Introductio

n of
Computer
Program
the Book explained the introduction of the
programing and the basic techniques that used
on it. (Pseudocode, Algorithms, Methodologies Uthayakumaran
with some examples). its suitable for beginners,
who are new to the programming and not for
Rangith
advanced programmers .
GNuhfpuhk; vd;why; vd;d?
GNuhf;fpuhkpq; vd;gJ fzpzp vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Fwpg;Gfshf (Program Language) y;
mw;Fg; GupAk; tpjkhf vOjp ekf;Fj; Njitahd Result I ngWk; xU fiyahFk;.

GNuhf;fpuhk; fw;Wf;nfhs;s ehk; gbf;Fk; Gj;jfq;fSk; ,izaj;jsq;fspy; fpilf;Fk; tpguq;fSk;

gupe;Jnfhs;s fbdkhf ,Ug;gJ Nghy Njhd;wpdhYk;> GNuhf;fpuhk; vOJtJ xd;Wk; mj;jid
fbdkhdJ my;y.

Program Language y; cs;s Command fis njupe;J nfhz;L nfhLf;fg;l;l gpur;ridfis - Nfs;tpfis
cs;;thq;fp mjw;F vg;gb jPu;T fhz Ntz;Lk; vd;w Logic cq;fSf;F ,Ue;jhy; ePq;fSk; xU
GNuhfpuhku; Mfyhk;.

,J kpfTk; ,yFthdJ> vy;NyhuplKk; (Logic) ,Uf;fpd;wJ> Mdhy; mij czu;e;Jtpl;ltu;

GNuhfpuhku; MfptpLfpwhu;> czuhjtu; GNuhfpuhku; Mf Kbtjpy;iy.

Logic vd;why; vd;d?

xU tprak; rk;ge;jkhf ekf;F cs;s idea kw;Wk; fw;gid tsj;ij jf;f fhuz fhupak; kw;Wk; tpthjk;
%yk; epWTjiy Logic vdyhk;.

filf;Fr; nrd;W muprp thf;fpl;L th vd;W cq;fs; tPl;by; kidtp nrhy;fpwhu;fs;. ,Jjhd; cq;fs;
kd;F cs;s Nfhupf;if my;yJ gpur;rid.. ,jw;F jPu;T nrhy;tJjhd; Logic.

Nfhupf;if cq;fSf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;lTld; cq;fs; kdjpy; vd;d vd;d jPu;Tfs; Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij
xU Ngg;gupy; Fwpj;Jf;nfhz;Nl thUq;fs;> ePq;fNs Mr;rupag;gLtPu;fs;.

vk;kdjpy; Vw;gLk; Kjy; Nfs;tp

 01 - vd;d muprp thq;f Ntz;Lk;> Nfs;tp Nfl;gPu;fs;. cq;fs; kidtp rk;gh muprp
vd;ghu;fs;.
 vj;jid fpNyh thq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gPu;fs;> kidtp 5 fpnyh vd;ghu;fs;.
 rk;gh muprp ,;y;iy vd;why; vd;d thq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;gPu;fs;> NtW vijAk;
thq;fpl;L tuhNj vd;ghu;fs;. (gpd;G kjpa czT filapy; jhd;...)
 ve;jf;filapy; thq;fp tuNtz;Lk; vd;W Nfl;gPu;fs;> kidtpAk; xU filapd; ngaiu
nrhy;thu;fs;.
 me;jf; filapy; ,y;iy vd;why; vd;d nra;a vd;W Nfl;gPu;fs;> kidtp Supper Market y
thq;fp thUq;f vd;ghu;fs;.
 Scooty vLj;J nrd;W tuth vd;W Nfl;gPu;fs;> my;yJ irfpspy; nry;yth vd;W
Nfl;gPu;fs;.
 mtw;NwhL Njitahd fhR thq;fpf; nfhz;L nry;tPu;fs;.

cq;;fSf;F Njitahd KO tpguKk; fpilj;J tpl;ljhf ePq;fs; czu;e;jhy; cq;fshy; ey;y tpjkhf rk;gh
muprpia thq;fp tu KbAk;.

rpyu; ,g;gbj;jhd; jq;fSf;F Njitahd midj;J gjpy;fisAk; KOtJkhf fpilf;Fk; tiu Nfs;tpfis Nfl;L
xU Ntiyia my;yJ GNuhfpuhik rupahf nra;J Kbg;gPu;fs;.

Nfs;tp Nfl;fj; njupahjtu; my;yJ miuFiwahf Nfs;tp Nfl;L Fog;gkhd gjpiyg; ngw;W
nry;gtupd; epiyikia Nahrpj;Jg; ghUq;fs;...!

Uthayakumaran Rangith 7 ICTT Instructor

gyu; ,t;thWjhd; vijAk; KOikahf njupahky; GNuhfpuhik Muk;gpj;J tpl;L gpd;du;> jiyfhy;
Gupahky; Gyk;gpf;nfhz;bUg;ghu;fs;. fhuzk; xU nraiyr; nra;aKd;G vd;d tplaq;fisj; njupe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; Mu;tk; fhl;lhikNa.

GNuhfpuhkpy; Logic I kdg;ghlk; nra;ahjPu;fs;> mit gythwhf vz;zpf;ifaw;W ,Uf;Fk;.

mt;thwhd xU Kl;lhs; jdj;ij gpd;gw;whjPu;fs;. GNuhfpuhk; fbdk; vd;W nrhy;fpd;w
khztu;fs; ,t;thwhd Logic I kdg;ghlk; nra;gtu;fshf ,Ug;ghu;fs;.

mLj;J Nfs;tpfisf; Nfl;L (Requirements) rupahd gjpiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;Bu;fs; vd;why; vg;gb

Programming y; nray;g;gLfpd;wPu;fs; vd;gij ghu;g;Nghk;. xU fhfpjjhis vLj;J mjpy;
Fwpj;Jf;nfhz;Nl thUq;fs;.

tPl;il tpl;L ntspNa tUfpd;wPu;fs;

ntspapy; gy thfzq;fs; cs;sd> Scooty, Car, Moter Bike vd> ePq;fs; xU thfzj;ij njupT
nra;fpwPu;fs;> mjpy; jpwg;G ,Uf;fpwjh> jpwe;jpUf;fpwjh> lau;fspy;
fhw;W ,Uf;fpd;wjh vd cq;fis mwpahkNy ePq;fs; gupNrhjpj;Jf;nfhs;tPu;fs;; gpd;G
mij ePq;fNs cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tPu;fs;.

thfzj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhz;L nry;y Ntz;ba ,lj;ij kdjpy; epidj;J> vg;ghijapy; nrd;why; ,yFthf
nry;yyhk; vd;gij njupT nra;tPu;fs;.

njupT nra;j ghijapy; vd;W cq;fs; kidtp nrhd;d rk;gh muprpia thq;FtPu;fs;> xU Ntis
mJ mq;Nf ,y;yhjtplj;J Supper Market w;F nrd;W thq;FtPu;fs;.

,Wjpahf muprpia thq;fpr;nrd;W cq;fs; kidtpaplk; nfhLf;fpd;wPu;fs;. ,jd; gbKiwfis

ed;F ftdpAq;fs;.

cq;fSf;F fpilj;j Requirements Order I mtjhdpAq;fs;

1. rk;gh muprp thq;f Ntz;Lk;
2. 5 fpNyh thq;f Ntz;Lk;
3. rk;gh muprp ,y;iy vd;why; NtW ve;j muprpAk; thq;ff; $lhJ
4. kidtp Fwpg;gpl;l filapy; ,y;iy vd;why; Supper Market w;F nrd;W thq;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. nry;tjw;F Scooty apid my;yJ NtW thfzj;ij vLj;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
6. gzk; vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j ,Nj tupirapyh ePq;fs; nray;g;gl;Bu;fs;? rpe;jpAq;fs;!

Kjypy; 6 MtJ : gzk; vLj;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

mLj;J 5 MtJ : thfzk; xd;iw njupT nra;J nry;y Ntz;Lk;.

mLj;J thfdk; Xlj; Njitadit vd ePq;fs; fUJtij rupghu;g;gPu;fs; (Logic: Necessary Input
Validation)
vd;W mij Fwpg;gpLNthk;.

mLj;J rupahd filia Nju;e;njLj;jPu;fs; (Conditional Test to ensure Requirment is achieved)

mLj;J thq;fpaJ rk;gh muprp jhd; vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wPu;fs; (Validation)

mLj;J 5 fpNyh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wPu;fs; (Validation)

Uthayakumaran Rangith 7 ICTT Instructor

NkNt ,yf;fj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l; 3 kw;Wk; 4 nray;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;yhkNy NghdJ.
fhuzk; vkJ (Object) 1>2 kw;Wk; 4 MtJ nray;fs; %yNk ,yf;F milag;gl;Ltpl;lJ.

,Wjpahf thq;fpa rk;gh muprpia gj;jpug;gLj;jp vLj;J tUfpd;wPu;fs;.

(Executing necessary tasks to achieve the goal) - Project Completed.

,Jjhd; GNuhfpuhkpd; mbg;gil.

,g;NghJ fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;l rpy gapw;rpfis nra;Aq;fs;.

01. Write the Program to find the max, min, average and total of numbers entered by
user.
02. Write a program to accept a string from the user and find the number of vowels
and the vowels that got repeat most.
03. Write a program to accept an array of numbers and sort the same using bubble
sort Algorithm.
04. Write a programe to accept a number from the user and test if it is a fibonacci
(gpNghdhrp) number of not. (mLj;J tUk; 2 ,yf;fq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif)

GNuhfpuhk; vOJtjw;F Logic vd;gJ vt;tsT Kf;fpak; vd;W czu;e;jpUg;gPu;fs;> ,dp vt;thW
vOJtJ vd;gijg; ghu;g;Nghk;.

Program I vOJtjw;F Kd;G ePq;fs; rpy mbg;gilfis mwpe;jpUj;jy; kpf mtrpakhdNj..

- cq;fs; kdjpy; cs;sij Computer mwpe;Jnfhz;L ve;j NtiyapidAk; nra;ahJ.
- ehk; jhd; ekJ Njitfis mwpe;J nfhz;L mtw;iw Commands fshf toq;f
Ntz;Lk;.
- ehk; vOjpa Program y; vjhtJ Bug/Error (gpiofs;) te;jhy; mJ Computer y;
gpioapy;iy> ehk; vOjpa Logic y; cs;s gpio vd;gij ftzj;jpy; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
- gpioahd Program I vOJ mij Execute nra;Ak; NghJ Computer mjid jhdhf
rupnra;ahJ.
- Error/Crash/Debug vd vNjDk; xU gjpiy ntspg;gLj;Jk;.
- mij vt;thW rupnra;tJ vd;W ehk; jhd; fz;Lgpbf;f Ntz;Lk; Vnddpy;
Program vOjpaJ ehk;jhNd...

Uthayakumaran Rangith 7 ICTT Instructor

Software Engineering Method vd;why; vd;d?

ekf;F jug;gl;l Problem or Requirement w;F Vw;g Program vOJtjw;fhf ehk; ifahSfpd;w
gy;NtW (Techniques) Aj;jpfis Software engineering method for problem solving
vdyhk;. ,jpy; Kf;fpakhf Ie;J fl;lq;fs; cs;sd.

01. Requirements
Kjypy; vkf;Fj; jug;gl;lJ vd;d vd;gij njspthf mwpe;J nfhs;tJ. Requirements
KOikahdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; miuFiwahf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ my;yJ njsptw;wjhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ.

vd;d tplaj;jpw;fhf Program vOJfpd;Nwhk; vd;gij njspthf mwpe;jpUj;jy; mtrpak;.

02. Analysis
fpilf;fg;gngw;w Requirements midj;Jk; rupahf ,Uf;fpd;wjh mjw;F Njitahd Input and
Output vit> mtw;iw nra;J Kbf;f Njitahd NtW tplaq;fs; vit vd;gij gFg;gha;T nra;tjhFk;.

03. Design
Program I Design nra;tJ> mjhtJ vkJ Logic kw;Wk; idea fis itj;J vt;thW Result ,id nfhz;L
tug;Nghfpd;Nwhk; vd;gjhFk;. ,jid ekf;F GupAk; tifapy; vOJjy; (Algorithm writting) ,J
kdpju;fSf;F GupAk; nkhopahFk; (Human Language). ,ij ePq;fs; jkpopy; $l xU fljhrp
jhspy; vOjyhk;> Vndpy; ,Jjhd; vkf;F GNuhf;fpuhk; vt;thW tug;Nghfpd;wJ vd;gij
jPu;khzpg;gjhFk;.

ngupa Program fis vk;khy; xd;whf vOj KbahJ> vdNt mtw;iw rpwpa rpwpa gFjpfshf
gpupj;J xt;tW gFjpfisAk; tbtikj;Jf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; nghOJ ngupa Program fSk; ,yFthf
nra;J Kbf;f KbAk;.

xU fij Nfs;tpg;gl;bUg;gPu;fs;:
rpq;fk; ehd;F khLfis rhg;gpl epidj;jJ> khLfspd; xw;Wikapd; fhuzk; rpq;fj;jhy; mJ
Kbatpy;iy> vdNt mJ xt;ntW khLfisAk; jdpj;jdpNa gpupj;jJ> gpd; xt;nthd;whf
rhg;gpl;lJ. mq;F rpq;fj;jpd; Logic and Algorithm rupahf Ntiy nra;jJ. vdNt rpq;fk;
ntd;wJ.

,ijj;jhd; Divide and Conquer method vd;W nrhy;thu;fs;.

04. Implement the Algorithm

,J Algorithm vd;gij Program Mf khw;wp vOJtjhFk;. Algorithm vd;gij vtUk; vOjhyk;
Mdhy; ,e;j Algorithm Computer w;F tpsq;fhJ. mjw;F vd rpy gpuj;jpNahf Command fis
gad;gLj;J ehk; Program vOjNtz;Lk;.

,jw;F vd gy Software Program Languages cs;sd> cjhuzkhf: C, C++, Delphi, Visual Basic,
Java, C#, C++ vd;gtw;iw Fwpg;glyhk;.

05. Test the Program

vd;djhd; Algorithm vOjp mij Program Mf khw;wpdhYk;> mjpy; VjhtJ Bug
(rpf;fy;) ,Uf;fj;jhd; nra;Ak;> mjid jtpu;f;fNt KbahJ. gy Program fis ePq;fs; nra;J gof
(Bugs) mit Fiwe;J tpLk;.

Program nra;J tpl;Nld; vdd;gij xU Fjpiuia thq;fptpl;Nld; vd epidj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;>

mjpy; Vwp Xlj; njhlq;fpd;wPu;fs;> ,ilapy; xU ngupa kiyr; rupT tUfpd;wJ. Fjpiuia

Uthayakumaran Rangith 7 ICTT Instructor

 epWj;j cq;fSf;F njhupatpy;iy> gythW nrhy;ypg;ghu;f;fpd;wPu;fs;> Fjpiu epd;wghlhf
njupatpy;iy... vd;d elf;Fk;..?

Program k; mg;gbj;jhd;> ePq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l (Rules of the Program) tpjpKiwfis

gad;gLj;Jgtu; mg;gbNa gpd;gw;Wthd; vd;W epidg;gJ jtW. mtw;iw ePq;ffs; gythW
(Test of Difference Methods) guPNrhjpj;Jg; ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

mt;thW Test nra;Ak; NghJ cq;fSf;Nf GupAk; cq;fs; Program y; vd;d khw;wq;fis my;yJ
Nkk;gLj;jy;fis nra;aNtz;Lk; vd;W.

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l 5 fl;lq;fspy; 03 MtJ Program Design nra;tJjhd; Software engineering

method for probleming solving kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mjpNy Design vd;why; Algorithm
vOJtJ vd;W ghu;Njhk;. ,dp mjpNy vt;thW Algorithm I vOJtJ vd;W ghu;g;Nghk;.

Algorithm, PSeudocode, Flowchart vd;why; vd;d?

Algorithm vd;why; vd;d?

xU Problem w;F ehk; vg;gb Solution nfhLf;fg;Nghfpd;Nwhk; vd;fpd;w tpguj;ij Step by
Step fshf vOJtijNa Algorithm vd;fpd;Nwhk;. vdNt ehk; ehk; vOJk; Steps fs; midj;Jk;
xOq;fhd Order ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. mjhtJ Logic rupahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Algorithm MdJ Sequence, Selection and Repetition vd;fpd;w methods y; vOjg;gLfpd;wJ.

mtw;iw tpupthf ghu;f;fyhk;.

01. Sequential Control Algorithm

Sequential Control Algorithm y; vOjg;gl;l (Steps) gbKiwfs; midj;Jk; vOjg;gl;l
tupirapd; gb (Execute) nray;g;gLk;. mjhtJ midj;J gbKiwfSk; xNu xU jlit nray;gLk;.

,uz;K vz;fis $l;b tpilia fhz;gpf;f Sequential Control Algorithm Kiwg;gb xU Algorithm
,id vOjKbAk;. mjd; (Steps) Kiwfis fPNo ghu;f;fyhk;.

Input First Number (num1)

Input Second Number (Num2)
Add Two Number
Result = (num1 +Num2)
Output Result
,q;F NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l Algorithm y; 5 (Steps) gbKiwfs; kl;LNk cs;sd> mtw;iw
nray;gLj;jpdhNy tpil fpilj;JtpLk;. ,ijj;jhd; Sequential Control Algorithm vd;fpd;Nwhk;.

,t;thW vOjg;gLk; Algorithm ,id ehk; Pseudocode (#lNfhl;) vd;W miof;fpd;Nwhk;.

Uthayakumaran Rangith 7 ICTT Instructor

01. Pseudocode vd;why; vd;d?
kdpju;fSf;F (Human Readable, Not Computer) tpsq;ff;$ba Kiwapy; tpsf;fkhf High
Level Language y; Algorithm vOJtij Pseudocode vd;fpd;Nwhk;.

vdNt Computer w;F GupAk;gb Computer Program y; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;W Variable

Declaration, Syntax, subroutines Pseudocode y; ,Uf;fhJ.

ePq;fs; Algorithm vOJk; Kiw KOikahf mwpe;jgpd;dNu mtw;iw cq;fSf;F tpUg;gkhd

nkhopfspy; (C,C++, Java, VB.Net, C#, Delphi) Computer Program Command fshf
vOjpf;nfhs;syhk;.

xU Program I vOjp mij vOjr;nrhd;dtUf;F Gupaitg;gij tpl Pseudocode d; thapyhf

vspjpy; Gupaitj;J tplyhk;. Algorithm ,id Pseudocode y; vOJk; NghJ Program Symbols
fisAk; ,izj;J vOjyhk;. cjhuzk; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Read First_Number
Read Second_Number
Compute Total = (First_Number + Second_Number)
Display Total

Read. Compute and Diskplay vd;git Program Symbols MFk;.

02. Flowchart vd;why; vd;d

vkJ Algorithm ,id (Graphic Representation) tbtq;fs; %ykhf Fwpg;gpLtijj;jhd;
Flowchart vd;W $Wfpd;Nwhk;.

,d;Dk; GupAk;gb nrhy;yNtz;Lk; vd;why;> tPL fl;Ltjw;F Engineer Nghl;Lj;jUk; Blue

print Nghd;wJjhd; ,e;j Flowchart. me;jf;fl;bl Plan I ghu;j;jhNy vkf;F tPL vg;gb
tug;Nghfpd;wJ vd;W njupAk;.

vtuhYk; ,yFthf Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;> gpur;ridfis ,yFthf milahsk; fhzKbAk;.

,jpy; xt;nthU fl;lq;fSk; (Steps/Process) xt;nthU tbtikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd.

xt;nthU fl;lq;fSf;fpilapy; tiuag;gLk; mk;Gf;Fwp mjd; Data

flow vg;gb elf;fpd;wJ vd;gij tptupf;Fk;.

ePq;fs; ghu;j;j Algorithm ,id vt;thW Flowchart y; vOjyhk;

vd;W ghu;g;Nghk;.

Uthayakumaran Rangith 7 ICTT Instructor

02. Selection Control Algorithm

Selection Control Algorithm ,y; Steps midj;Jk; gy fpisfshf vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mtw;wpd;

VNjDk; xU fpisapy; cOjg;gl;l Steps fs; kl;Lk; tupirapy; Execute nra;ag;gLk;.

#o;epiyfSf;Fj; jFe;jthW fhupaq;fs; nra;a NeupLk;. cjhuzkhf>

mk;kh filf;Fr; nrd;W muprp thq;fp tur;nrhy;fpwhu;fs; vd;W itj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;.

 tPl;il tpl;L ntspNa NghfpNwhk;

 njUtpy; mwq;fp elf;fpd;Nwhk;
 filf;Fg; Ngha; muprp thq;Ffpd;Nwhk;
 jpUk;gp tPl;Lf;F tUfpd;Nwhk;

,J ,d;dKk; Sequential Control Algorithm Mf jhd; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

rup filf;Fg; NghFk; topapy; vjpNu ez;gu; te;Jtpl;lhu; vd;W itj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk; ekJ Algorithm
vt;thW khw;wg;gLfpd;wJ vd ghUq;fs;.

 tPl;iltpl;L Gwg;gl;L ntspNa Nghfpd;Nwhk;

 njUtpy; ,wq;fp elf;fpd;Nwhk;
 vjpNu te;j ez;gu; ek;ik mtu; tPl;Lf;F miof;fpd;whu;
 mtu; tPl;Lf;F nry;tjh ,y;iyah vd;W xU KbntLf;f Ntz;ba #o;epiy

,q;Nf Sequence Control Algorithm Ntiy nra;ahJ Vnddpy; KbntLf;f Ntz;ba #o;epiy. KbT
vLj;jhy; ,uz;by; xd;Wjhd; rhj;jpag;gLk;.

xd;W ez;gu; tPl;Lf;Fg; Nghf Ntz;Lk; gpd;du; filf;Fg; Nghf Ntz;Lk;.

kw;waJ ez;gu; tPl;Lf;Fg; Nghfhky; Neubahf filf;Fg; Nghf Ntz;Lk;.

vz;fspy; vJ ngupaJ vd;gjid fz;Lgpg;gJ vg;gb?

rup ,ij Pseudo Code ,y; ghu;f;fyhk;.

1. READ First Number

2. READ Second Number
3. IF First Number is BIGGER THAN Second Number Then
4. Display First Number
Else
5. Display Second Number
//So, First Number is the Biggest Number

Uthayakumaran Rangith 7 ICTT Instructor

rup ,ij Flow Chart ,y; ghu;f;fyhk;

START

READ First Number

READ Second
Number

IF YES DISPLAY
First Number > First Number
Second Number

NO

DISPLAY
Second Number

START

Uthayakumaran Rangith 7 ICTT Instructor