Argumentative essay
 An argumentative essay is a genre
of writing that requires the student
to investigate a topic; collect,
generate, and evaluate evidence;
and establish a position on the topic
in a concise manner.
 An argumentative essay tries to
change a reader’s mind by
convincing the reader to agree with
the writer’s point of view.
 It attempts to be highly persuasive
and logical.
 It usually assumes that the reader
disagrees with the writer, but it
should be noted that the reader is no
less intelligent than the writer
 Hence, an argumentative essay
should be written objectively and
logically.
Characteristics of argumentative
essay
 presents and explain the issue or
case
 gives reasons and supports these
reasons to prove its point
 refutes(proves wrong) opposing
arguments
Part of essay
 Introduction
 Body
 Conclusion
Introduction
 introduces the problem and gives
background information needed for
the argument and the thesis
statement
 Hook-it is a sentence that gets the
reader’s attention. It should be
powerful and eye catching.
 Thesis statement- it is the main
argument or the main point.
Body
 contains the reason/claim
 Each paragraph talks about one
reason.
 The reason is included in the topic
sentence and is supported by details
or materials.
 These supporting materials can be
examples, statistics, personal
experiences, or quotations.
 Counter Argument/s - point or
statement in opposition to the
argument being made in a written
document or speech.
 Refutation is the process of
disproving an opposing argument.
Conclusion
 restates the main claim and gives
one or two general statements that
exactly summarize the arguments
and support the main premise
Enrichment science
Data
 refers to any kind of information
researchers obtain on the subjects,
respondents or participants of a
study
 are essentially a group of figures for
a given experiment
Quantitative data
 are collected and used to answer the
- numerical data - two types
research questions or objectives of
- discrete (counting)
the study
- continuous (measurement)
Data collection
- measurement
 is the process of collecting and
Qualitative data
measuring information on variables
- descriptive data based on observations
that enables one to answer stated
- involves 5 sense
research questions, test hypotheses,
- see, feel, taste, hear, smell
and evaluate results.
- non-standard scale
 is an extremely important part of
 The two cards both describe plants.
any research because the
 Description: Continuous or
conclusions of a study are based on
discontinuous/discrete data
what the data reveal.
 Continuous – there are values
 Discrete –can be categories or
finite/countable numbers (there is
no in-between)
Level of measurement skin color of Filipinos and color of
Ratio data leaves
 Differences between measurement,
true zero exist.
 Ex. Height, age, weekly, food
spending
Nominal Data
 using a scale of equal interval and
 Categories; no ordering or direction
an absolute zero value. Example:
 Ex. Marital status, type of car
Temperature in K; crime rate;
owned
unemployment rate
 when objects are placed in discrete
Interval data
categories cannot be ranked in
 Differences between measurement
ascending or descending order.
but no true zero.
Example: sex or gender
 Ex. Temperature in fahrenheit,
standardized exam score
 using a scale with equal interval but
no absolute zero value. Example:
temperature

Ordinal Data
 Ordered categories; ranking, order,
or scaling
 Ex. Service quality rating, standard
and poor’s bond rating, student
letter grades
 when objects are placed into
categories that can be ranked or
ordered in an ascending or
descending manner. Example:
condition of patients in a hospital,
  Two ways of describing a set of
numerical data: measure of central
tendency and measure of variation
Appropriate descriptive statistics for
every level of measurement

 There are many forms of graphs.

The appropriate type of graph
depends on the type of data.
Remember data is either discrete or
continuous.
 The basis for the choice of what Types of Descriptive Statistics used
graph to construct is the vis-à-vis the Level of Measurement of
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE, the Data
principal character. If the
independent variable is in the word
such as brand of detergent or brand
of salt, the appropriate graph is a bar
graph. Bar graph compares values
across categories.
 If the independent variable is in Statistics for specific data

number form, you may use a line

graph.
 x and y axes
 X – i.v
 Y – d.v
 Nominal or ordinal
– count data: bar graph
 Ratio or Interval
– measured data: line graph
Describing the data
 Most i.p. are experimental
 Quantitative data
 Tool: Statistics
 Science
Data analysis or result Nervous System Overview
Nervous System
 Brain
 Spinal cord
 Nerves
Functions of nervous system
 Regulates and coordinates all body
activities
Data collection
 Center of all mental activity,
- Systematic recording of information
including thought, learning, and
from various resources
memory
Data Analysis
Nervous System Divisions
- Process of examining collected data
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Example
 Brain
 Spinal Cord
 Processes and stores sensory and
motor information
 Controls consciousness
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Table 1 indicates the height of okra
 12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves
plants in terms of the type of water used
 31 Pairs of Spinal Nerves
in watering it. The types of water used
 Transmits sensory and motor
are sinandomeng rice water, dinorado
impulses back and forth between
rice water, and normal water. Under the
CNS and rest of body
sinandomeng rice water plant 1, has a
height of 14 inches, plant 2 is 4 inches,
and plant 3 is 0 inch. Under the dinorado
rice water, plant 4 has a height of 17
inches, plant 5 is 10.5 inches, and plant
6 is 0 inch. Lastly, under normal water,
plant 7 has a height of 16 inches, plant 8
is 7 inches in height, and plant 9 is 0
inch.
Central Nervous System
 Brain
- Surrounded by bone for protection
- Enclosed in cranium
 Spinal cord
- Surrounded by vertebrae for
protection
- Surrounded by meninges and
cerebrospinal fluid
Structures of the Brain
Cerebrum
 Largest and uppermost portion of
the brain
 Controls consciousness, memory,
sensations, emotions, voluntary
movements
 Cortex = outer surface
 Gyri = elevations
 Sulci = grooves
 Longitudinal fissure divides
cerebrum into two hemispheres
Cerebellum
 Attached to the brain stem
 Maintains muscle tone
 Coordinates normal movement and
balance
 Diencephalon
 Located between cerebrum and
midbrain
 Consists of thalamus, hypothalamus,
and pineal gland
Brain Stem
 Region between diencephalon and
spinal cord
 Consists of midbrain, pons, and
medulla oblongata
 Serves as pathway for impulses
between brain and spinal cord
 Controls respiration, blood pressure,
and heart rate
Spinal Cord
 Pathway for impulses traveling to
and from brain
 Carries 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- Affects limbs and lower part of body
Peripheral Nervous System
Afferent (sensory) nerves
 Carry impulses from the body to the
central nervous system
Efferent (motor) nerves
 Carry impulses from the central
nervous system to muscles and
glands
 Cause the target organs to do
something in response to commands
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
 Provides voluntary control over
skeletal muscle contractions
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
 Provides involuntary control over
smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and
glandular activity and secretions in
response to the commands of the
central nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic nerves
 Increase heart rate
 Constrict blood vessels
 Raise blood pressure
 Fight-or-flight response
Parasympathetic nerves
 Slow heart rate
 Increase peristalsis of intestines
 Increase glandular secretions
 Relax sphincters
Cells of the Nervous System
 Neuron
Cell body
 Contains the nucleus and cytoplasm
Axon
 Conducts impulses away from the
cell body
 Some axons are covered with a
myelin sheath
Dendrite
 Conducts impulses toward the cell
body
SYNAPSE
 Space between two nerves which
the impulse must cross
PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Alzheimer’s Disease
 Progressive and extremely
debilitating deterioration of a
person’s intellectual functioning
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
 Severe weakening and wasting of
the involved muscle groups
 Usually begins with hands
 Progresses to shoulders, upper arms,
then legs
Bell’s Palsy
 Temporary or permanent unilateral
weakness or paralysis of muscles in
the face
Cerebral Concussion
 Brief interruption of brain function
usually with loss of consciousness
lasting for a few seconds
Cerebral Palsy
 Collective term used to describe
congenital brain damage that is
permanent but not progressive
 Characterized by the child’s lack of
control of voluntary muscles
Cerebral Palsy
Spastic
 Damage to cortex of the brain
 Tense muscles
 Very irritable muscle tone
Ataxic
 Damage to cerebellum
 Affects equilibrium
Cerebral Palsy
Athetoid
 Damage to basal ganglia
 Causes sudden jerking
Rigidity
 Causes child to be in continual state
of tension
Mixed cerebral palsy
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
 Death of a specific portion of brain
tissue
 Results from decreased blood flow
to that area of the brain
 Also called a stroke
Cerebrovascular Accident
 Causes
 Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)
 Also known as mini strokes
 Cerebral thrombosis
 Occurs largely in individuals older
than 50
 Cerebral embolism
 Embolus causes an occlusion
 Cerebral hemorrhage
 Cerebral vessel ruptures
Degenerative Disk
 Deterioration of the intervertebral
disk
 Usually due to constant motion and
wear on the disk
Encephalitis
 Inflammation of the brain or spinal
cord tissue
 Virus enters CNS when person
experiences viral disease such as
mumps, measles, or through tick or
mosquito bite
Epilepsy
 Syndrome of recurring episodes of
excessive irregular electrical
activity of the central nervous
system, called seizures
Migraine Headache
 Recurring, pulsating, vascular
headache developing on one side of
the head
 Characterized by slow onset
 May be preceded by an aura during
which sensory disturbance occurs
Herniated Disk
 Rupture or herniation of the disk
center through the disk wall and into
the spinal canal
 Causes pressure on the spinal cord
or nerve roots
Hydrocephalus
 Abnormal increase of cerebrospinal
fluid in the brain that causes the
ventricles of the brain to dilate
 Results in increased head
circumference in infant with open
fontanel
 Congenital disorder
Meningitis
(Acute Bacterial)
 Serious bacterial infection of the
meninges
 Can have residual debilitating
effects or even a fatal outcome
 Must be diagnosed and treated
promptly with appropriate antibiotic
therapy
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
 Degenerative inflammatory disease
of the central nervous system
attacking the myelin sheath in the
spinal cord and brain
 Leaves area sclerosed (hardened) or
scarred
Narcolepsy
 Rare syndrome of uncontrolled,
sudden attacks of sleep
 Main features of narcolepsy are
daytime sleepiness and cataplexy
 Sudden loss of muscle tone
Parkinson’s Disease
 Degenerative, slowly progressive
deterioration of nerves in the brain
stem’s motor system, characterized
by a gradual onset of symptoms
 Classic Symptoms: stooped posture
with body flexed forward, bowed
head, shuffling gait, pill-rolling
gestures, expressionless mask-like
facial appearance
Poliomyelitis
 Infectious viral disease that affects
the ability of spinal cord and brain
motor neurons to receive
stimulation
 Virus enters through the upper
respiratory tract
 Muscles affected become paralyzed
without the motor nerve stimulation
Post Polio Syndrome
 Progressive weakness occurring at
least 30 years after the initial
poliomyelitis attack
Skull Fracture (Depressed)
 Broken segment of the skull bone
thrust into the brain as a result of a
direct force, usually a blunt object
How to Keep the Nervous System
Healthy
 Intake of fish oil and vegetable oil.
 Vitamin D and B12 (for neurons)
 Exercise
 Reading
 Writing on paper (15 minutes)
 Engage in social activities to keep
brain active
The Endocrine System
 The Endocrine System is made up
of group of organs called endocrine
glands. A gland is the smallest unit
in the body that produces and
releases a chemical substance called
hormones.
 The Endocrine System consists of
many glands, which secrete
hormones directly into the
bloodstream to regulate daily
activities of the body and control its
overall development. The hormones
 act as chemical messengers in the  Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)
body which stimulates many organs.
 The Endocrine System is also
known as the “system of checks and
balances” that works to keep the
body system healthy. One of the
instances when the endocrine
system is working properly is by
sending chemical signals to another
gland, which responds by
controlling the chemicals of the first
Major Glands of the Endocrine
gland.
System
 The Endocrine System is similar to
a thermostat (temperature regulator).
It may turn on when the temperature
is below normal and may turn off
when the temperature is above
normal, thus the endocrine system
turns on and off in response to the
level of hormones in the body.
 When the Endocrine System is not Hypothalamus
properly doing its job, the overall - a small gland connected to the base of
health of the body may be affected, the brain that regulates the activities of
such as energy level, physical the body such as metabolism and
appearance and the ability to reproduction.
produce offsprings. Pituitary
Endocrine Glands - the pituitary is the “master gland” that
 Hypothalamus signals other glands to produce their
 Pituitary hormones when needed.
 Thyroid - the anterior lobe of the pituitary
 Parathyroid receives signals from the hypothalamus,
 Thymus and responds by sending out the
 Adrenal
 Pancreas
appropriate hormone to other endocrine
glands.
Adrenal
- produces specific hormones that affect
the functioning of the kidneys,
metabolism and response to stressful
situations.it controls the “fight or flight”
response of the body.
Thyroid
- it regulates the rate of metabolism. It
secretes thyroxine which controls the
calcium levels in the bloodstream.
Parathyroid
- the four tiny glands located at the back
of the thyroid gland. they secrete Diseases of the Endocrine System
parathyroid hormones that regulates the  Hypothyroidism
minerals in the body such as calcium  Cushing’s syndrome
and phosphorus in the bloodstream.  Metabolic syndrome
Pancreas  Gigantism and Dwarfism
- located beneath the stomach. Produces  Estrogen Deficiency
insulin that controls the level of sugar in  Testosterone Deficiency
the blood. Ways to Keep the Endocrine System
Thymus Healthy
- the gland located  Know your family history
between the lungs and produces the  Eat a healthy diet
hormone thymusin that plays an  Minimize stress in your life
important role in developing some of the  Stay in touch with your doctor
body’s defenses against infections. Human Reproduction
Gonads - Both sexes have reproductive organs
- the two reproductive (ovaries for called GENITALS or GENITALIA
female and testes for male) glands that designed for the purpose of intercourse
play an important role in reproduction. and conception.
Female Reproductive System
- Female reproductive organs are for
intercourse, reproduction, urination
pregnancy and childbirth.
Internal Female Anatomy
Ovary (Ovaries)
 Two solid egg-shaped structures
 They are attached to the uterus by
ligaments. They are the counterpart
of the male testicles.
 Ovaries have two main functions:
 #1-store and release the ova or
female egg cell. Some of the ova
disappear; others are dormant until
each is ripened and released after
puberty.
 #2-produce female sex hormones
ESTROGEN and
PROGESTERONE
Ova
 The female reproductive cell.
 They are the largest cells in the
female body. (about the size of a
grain of sand.)
 The female baby is born with all the
ova she will ever have (about
200,000 in each ovary).
 About 400-500 ova mature and are
released over a lifetime
Estrogen
 Estrogen is responsible for the
secondary sex characteristics and
the sex drive in females. It spurs
the onset of puberty and is
responsible for OVULATION.
Progesterone
 Progesterone builds up the lining of
the uterus called the endometrium in
preparation for the fertilized ovum
Ovulation
 When the egg is released from the
ovary.
 At the age of puberty
 The ovum moves to the surface of
the ovary in bursts out
 The ova falls into the fallopian tube
and waits for fertilization
 This happens every 28 days
 It happens at about the 14th day of
the cycle
FALLOPIAN TUBES
(oviducts)
 Two tubes attached on either side of
the uterus.
 They are about four inches long and
3/16 inch in diameter (the size of a
cooked spaghetti noodle).
 The oviducts carry egg cells toward
the uterus and sperm cells toward
the egg cell.
 Fertilization takes place in the upper
third of the oviduct.
Uterus
 A hollow, muscular organ (shaped
somewhat like an upside-down pear,
about the size of a fist).
 The uterus is lined with
endometrium (a blood lining.)
 The uterus has one main function—
to protect and nourish a fetus
 The walls of the uterus have the
ability to stretch to the size of a
small watermelon.
 After childbirth the uterus shrinks
back to the original shape in 6-8
weeks, but it can take up to nine
months for the uterus to fully
recover.
Cervix
 The neck or opening of the uterus.
 A normal healthy cervix is the
strongest muscle in the body.
 It dips down about half an inch into
the vagina.
 It is normally plugged by mucus. It
stays tightly closed during
pregnancy, but thins and opens for
the delivery of the baby.
 How big does it need to dilate to for
birth?
Vagina
 Female organ used for intercourse,
it is an empty passageway leading
from the vaginal opening to the
uterus.
 It is only 3-4 inches long, but will
lengthen during arousal.
 The vaginal walls are made of many
small folds of membrane that stretch
greatly to accommodate a baby
during birth.
 The vaginal wall also secrete a fluid
that helps to make intercourse easier.
Urethra
 The opening to the bladder
Clitoris
 A small, pea shaped bump at the
front of the labia.
 It contains a small amount of
erectile tissue.
 The clitoris increases sexual
pleasure
Woman’s Cycle
 Day 1 – Menstruation begins
(bleeding)
 Day 5 – Menstruation is usually
ended
 Day 14 – Ovum has matured and
bursts out of the ovary
 Day 15 – After 24 hours the egg is
done
 Day 26 – In the absence of
fertilization, estrogen/progesterone
levels drop and the endometrium
lining breaks down
 Day 28 – Menstruation begins again.
TIME LINE:
 Ages 9-12
 Secondary sex characteristics
appear
 Ages 11-14
 Menstrual cycle begins
 Late 20-30's
 Peak sexual urges
 Ages 45-55
 Menopause (cycle stops, but sex
urge continues)
Male Reproductive System
- Male reproductive organs are for
intercourse, reproduction and urination
Male Anatomy
Scrotum
 A sac-like pouch located behind the
penis that holds each testes and
helps regulate temperature for
sperm production.
Testicles or Testes
 The two testes are small organs that
lie in the scrotum and produce
sperm and the male hormone
testosterone.
 The testicles are the male sex gland.
 The testicles are outside the body
because the male sperm that is
manufactured in the testes need
cooler-than-body temperature for
normal growth and development.
 They are the counterpart to the
female ovary.
 Loss of one does not impair the
function of the other.
 Four to five billion sperm cells are
produced each month.
Testosterone
 the male reproductive hormone
made by the testicles which causes
the changes of puberty.
 This hormone causes secondary sex
characteristics, production of sperm
and sexual urge.
 It is produced in the testicles and
enters the bloodstream at a fairly
constant rate.
Sperm
 The microscopic cells produced by
the male's testicles which can
fertilize the female's ovum.
 They are tiny, living cells 100 times
smaller than a pencil dot. (the
smallest cell in a mans body
 Enough sperm would fit on the head
of a pin to re-populate the earth if
each sperm fertilized an egg.
 It is destroyed by warm body
temperature, acidic environment.
 It can survive in a women’s body
for 5-8 days.
 Any sperm not ejaculated are passed
in the urine.
Epididymis
 the structure that forms a mass over
the back and upper part of each
testes.
 Sperm are stored there for as long as
six weeks while they ripen to
maturity.
Cowpers Gland
 two small pea-sized glands located
beneath the prostate gland on both
sides of the base of the penis.
 They secrete a clear, sticky fluid
that helps to neutralize the acidity of
the urethra.
Vas Deferens
 two long, thin tubes that serve as a
passageway for sperm and a place
for sperm storage.
 The contraction of the vas deferens
along with the action of the cilia
help transport the sperm through the
vas deferens.
Seminal Vesicles
 two small glands that secrete a fluid
that nourishes and enables the
sperm to move.
Prostate Gland
 surround the urethra beneath the
bladder. The gland secretes an
alkaline fluid that neutralizes the
acid found in the male urethra and
the female reproductive tract.
 Without the action of the secretions
of the prostate gland, many sperm
would die and fertilization of an
ovum would be impossible.
Urethra
 A dual purpose tube that both semen
and urine pass through to leave the
body. Semen and urine never mix.
 Special muscles or sphincters
surround the urethra.
 During urination, one sphincter will
relax so that the pressure from the
bladder will push urine out from the
body.
 During ejaculation, another
sphincter will relax so that semen
can flow through the urethra to the
outside of the body.
Penis
 The male organ for sexual
intercourse, reproduction, and
urination.
 The reproductive purpose of the
penis is to deposit semen in the
vagina during sexual intercourse.
 The head of the penis or glans
contains many nerve endings. At
birth the glans is covered by a
loosely fitting skin called the
foreskin.
 When the penis is erect it is 5-7
inches long An erection occurs
when the sponge-like chambers in
the penis fill with blood.
SEMEN:
 a combination of fluid that is
produced in the seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, and Cowper's gland.
This fluid nourishes and helps
sperm move through the urethra.
EJACULATION
 the passage of sperm from the penis,
a result of a series of muscular
contractions.
TIME LINE:
 Infancy
 Ages 11-14
 Secondary sex characteristics
appear
 Ages 13-16
 Sperm produced in adult amounts
(puberty)
 Late teens
 Peak sexual urges for boys
 Throughout life
 If good health is present, there is the
sex urge and ability to father
children
AP
Suliraning teritoryal at hangganan
Suliraning teritoryal/ teritorial
dispute
 Ang mga ganitong suliranin ay
nagaganap kung may dalawa o higit
pang mga bansa ang umaangkin ng
isang lupain o katawang tubig.
 Halimbawa; spratly island
Kahalagahan ng teritoryal at
pandaigdigang hangganan.
 May kaugnayan sa karapatan ng
bawat estado o bansa.
 Mahalaga para sa pagpapanatili ng
kapayapaan sa buong mundo.
Mga suliranin sa teritoryo at hangganan
sa iba’t ibang bahagi ng mundo
 Russia - crimea
 Senkaku island china-japan
 Kashmir pakistan-india
 Gulf war iraq-kuwait
 West philippine sea
2016 arbitration award ruling
 The nine dashed line &’’historic
rights’’ doctrine as ‘’incompatible’’
with prevailing international law,
‘’no evidence that china had
historically exercised exclusive
 control over the waters of their
resources.’’
 No ‘’islands’’ (article 121,
UNCLOS) in the spratlys, no
overlapping EEZ with the
philippines.
 Reclamation & island buildding as
inadmissible (article 60, UNCLOS)
& ‘’inflicting irreparable harm’’ on
ecology
 Final & blinding (article 296;
article 11, annex VIT)
 Gave leverage to philippines &
other ASEAN claimants.
iba pang suliraning teritoryal
 Marami rin ang mga kalakal na
ilegal (smuggled goods)
 Illegal fishing of other nations
 Mahinang sandatahan ng isang
bansa
 Naval force
Epekto ng suliraning teritoryal
 Paglakas at pagiging sentralisado ng
estado
 Cycle of conflict and constant threat
 Pagkakaroon ng bagong estado
Graft and corruption
Korapsyon
 Intensyonal na pagtatakwil sa
tungkulin at obligasyon na
nagbubunga ng kawalan ng
integridad.
Graft
 Pagkuha ng pera o posisyon na
taliwas sa batas, madaya o
kwestionable
 Pagtanggap sa kabayaran para sa
isang pampublikong serbisyong
hindi naibigay o paggamit sa isang
kontrata na maaring pagkakitaan.
RA 3019 ANTI-CRAFT AND
CORRUPTION PRACTICES ACT
Policy of philippines government, that a
public office is a public trust.
RA 6713 CODE OF CONDUCT AND
ETHICAL STANDARDS FOR
PUBLIC OFFICIAL AND
EMPLOYEES
Corruption perceptions index
 Indeks na inilalabas ng pandaigdig
organisasyon ukol sa transparency
 CPI score - 0-10 eskala sa
kurapsyon.
Graft and corruption sa ating
kasaysayan
 Espanyol - pang-aabuso, pansariling
interes
 Amerika - nepotismo
 Pangkasalukuyan - maling bahagi
ng kulturang pilipino.
Epekto ng graft at corruption
 Bilyong-bilyong salapi ang
nawawala sa bayan
 Problema sa red tape
 Karaniwang nagkakaroon ng lagay.
Political dynasty
- ang political dynasty ay isang pamilya
ng mga politico na namamahala sa isang
lugar at naipapasa sa kanilang kapamilya
ang katungkulang ginagampanan.
- Bakit nanantili ang mga political
dynasty sa panahon ngayon?
- 73/80 provinces or 94% mayroong
dinastiya sa ating bansa.
Political dynasty in the philippines
 Marcos
 Macapagal
 Estrada
 Aquino
 Binay
 Pimentel
 Zubiri
 Villar
Pampanga political dynasty
 Lazatin
 Nepomuceno
 Pamintuan
 Pineda
Pol. Dynasty sa kasaysayan
Espanol - mestizo, illustrado,
peninsulares
Americano - kilalang apelyido
Kasalukuyan - 90% sa politika ay galing
sa political dynasty.
 Senate bill2649 anti-political
dynasty bill section 26
 RA 10742 sangguniang kabataan
reform act
Epekto ng political dynasty
 Napapahina nito ang sistema ng
checks and balance
 Nagdudulot ito ng pang-abuso sa
kapangyarihan
 Hindi ito kumakatawan sa interes ng
karaniwang mamamayan
 Naisusulong ito ang interes ng mga
makapangyarihan
 Nanganganib ang pondo ng bayan
Apat na pangunahing katangian ng
political dynasty na nakakatulong sa
pagpapanatili ng kapangyarihan at
impluwensya.
 Kayamanan
 Edukasyon
 Kahusayan
 Katanyagan
Pangunahing dahilan kung bakit nanatili
ang political dynasty
 Kakulangan sa mapanuring pag-
iisip.
 Limitadong pagkakataong
makakalap ng impormasyon
 Patronage politics
Article 2, section 26
 The state shall guarantee equal to
opportunities for public service and
prohibit political dynasties as may
be defined by law.
 68% or at least 115 members of 15th
congress belong to political
dynasties.
Average net worth
 Member of dynasty - 52m
 Non-member of dynasty - 42m
Country political party
 76% lakas-kampi party
 56% liberal party
 74% national people’s coalition
 81% nacionalista party
Political dynasties in the legislature
 Other country - 6%
 Philippines - 70%