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14 November 2020 1442 ‫ ربيع األول‬28

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Introduction to Electronics

Lecture 07
BJT Applications

Dr. Hesham A. Omran

Integrated Circuits Lab (ICL)
Electronics and Communications Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
Ain Shams University
 Outline
❑ VCCS as an Amplifier
❑ BJT Small Signal Model
❑ Amplifier Example
▪ Graphical Analysis
▪ Transfer Characteristics
❑ Early Effect
❑ Voltage Amplifier Model
❑ BJT Amplifier Configurations
▪ Common-Emitter Amplifier
▪ Common-Collector Amplifier
▪ Common-Base Amplifier

04: Diodes (2) 2

 VCCS as an Amplifier
❑ Voltage controlled current source (VCCS): 𝑣𝑖𝑛 controls 𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = = 𝐺𝑚
𝑣𝑖𝑛
𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑝 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑣𝑖𝑛 × 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑝 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑣 = = 𝐺𝑚 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑣𝑖𝑛
(GmRout)Vp
Vp vin vout

iout=
Rin Rout
Gmvin

07: BJT Applications 3

 The VCCS
IBQ ICQ
B C

VBEQ VBEQ
I S exp( )
VT

04: Diodes (2) 4

 The Small Signal Approximation

07: BJT Applications 5

 Small-Signal Model
𝚫𝑽𝑩𝑬 = 𝒗𝒃𝒆 = 𝒗𝝅
𝒗𝝅
𝒊𝒃 =
𝒓𝝅
𝒊𝒄 = 𝒈𝒎 𝒗𝝅
𝑰𝑪𝑸
𝒈𝒎 =
𝑽𝑻
𝜷
𝒓𝝅 =
𝒈𝒎
ib ic
B C

vπ rπ gmvπ

E
07: BJT Applications 6
 Superposition
𝚫𝑽𝑩𝑬 𝑰𝑪𝑸 𝜷
𝚫𝑰𝑩 = , 𝚫𝑰𝑪 = 𝒈𝒎 𝚫𝑽𝑩𝑬 , 𝒈𝒎 = , 𝒓𝝅 =
𝒓𝝅 𝑽𝑻 𝒈𝒎

IBQ+ΔIB ICQ+ΔIC
B C

VBEQ+ΔVBE VBEQ + VBE

I S exp( )
VT

IBQ ICQ ΔIB ΔIC

B C B C

VBEQ VBEQ ΔVBE rπ gmΔVBE

I S exp( )
VT

E E
07: BJT Applications 7
 Amplifier Example
❑ Common-emitter (CE) amplifier
❑ Given: 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 9𝑉, 𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 0.7𝑉, 𝐼𝐶 = 2.6𝑚𝐴, 𝑅𝐶 = 1𝑘

VCC VCC

RC RC RC
vout vout,dc vout,ac

vin vin

VBB VBB

07: BJT Applications 8

 CE Small Signal Analysis
❑ Given: 𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 9𝑉, 𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 0.7𝑉, 𝐼𝐶 = 2.6𝑚𝐴, 𝑅𝐶 = 1𝑘

𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝐴𝑣 = = −𝑔𝑚 𝑅𝐶
𝑣𝑖𝑛

RC
RC B ib ic C
vout,ac
vout,ac vin
vπ rπ gmvπ
vin

07: BJT Applications 9

 CE Graphical Analysis

07: BJT Applications 10

 Voltage Transfer Characteristic (VTC)

07: BJT Applications 11

 Voltage Transfer Characteristic (VTC)

07: BJT Applications 12

 Early Effect
❑ The VCCS is not ideal: There is some dependence on 𝑉𝐶𝐸
𝑉𝐴
𝑟𝑜 =
𝐼𝐶
❑ 𝑉𝐴 : Early voltage

02: Bipolar Junction Transistor 13

 Small-Signal Model with Early Effect
𝑰𝑪𝑸
𝒈𝒎 =
𝑽𝑻
𝜷
𝒓𝝅 =
𝒈𝒎
𝑽𝑨
𝒓𝒐 =
𝑰𝑪𝑸
ib
B C

vπ rπ gmvπ ro

E
07: BJT Applications 14
 Important Approximations
𝛽
❑ 𝑟𝜋 =
𝑔𝑚
𝒈𝒎 𝒓𝝅 = 𝜷 ≫ 𝟏
❑ 𝑟𝜋 ≫ 1/𝑔𝑚
1
❑ 𝑟𝜋 + ≈ 𝑟𝜋
𝑔𝑚
1 1
❑ 𝑟𝜋 // ≈
𝑔𝑚 𝑔𝑚

𝑰𝑪𝑸 𝑽𝑨 𝑽𝑨
𝒈𝒎 𝒓𝒐 = = ≫𝟏
𝑽𝑻 𝑰𝑪𝑸 𝑽𝑻
❑ 𝑟𝑜 ≫ 1/𝑔𝑚
1
❑ 𝑟𝑜 + ≈ 𝑟𝑜
𝑔𝑚
1 1
❑ 𝑟𝑜 // ≈
𝑔𝑚 𝑔𝑚

07: BJT Applications 15

 Voltage Amplifier Model

07: BJT Applications 16

 Input and Output Impedances

07: BJT Applications 17

 CE Amplifier: 𝑅𝑖𝑛 & 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡
❑ Given: 𝐼𝐶 = 1𝑚𝐴, 𝛽 = 100, 𝑉𝐴 = 50𝑉, 𝑅𝐶 = 1𝑘

𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 𝑟𝜋
𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑅𝐶 //𝑟𝑜 ≈ 𝑅𝐶

RC
RC B ib C
vout,ac
vout,ac vin
vπ rπ gmvπ ro
vin Rout
Rin

07: BJT Applications 18

 BJT Amplifier Configurations
❑ CE: Voltage and current amplifier VCC

❑ CC: Current amplifier (voltage buffer) RB

❑ CB: Voltage amplifier (current buffer) Rsig
Cc1
vin
Q1
vsig Cc2
Rin vo
RE
RL
Rout Rout’

VCC
VCC
RB1 Rc Cc2
RB1 Rc Cc2 vo
Cc1 vo CB RL
Rsig vin Q1 Rout Rout’
Q1 RL
vsig Cc1 Rsig
RB2 Rout Rout’ vin
Rin
RB2 RE vsig
Rin
07: BJT Applications 19
 Amplifier Analysis Steps
1. DC analysis
▪ Coupling and bypass capacitors → open-circuit (o.c)
▪ Calculate Q-point and check active mode operation
2. Calculate small signal parameters 𝑔𝑚 , 𝑟𝜋 , 𝑟𝑜
3. Draw the small signal equivalent circuit
▪ DC voltage source → short-circuit (s.c.)
▪ DC current source → open-circuit (o.c.)
▪ Coupling and bypass capacitors → short-circuit (s.c)
4. Determine the amplifier parameters
▪ Input resistance and output resistance
▪ Voltage gain and current gain

07: BJT Applications 20

 Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier

VCC

RB1 Rc Cc2
Cc1 vo
Rsig vin
Q1 RL
vsig Rout Rout’
RB2
Rin

07: BJT Applications 21

 Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier
❑ Small-signal equivalent circuit

07: BJT Applications 22

 Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier
𝑣𝑖𝑛
❑ 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑖𝑛 =
𝑖𝑖𝑛

𝑣𝑡
❑ 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = @ 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 = 0
𝑖𝑡

07: BJT Applications 23

 Common-Emitter (CE) Amplifier
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
❑ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑣 = = ⋅ = ⋅
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑔 +𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛

▪ 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑣𝜋 =
▪ 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑣𝜋 =
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
▪ =
𝑣𝑖𝑛

𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝑅𝐿 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑛

❑ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑖 = = = ⋅
𝑖𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛 /𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝐿

07: BJT Applications 24

 Degenerated CE
❑ 𝑅𝐸 : Degeneration resistance

VCC

RB1 Rc Cc2
Cc1 vo
Rsig vin
Q1 RL
vsig Rout Rout’
Rin
RB2 RE

07: BJT Applications 25

 Degenerated CE
❑ Small-signal equivalent circuit

07: BJT Applications 26

 Degenerated CE
𝑣𝑖𝑛
❑ 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑖𝑛 =
𝑖𝑖𝑛

𝑣𝑡
❑ 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = @ 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 = 0
𝑖𝑡

07: BJT Applications 27

 Degenerated CE
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
❑ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑣 = = ⋅
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛

▪ 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑣𝜋 =
▪ 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑣𝜋 =
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
▪ =
𝑣𝑖𝑛

𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝑅𝐿 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑛

❑ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑖 = = = ⋅
𝑖𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛 /𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝐿

07: BJT Applications 28

 Bypass Capacitor

VCC

RB1 Rc Cc2
Cc1 vo
Rsig vin
Q1 RL
vsig
Rout Rout’
Rin
RB2 RE CE

07: BJT Applications 29

 Common-Collector (CC) Amplifier
❑ Also known as Emitter-Follower (EF) Amplifier

VCC

RB
Cc1
Rsig vin
Q1
vsig Cc2
Rin vo
RE
RL
Rout Rout’

07: BJT Applications 30

 Common-Collector (CC) Amplifier
❑ Small-signal equivalent circuit

07: BJT Applications 31

 Common-Collector (CC) Amplifier
𝑣𝑖𝑛
❑ 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑖𝑛 =
𝑖𝑖𝑛

𝑣𝑡
❑ 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = @ 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 = 0
𝑖𝑡

07: BJT Applications 32

 Common-Collector (CC) Amplifier
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
❑ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑣 = = ⋅
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛

▪ 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑣𝜋 =
▪ 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑣𝜋 =
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
▪ =
𝑣𝑖𝑛

𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝑅𝐿 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑛

❑ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑖 = = = ⋅
𝑖𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛 /𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝐿

07: BJT Applications 33

 Common-Base (CB) Amplifier

VCC

RB1 Rc Cc2
vo
CB RL
Q1 Rout Rout’
Cc1 Rsig
vin
RB2 RE vsig
Rin

07: BJT Applications 34

 Common-Base (CB) Amplifier
❑ Small-signal equivalent circuit

07: BJT Applications 35

 Common-Base (CB) Amplifier
𝑣𝑖𝑛
❑ 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑖𝑛 =
𝑖𝑖𝑛

𝑣𝑡
❑ 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡 = @ 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 = 0
𝑖𝑡

07: BJT Applications 36

 Common-Base (CB) Amplifier
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
❑ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑣 = = ⋅
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑔 𝑣𝑖𝑛

▪ 𝑣𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑣𝜋 =
▪ 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑣𝜋 =
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡
▪ =
𝑣𝑖𝑛

𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝑅𝐿 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅𝑖𝑛

❑ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑖 = = = ⋅
𝑖𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛 /𝑅𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝐿

07: BJT Applications 37

 Thank you!

04: Diodes (2) 38