4BCh7 Exercise S

NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions
7 Logarithmic Functions
Activity
Warm-Up Activity (p. 7.3)

1. (a) 2
(b) 4 Activity 7.2 (p. 7.37)
(c) 5
1.
2. (a) 1.204 12 x 0.3 0.6 1 2 3 4
(b) 1.806 18 y –0.5 –0.2 0 0.3 0.5 0.6
(c) 3.304 28
Activity 7.1 (p. 7.6) x 0.3 0.6 1 2 3 4

y –1.7 –0.7 0 1 1.6 2
1. ∵
∴
∵
∴
∵
∴
∵
2. (a) (i)
2. (a) No (b) Yes

(ii)
3. (a) Yes, (1, 0)
(b) Range of x Values of y

(iii)
0<x<1 negative
x>1 positive
(b)
(c) increases
3. (a) (i) Maths Dialogue
Maths Dialogue (p. 7.14)

‘log’ is not a common factor of log(x – 2), log 3 and log (2x + 5).
So we cannot simply cross out the ‘log’ on both sides at the first
(ii) step.
Maths Dialogue (p. 7.34)

1. To simplify logarithms using the properties of logarithms,
they must be logarithms of the same base. In choosing the
(iii)
base when applying the base-change formula, a small integer
is preferred to a larger integer, and sometimes, base 10 may
not be the best choice.
(b)
4.
28
(c)
(d)
= 8−3
Classwork (p. 7.32)
2.
(a)
To Learn More
To Learn More (p. 7.24)

Let x = 123456, y =246135 and z = 456321.
From the above, we have . (b)
Hence, y < z < x (i.e. ).
Classwork
Classwork (p. 7.4)

Exponential form Logarithmic form
(x = 10y) (log x = y)
(a) 1 000 000 = 106 log 1 000 000 = 6
(b) 10 000 = 104 log 10 000 = 4 (c)
(c) 0.01 = 10–2 log 0.01 = –2
(d) a = 100.5 log a = 0.5
(e) 30 = 10b log 30 = b
Classwork (p. 7.5)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(e)
Classwork (p. 7.8)

(a) 🗶 (b) 🗶 (c) 🗶
(d) ✔
(e) ✔ (f) 🗶 (g) ✔
(h) 🗶
Classwork (p. 7.28) (e)

Exponential form Logarithmic form
(x = ay) (loga x = y)
(a)
36 = 62
(b) 81 = 34 log3 81 = 4
29
Quick Practice 7.2 (p. 7.6)

(a) ∵
(b) ∵ log x = 1.2
(f) ∴
Classwork (p. 7.39) Quick Practice 7.3 (p. 7.9)

(a) ✔
(b) ✔
(c) 🗶
Classwork (p. 7.44)

(a) (i) 🗶 (ii) ✔ (iii) ✔ (a)
(b) (i) ✔ (ii) ✔ (iii) ✔

(c) (i) ✔ (ii) 🗶
Classwork (p. 7.48)
(a)
(b)
(b)
Classwork (p. 7.50)

(a) If , (c)
then
(b) If ,
(a)
then
Quick Practice

(a) ∵ 100 000 = 105
∴ log 100 000 =
(b) ∵ 0.0001 = 10−4
∴ log 0.0001 =
(b)
(c) ∵ = 10−4 Quick Practice 7.5 (p. 7.10)
∴ =
30
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a) ∵ The corresponding sound intensity level
(b) ∵

Let I W/m2 be the required sound intensity.
∴
∴ has no solutions.
∴ The sound intensity of the conversation is W/m2.

Let E1 and E2 be the energy released in the Great Chilean
Earthquake and the San Francisco Earthquake respectively.
and
31
(1) – (2):
∴
∴ It takes at least 14 months for the value of the mobile phone
to become less than half of its original value.

∴ The energy released in the Great Chilean Earthquake was
355 times that in the San Francisco Earthquake. (a) ∵
∴
(b) ∵
(a)
∴ ∴
(b) From (a), we have

(c) ∵
∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at (0, 1).
∴
∴
∵ Slope of the line
(a)
(b)

(a) When t = 8, (a)
∴ The number of visitors on the 8th day is 370.
(b) When N = 400,
(b)

Suppose the value of the mobile phone becomes less than half of
its original value after n months.
32
(c) (b)
Alternative Solution
(c)
(a)
(a)
(i) From the graph, when x = 2.3, y = –1.2.
(b)
(ii)
Quick Practice 7.19 (p. 7.34) From the graph, when x = 3.5, y = –1.8.
(a)
∴
33
(b)
Further Practice (p. 7.15)

(b)
(i) From the graph, when y = –2.2, x = 4.6.
∴ The solution of is x = 4.6.
(ii)
From the graph, when y = 1.3, x = 0.4. 1. (a)
Further Practice
Further Practice (p. 7.10)
(b)
∴ has no
1. (a) solutions.
(b)
2. (a)
2. (a)
34
(b)
Alternative Solution
(b)
Exercise
Exercise 7A (p. 7.11)

Further Practice (p. 7.34) Level 1
1. ∵
∴
1. (a)
2. ∵
(b) 3. ∵
(c) 4. ∵
5.
(d)
6.
2. (a) 7.
8. ∵
35
9. ∵
10. ∵ 18.
11. ∵
∴ 19.
12. ∵
∴
20.
13. ∵
21.
14.
22.
15.
23.
16.
24.
17.
36
28. (a)
25. (b)
26. (a)
(b)
(c)
Level 2
(c)
29.
(d)
30.
27. (a) 31.
(b) 32.
33.
(c)
37
39.
34.
40.
35.
41.
36.
42. (a)
37. (b)
(c)
38.
43. (a)
38
1. ∵
2. ∵
∴
(b)
3. ∵
4. ∵
(c) 5. ∵
6. ∵
44.
∴
45. ∵ and
∴ and
7.
46. No, for b = 8,

8.
∴ for b = 8.
9.
47. No, for a = 2 and b = 5,
log a + log b = log (ab) = log 10 = 1
which is a rational number.
Exercise 7B (p. 7.16)

Level 1
39
10.
11.
16.
12.
13.
17.
14.
18.
15.
19.
40
Level 2
26.
20.
21.
27.
22.
28.
23.
29.
24.
30.
25.
41
31.
35.
32.
36.
From (2),
33.
∴
By substituting (3) into (1), we have
By substituting y = 20 into (3), we have
37.
From (2),
34.
∴
42
∴ Tony’s hearing will be damaged.
(b) The sound intensity of the rock music with

headphone
The corresponding sound intensity level

By substituting into (3), we have
∴ Tony’s hearing will not be

damaged.
Exercise 7C (p. 7.25) 5. By substituting and into the

Level 1 formula, we have
1. The corresponding sound intensity level
∴ The magnitude of the earthquake on the

Richter scale is 3.47.
6. By substituting and into the

2. Let I W/m2 be the required sound intensity. formula,
we have
∴ The energy released in the earthquake is

.
∴ The sound intensity of the fan is 1.58 × 10–7
2
W/m . 7. The difference in magnitudes of the two earthquakes on the
Richter scale
3. The difference between the corresponding sound
intensity levels of the two successive thunders
8. Let E1 and E2 be the energy released (in J) in the earthquake

in town P and town Q respectively.
4. (a) The sound intensity level of the rock music

and
(1) – (2):
43
12. (a) When t = 0,
∴ The ratio of the energy released in the earthquake in ∴ The original value of the television
town P to that in town Q is 5.62 : 1. is $15 000.
(b) Suppose the value of the LCD television

becomes less than half of its original value after n
months.
9. (a)
∵
∴
(b) ∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at

(0, –3).

∴
∴
∴ It takes at least 23 months for the
value of the LCD television to become less
than half of its original value.
Level 2
13. Let I W/m2 be the original sound intensity of the Hi-Fi,
then the sound intensity is 0.6I W/m2 after adjustment.
∵ The original sound intensity level is 90 dB.
10. (a)
∴
∴
Let β dB be the sound intensity level of the Hi-Fi after
(b) ∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at
adjustment.
(0, 3).
∴
(2) – (1):
∴
11. (a) When x = 3,
∴ The sound intensity level of the Hi-Fi after adjustment

∴ The number of customers on the is 87.8 dB.
3rd day since opening is 280.
14. Let IA and IB be the sound intensities (in W/m2) in
(b) When N = 400, restaurants A and B respectively.
Let βA and βB be the sound intensity levels (in dB) in
restaurants A and B respectively.
44
and
(2) – (1):
∴ The magnitude of the aftershock on the Richter scale is

6.6.
17. (a) ∵ Slope of the line =
∴
∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at
∴ The sound intensity in restaurant B is 3.16 times of the (0, 2).
sound intensity in restaurant A.
∴
15. Let E1 and E2 be the energy released (in J) by the Hiroshima
atomic bomb and in the Indian Ocean Earthquake (b) From (a),
respectively.
(c) (i) When x = 1,

and
(2) – (1):
(ii) When y = 0.1,
18. (a) ∵ Slope of the line =
∴ The energy released in the Indian Ocean Earthquake

∴
corresponded to 1 000 000 Hiroshima atomic bombs.
∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at
(0, –2).
16. Let E1 and E2 be the energy released (in J) in the aftershock
and the earthquake respectively. ∴
Let M1 be the magnitude of the aftershock on the Richter
scale. (b) From (a),
and
∵
∴
By substituting E2 = 8E1 into (2), we have
∴
(3) – (1): (c) Let x0 and y0 be the original values of x and y
45
respectively.
i.e.
∴
∴ It takes at least 7 minutes for the number of
bacteria in the test tube to become more than
triple of its original number.
22. Suppose more than 80% of the food intake will pass
through the stomach after n hours.
∴ ∵
19. Suppose the population will be less than 1000 after n

years.
∴
∵ ∴ It takes at least 5 hours for more than 80% of
the food intake to pass through the stomach.
Exercise 7D (p. 7.35)

Level 1
1. ∵
∴
∴
∴ It takes at least 26 years for the population to
be less than 1000. 2. ∵
∴
20. Suppose Jenny receives an amount exceeding $30 000 after
n years.
3. ∵
∵
∴
∴
4. ∵
∴ It takes at least 10.5 years (cor. to the nearest 0.5) for

Jenny to receive an amount exceeding $30 000.
21. Let N be the original number of bacteria in the test tube. 5.

Suppose the number of bacteria in the test tube
becomes more than triple of its original number after n minutes.
∵
6.
46
7.
8.
15.
9.
16.
10.
17.
11.
18.
12.
19.
13.
20.
21. (a)
14.
47
27.
(b)
∴ , or ,
(or any positive numbers a and b with ab = 2)
Level 2
(c)
22. (a) 28.
29.
(b)
(c)
23.
24.
30.
25.
31.
26.
48
32.
36.
33.
34. 37.
38.
35.
39.
49
40. (a)
(b)
(b)
(c) 43.
44.
41.
45.
46.
∴ has no
solutions.
42. (a)
50
5. (a)
47.
(b)
48.
Exercise 7E (p. 7.44)

Level 1
1. (a) (i) Graph (III) (ii)
Graph (II)
(iii) Graph (I) (iv)
Graph (IV)
(b) (i) Graph (II) and Graph (IV) Level 2

(ii) Graph (I) and Graph (III)
2. (a) (1, 0)
(b) yes; y = 0
3. (a) A: (1, 0), B: (0, 1)

(b) yes; y = x
6. (a), (b)
7. (a) (0, 1)
4. (a)
(b), (c)
(b) 8. (a)
51
(i) From the graph, when x = 4, y = 0.85.
∴ (b)
(ii) From the graph, when x = 9, y = 1.35. (i) From the graph, when y = 0.6, x =
1.5.
∴ ∴ The solution of
is x = 1.5.
(b)
(ii)
From the graph, when y = –1.4, x =
0.4.
∴ The solution of
is x = 0.4.
(i) From the graph, when y = 0.5, x = 2.2.

(ii) From the graph, when y = 1.25, x = 7.4.
10. (a)
(i) From the graph, when x = 2.5, y = –1.8.
9. (a)
(i) From the graph, when x = 2.6, y =
1.4.
(ii)
From the graph, when x = 7, y = −3.8.
(ii)
From the graph, when x = 4.3, y =
2.1.
∴ ∴
52
(b)
(c)
6. (a)
(i)
From the graph, when y = −1.8, x = 2.5.
(b)
(ii)
From the graph, when y = −6, x = 21.5.
∴ The solution of is
x = 21.5. 7. (a)
Check Yourself (p. 7.53)

1. (a) ✔ (b) 🗶
(c) 🗶 (d) 🗶
(e) 🗶 (f) ✔ (b)
2. Graph (I) and Graph (III)
3. (1, 0)
4.
8.
5. (a) ∵ Revision Exercise 7 (p. 7.54)

Level 1
∴
1. (a) ∵
(b) ∵
∴
∴
(b) ∵
53
(c) ∵
2. (a) ∵
(b)
(b) ∵
(c) ∵
(c)
3. (a)
(b)
(d)
5. (a) ∵
(c)
(b)
(d)
(c)
4. (a) 6.
54
11. (a)
7.
(b)
8.
(c)
12.
13.
9.
10. (a)
14.
(b)
15.
(c)
55
16.
The sound intensity level of the air-conditioner
17.
22. Let I1 and I2 be the sound intensities (in W/m2) in the study
room and at home respectively.
18.
and
(1) − (2):
∴ The ratio of the sound intensity in the study room to

that at home is 1: 10.
23. The magnitude of the Pakistan Earthquake on the Richter

scale
19.
∵
∴ The Pakistan Earthquake was more likely to cause more
serious damage.
24. Let E J be the energy released in the explosion.
20.
21. Let I W/m2 be the sound intensity of the vacuum cleaner.

The magnitude of the explosion on Scale B
56
28. (a)
(b) yes; y = x
25. Suppose the value of the car depreciates to less than
$366 000 after n years.
Level 2
∵
29.
∴
∴ It takes at least 4 years for the value of the car to
depreciate to less than $366 000.
26. Suppose Mr Wong’s salary will be more than double his

salary in 2012 after n years.
30.
∴
∴ It takes at least 12 years for Mr Wong’s salary to be
more than double his salary in 2012.
31.
27. (a)
(b) yes; y = 0
57
(c)
32.
37.
33.
34.
38.
35.
36. (a)
39.
(b)
58
44.
40.
45.
41.
46.
42.
47.
From (2),
∴
43.
By substituting into (3), we have
59
48. The sound intensity level of loudspeaker B

From (1),
The difference in sound intensity levels between

loudspeaker A and loudspeaker B
∴
52. Suppose the number of black people exceeds the number of

By substituting into (3), we have white people after n years.
49. (a) ∴
∴ It takes at least 37 years for the number of black people
to exceed the number of white people.
∴ , where a, b > 0 and a, b ≠ 1
∴ The number of black people will exceed the number of
white people starting from year 2050.
(b) or or or
(any two of the answers) 53. (a) Let m be the number of years for the radioactive
substance to decay to half of its initial weight.
50. (a) ∴
(b) ‘ ’ and ‘ ’ (or any other
reasonable answers with , where

)
∴ It takes 100 years for the radioactive substance to
51. Let I1 and I2 be the sound intensities (in W/m ) of 2 decay to half of its initial weight.
loudspeaker A and loudspeaker B respectively.
(b) Suppose the radioactive substance will lose more than
Then, . 10% of its initial weight after n years.
The sound intensity level of loudspeaker A =
60
∴
∵
(ii)
From the graph, when x = 1.8, y = 0.4.
∴
∴ It takes at least 16 years for the radioactive
substance to lose more than 10% of its initial
weight.
54. (a) ∵ Slope of the line

(b)
(i) From the graph, when y = –0.8, x = 0.3.
∴
∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at (0, 2). ∴ The solution of is .
(b) From (a),
(ii)
From the graph, when y = 0.6, x = 2.3.
∴ ∴ The solution of is x = 2.3.
(c) By substituting x = 3375 into , we have

56. (a) (i) x 0.2 0.5 1 2 3 4
y −1 −0.4 0 0.4 0.7 0.9
∴ The cost of printing 3375 posters is $22 500.
55. (a)
(i) From the graph, when x = 3.5, y = 0.9.
61
58. (a) (i) ∴
(ii) ∵ Intercept on the vertical axis = 0.6
∴
(ii)
∵ Slope of the line =
∴
(b) (i)
From the graph, when y = 0.8, x = 3.6.
(b) (i) From (a)(ii), we have
By substituting into , we have

(ii)
From the graph, when x = 2.2, y = 0.5.
∴ The solution of is y = 0.5.
∴ The amount of pollutants discharged in the
3rd month since operation started is
20.8 units.
(ii) Suppose the chemical plant discharges more than
50 units of pollutants per month after t months.
57. (a) ∴
(b) By substituting W = 3 into ,

we have
∴ In the 6th month since operation started, the

chemical plant will be prosecuted.
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 7.59)

1. Answer : C
2. Answer : C
From the graph,
when x = 3,
when x = 4, 3. Answer : C
∴
∴ The time taken is 0.3 minutes.
62
does not cut the y-axis.

∴ C and D cannot be the answer.
When
∴ The graph passes through the point .

4. Answer : A ∴ The answer is A.
9. Answer : C
∴
∵ Intercept on the vertical axis = 1
5. Answer : B ∴
10. Answer : B
6. Answer : A
∵
∵
∴ ∴
i.e. is the smallest.
∴ The answer is B.
11. Answer : A
For I:
7. Answer : B
For I:
∵ a > 0 and b < 0 The graphs of and show reflectional
∴ ab < 0 symmetry with each other about the line y = x.
i.e. log(ab) is undefined. ∴ I is true.
∴ I must be true. For II:
For II:
The graphs of and show reflectional
symmetry with each other about the x-axis.
∴ II is true.
Let For III:
for all real values of x.

∴ II may not be true.
For III:
∴ The graph of does not cut the x-axis.
∵
∴ III is false.
∴ (∵ ∴ The answer is A.
∴ III must be true.
∴ The answer is B. 12. Answer : D
For II:
8. Answer : A The value of decreases as x increases.
∴ , where .
Since is undefined for x ≤ 0, the graph of
63
∴
∴ II is true.
For I:
The larger the value of a, the flatter is the graph of
for a > 1.
∵ The graph of is flatter than the graph of
.
∴ and . 3.
∴ I is false.
For III:
The graphs of logarithmic functions cut the x-axis at (1, 0).
∴ III is true.
For IV:
∵ is undefined for .
∵ The domain of g(x) is all positive real numbers.
∴ IV is true.
∴ The answer is D.
4.
HKMO (p. 7.61)
Exam Focus
Exam-type Questions (p. 7.63)

1. 1. Answer : C
2. Given that α and β are the roots of the equation Consider the graph of .
. From the shape of the graph, we know that .
Product of roots = When , we have .
∵
∴ ,
i.e. the intercept on the vertical axis of the required graph is
positive.
∵
∴ ,
i.e. the slope of the required graph is negative.
∴ The answer is C.
64
2. Answer : A
∵ Slope of the line 7. Let K be the number of radioactive ions (in billion) found in
the substance.
∴ The activity of the substance on Scale B
3. Answer : A
∵ Intercept on the vertical axis = –2
4. Answer : D
i.e. is the least.

∴ The answer is D.
5. Answer : C
∵
∴
∵
∴
6. Answer : C
65

4BCh7 Exercise S

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NSS Mathematics in Action (2nd Edition) 4B Full Solutions

Warm-Up Activity (p. 7.3)

Activity 7.1 (p. 7.6) x 0.3 0.6 1 2 3 4

2. (a) No (b) Yes

(b) Range of x Values of y

3. (a) (i) Maths Dialogue

Maths Dialogue (p. 7.14)

Maths Dialogue (p. 7.34)

Classwork (p. 7.32)

To Learn More (p. 7.24)

From the above, we have . (b)

Hence, y < z < x (i.e. ).

Classwork (p. 7.4)

Classwork (p. 7.5)

Classwork (p. 7.8)

Classwork (p. 7.28) (e)

Quick Practice 7.2 (p. 7.6)

(b) ∵ log x = 1.2

Classwork (p. 7.39) Quick Practice 7.3 (p. 7.9)

Classwork (p. 7.44)

(b) (i) ✔ (ii) ✔ (iii) ✔

Classwork (p. 7.48)

Classwork (p. 7.50)

Quick Practice 7.4 (p. 7.9)

Quick Practice 7.1 (p. 7.5)

∴ log 100 000 =

(b) ∵ 0.0001 = 10−4

(c) ∵ = 10−4 Quick Practice 7.5 (p. 7.10)

Quick Practice 7.10 (p. 7.19)

Quick Practice 7.7 (p. 7.14)

∴ The sound intensity of the conversation is W/m2.

Quick Practice 7.11 (p. 7.20)

Quick Practice 7.15 (p. 7.29)

(b) From (a), we have

∵ Slope of the line

Quick Practice 7.17 (p. 7.31)

Quick Practice 7.13 (p. 7.23)

∴ The number of visitors on the 8th day is 370.

(b) When N = 400,

Quick Practice 7.14 (p. 7.24)

Quick Practice 7.18 (p. 7.32)

Quick Practice 7.20 (p. 7.42)

Further Practice (p. 7.15)

∴ The solution of is x = 4.6.

Further Practice (p. 7.10)

Exercise 7A (p. 7.11)

27. (a) 31.

46. No, for b = 8,

Exercise 7B (p. 7.16)

By substituting y = 20 into (3), we have

∴ Tony’s hearing will be damaged.

(b) The sound intensity of the rock music with

The corresponding sound intensity level

∴ Tony’s hearing will not be

Exercise 7C (p. 7.25) 5. By substituting and into the

∴ The magnitude of the earthquake on the

6. By substituting and into the

∴ The energy released in the earthquake is

8. Let E1 and E2 be the energy released (in J) in the earthquake

4. (a) The sound intensity level of the rock music

12. (a) When t = 0,

(b) Suppose the value of the LCD television

(b) ∵ The graph cuts the vertical axis at

∵ Slope of the line