar flow, ftheo = 16 / Re

4.67 ε
For Turbulent flow, ftheo = - 4 x log [ + ] + 2.28
ℜ √ ftheo D
2 x ΔP
Friction factor due to fitting, ffitting =
ρ x V 2 2 ave
Total Friction Losses:

ƩF = [(4fL/ D) + Ke + Kc + Kf] x [V2ave / 2 gc]

Inside Diameter for all pipes is 25 mm = 2.5 cm

Sample 1:
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 =
1L L 1L L 1L L
=0.08613 =0.09091 =0.08969
11.61 s s 11.0 s s 11.15 s s

3 3
0.08613+0.09091+0.08969 L 1000 c m cm
Qave = 3
= 0.08891 x =88.910
s 1L s

ΔP = 5 cm
 88.910 cm
=18.1126
Vave = π (6.25) s
4
−4 kg cm
9.97 x 1 0 x 18.1126 x 0.25m
Re = cm 3
s
=¿
1321.76548
896.4196 µPa·s

5 cm x 2.5 cm c m2
=0.04672 kg
Fexp =
( )
2
−4 kg cm s
2 x 409 cm x 9.97 x 1 0 x 3
x 18.1126
cm s
2
16 kg−c m
Ftheo = 1321.76548
=0.0121
s

Relative Roughness, 𝛆 = 0.0457 [ Commercial Steel or Wrought Iron]

]( )
( )
2
2 1
( 18.1126 ) x
[
ƩF= 4 x 0.03
409
2.5
+9
100
2 x 9.8066
=527.8271kg
m
s2

Sample 2:
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 =
1L L 1L L 1L L
=0.12658 =0.13141 =0.13228
7.90 s s 7.61 s s 7.56 s s

3 3
0.12658+0.13141+0.13228 L 1000 c m cm
Qave = 3
= 0.13009 x =130.09
s 1L s
ΔP = 9 cm
130.09 cm
=26.5017
Vave = (6.25)
π s
4
−4 kg cm
9.97 x 1 0 x 26.5017 x 0.25 m
Re = cm 3
s
=¿
2293.1284
896.4196 µPa·s

9 cm x 2.5 cm c m2
=0.0 21823 kg
Fexp =
( )
2
−4 kg cm s
2 x 409 cm x 9.97 x 1 0 x 3
x 26.5017
cm s
 2
16 −3 kg−c m
Ftheo = 2293.1284
=6.988 x 1 0
s

]( )
( )
2
2 1
( 26.5017 ) x
[
ƩF= 4 x 0.03
409
2.5
+9
100
2 x 9.8066
=321.7193 kg
m
s
2

Sample 3:
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 =
1L L 1L L 1L L
=0.12165 =0.12516 =0.12005
8.22 s s 7.99 s s 8.33 s s

0.12165+0.12516+0.12005 L 1000 c m3 c m3
Qave = 3
=0.12229 x =122.229
s 1L s

ΔP = 10 cm

122.229 cm
=24.9
Vave = π ( 6.25 ) s
4

kg cm
9.97 x 1 0− 4 x 24.9 x 0.25 m
Re = cm
3
s
=2019.2713
896.4196 µPa·s

2
10 cm x 2.5 cm cm
=0.02092 kg
Fexp =
( ) s
2
−4 kg cm
2 x 409 cm x 9.97 x 1 0 x x 26.5017
cm 3
s
 2
16 −3 kg−c m
Ftheo = 2293.1284
=7.924 x 1 0
s

]( )
( )
2
2 1
( 24.9 ) x
[
ƩF= 4 x 0.03
409
2.5
+9
100
2 x 9.8066
=289.218 kg
m
s
2