BANNARI AMMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SATHYAMANGALAM – 638 401 Erode District Tamil Nadu

Academic Year: 2020-2021

18EC302:  BASICS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Domestic House Wiring

Date of Submission: 2.11.2020

Name : THARUN A

Roll No :191EC298

Department :ECE

Year/Semester : II/III

Mail id : tharuna.ec19@bitsathy.ac.in

DECLARATION
I affirm that the lab task work titled “Design a prototype of hydroelectric power
plant&developing model for house wiring” being submitted as the record of original
work done by us under the guidance of Dr. Dheepanchakkravarthy A NAME OF THE
SUBJECT HANDLING FACULTY, Designation, Department of ECE.

THARUN A
191EC298

I certify that the declaration made above by the candidates is true.

(Signature of the Guide)

NAME OF THE LAB HANDLING FACULTY

HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

OBJECTIVES:

To design a prototype of hydro electric power plant

INTRODUCTION:

Hydro Electric power (HEP) is a major renewable energy source used all
over the world today to produce electricity. It utilizes the basic laws of
Physics. Falling water under high pressure has high kinetic energy. In an
HEP station, the falling water turns the turbines. Through magnetic
induction, the generator converts the mechanical energy of the turbines to
electricity.

MATERIAL / KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED :

The major components of a hydroelectric plant are :

 Catchment area
  Water Reservoir
 Dam
 Spillway
 Trash Rack
 Forebay
 Surge tank
 Penstock
 Turbine
 Power house
 Draft tube
 Transformer

WATER RESERVOIR:

Whole of the water available from the catchment area is collected in a

reservoir behind the dam.The main purpose of the storing of water in the
reservoir is to get a uniform power throughout the year.

DAM:
A dam is built across a river for two functions:to impound the river water for
storage and to create the head of water.

SPILLWAY:

Spillway is constructed to act as a safety valve .It discharge the overflow

water to the down stream side when the reservoir is full.

TRASH RACK:

The water is taken from the dam or from the canal is provided with trash
rack to prevent the entry of debris which might damage the wicket gates and
turbine runners or checkup the nozzles of the impulse turbine.

FOREBAY:
A forebay is a basin area of hydropower plant where water is temporarily
stored before going to intake chamber.

SURGE TANK:

Surge tank acts as a temporary reservoir .Is helps in stabilizing the velocity
and pressure in penstock and thereby saves penstock from getting damaged.It
serves as supply tank to the turbine in case of increased load conditions,and
storage tank in case of low conditions.

PENSTOCK:

The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the water flowing from
the reservoir towards the power generation unit,comprised of the turbines
and generators.

TURBINE:

The water turbine converts kinetic energy of water into mechanical

energy to produce electrical energy .

DRAFT TUBE:

Draft tube is a diverging tube fitted at the exit of runner of turbine and used
to utilize the kinetic energy available with water at the exit of runner.

TRANSFORMER:

The electrical transformer converts the alternating current that the

hydroelectric power is generating into a high voltage current.

ANALYSIS OF TASK /CONCEPT UNDERSTANDING :

A typical hydroelectric plant is a system with three parts: A power plant

where the electricity is produced, a dam that can be opened or closed to
control water flow, and a reservoir where water is stored.The water behind
the dam flows through an intake and pushes against the blades in a turbine,
causing them to turn.The turbine spins a generator to produce electricity.
 The amount of electricity that can be generated depends on how far the
water drops and how much water moves through the system.The electricity
can be transported through long distance electric lines to home,factories,and
businesses.

STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE:

 It is the power generated by water,using its gravitational force when it

is flowing or falling .
 Water is moved from a higher elevation point to a lower elevation
point through a large pipe.
 At the end ,there is a turbine and the water spins it,which moves the
shaft,that moves the generator ,making electricity.
 This is how the power plant changes the potential energy of standing
water to kinetic energy by moving it,then converting it into mechanical
energy which produces electric energy.

PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION:
CONCLUSION:

Hydropower plants are a vital energy source to the world .water is

efficient and reliable fuel .The use,creation ,and expansion of power plants
should continue being pursued.Using hydropower has mostly great
advantages.It could help us make more electricity faster,consistenly and
sustainably for the future.
 DEVELOPING MODEL OF SIMPLE HOUSE WIRING AND STAIR CASE WIRING

OBJECTIVES

To Develop a model of simple house wiring and Stair Case Wiring.

INTRODUCTION:
Staircase wiring is a common multi-way switching or two-way light
switching connection; one light two switches wiring. Here one lamp is
controlled by two switches from two different positions. That is to operate
the load from separate positions such as above or below the staircase, from
inside or outside of a room, or as a two-way bed switch, etc.

Common Types of Electrical Wire Used in the Home

Wiring Terminology

It helps to understand a few basic terms used to describe wiring.

An electrical wire is a type of conductor, which is a material that conducts
electricity. In the case of household wiring, the conductor itself is usually
copper or aluminium (or copper-sheathed aluminium) and is either a solid
metal conductor or stranded wire. Most wires in a home are insulated,
meaning they are wrapped in a nonconductive plastic coating. One notable
exception is ground wires, which are typically solid copper and are either
insulated with green sheathing or uninsulated (bare).

The most common type of wiring in modern homes is in the form of non-
metallic (NM) cable, which consists of two or more individual wires
wrapped inside a protective plastic sheathing. NM cable usually contains
one or more “hot” (current-carrying) wires, a neutral wire, and a ground
wire.
 As an alternative to NM cable, individual wires can be installed inside of a
rigid or flexible metal or plastic tubing called conduit. Conduit is typically
used where the wiring will be exposed and not hidden inside walls, floors,
or ceilings.

These larger wires in your home are carrying circuit voltage, and they can
be very dangerous to touch. There are also several wires in your home that
carry much lesser amounts of "low-voltage" current. These are less
dangerous, and with some, the voltage carried is so low that there is
virtually no chance of shock. However, until you know exactly what kind
of wires you are dealing with, it's best to treat them all as dangerous.

NM Cable

Often called “Romex” after one popular brand name, NM cable is a type of
circuit wiring designed for interior use in dry locations. Most NM cables
have a flattened tubular shape and run invisibly through the walls and
floor cavities of your home. Almost all of the wiring in outlets and light
fixtures a modern home is NM cable. The most common sizes and their
amperage (amp) ratings are:

 14-gauge (15-amp circuits)

 12-gauge (20-amp circuits)

 10-gauge (30-amp circuits)

 8-gauge (40-amp circuits)

 6-gauge (55-amp circuits)

NM cable is now sold with a color-coded outer jacket to indicate its wire
gauge:

 White sheathing indicates NM cable with 14-gauge conductors.

 Yellow sheathing indicates NM cable with 12-gauge conductors.

 Orange sheathing indicates NM cable with 10-gauge conductors.

 Black-sheathed cable is used for both 6- and 8-gauge wire.

 Gray sheathing is not used for NM cable but is reserved for underground
(UF) cable.

NM cable is dangerous to handle while the circuit handles are carrying voltage.

UF Cable

Underground Feeder (UF) is a type of non-metallic cable designed for wet

locations and direct burial in the ground. It is commonly used for
supplying outdoor fixtures, such as lampposts. Like standard NM cable,
UF contains insulated hot and neutral wires, plus a bare ground wire. But
while sheathing on NM cable is a separate plastic wrap, UF cable sheathing
is solid plastic that surrounds each wire. UF cable is normally sold with
Gray outer sheathing.

UF cable is also used for major circuit wiring, and it carries a dangerous
amount of voltage as long as the circuits are turned on.
 THHN/THWN Wire

THHN and THWN are codes for the two most common types of
insulated wire used inside the conduit. Unlike NM cable, in which two or
more individual insulated conductors are bundled inside a plastic
sheathing, THHN and THWN wires are single conductors, each with its
color-coded insulation. Instead of being protected by NM cable sheathing,
these wires are protected by tubular metal or plastic conduit.

Conduit is often used in unfinished areas, such as basements and garages,

and for short exposed runs inside the home, such as wiring connections for
garbage disposers and hot water heaters. The letters indicate specific
properties of the wire insulation:

 T: Thermoplastic

 H: Heat-resistant; HH means highly heat-resistant

 W: Rated for wet locations

 N: Nylon-coated, for added protection

THHN and THWN wires have coloured sheathings that are generally used
to identify their function in a circuit:

 Hot wires: Black, red, orange

 Neutral wires: White, brown

 Ground wires: Green, yellow-green

THHN and THWN wires are circuit wires that should never be handled
when the circuits are turned on.
Low-Voltage Wire

Low-voltage wiring is used for circuits typically requiring 50 volts or less.

Several common types are landscape lighting wire, sprinkler system
connections, bell wire (for doorbells), speaker system wires, and thermostat
wires. Wire sizes range from about 22 gauge to 12 gauge. Low-voltage
wires typically are insulated and may be contained in cable sheathing or
combined in twisted pairs, similar to lamp cord wire. It must be used only
for low-voltage applications. These are typically very small wires that are
much different from standard circuit wiring.

Serious shocks rarely occur with low-voltage wires, but it is still always
best to turn off devices before working with them.

Phone and Data Wire

Telephone and data wiring are low-voltage wires used for “landline”

telephones and internet hook-ups. Telephone cable may contain four or
eight wires. Category 5 (Cat 5) cable, the most common type of household
data wiring, contains eight wires wrapped together in four pairs. It can be
used for both phone and data transmission and offers greater capacity and
quality than standard phone wire.

Although data wiring does carry a small amount of voltage, anything

under 30 volts is generally regarded as safe (a household circuit carries
about 120-volts of power). However, there is always a danger of data
wiring coming into contact with household wiring, so you should treat it
with caution and avoid touching bare wires.

Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable is beginning to grow less common, thanks to the use of other
forms of data wiring, such as HDMI, for television data transmission.
Coaxial cable is a round jacketed cable that features an inner conductor
surrounded by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular
conducting shield made of braided wire. It can be identified by the
threaded connectors that are used to make unions and device hook-ups.

Coaxial cable was once the standard for connecting televisions to antenna
or cable service delivery and is still often used to connect satellite dishes or
to bring subscription television service to an in-home distribution point. It
typically has black or white insulation and is perfectly round in shape,
making it easy to distinguish from NM electrical circuit cables.

The minuscule amount of voltage carried by coaxial cable signals makes it very
unlikely to cause shock of any type—provided the cables are not in contact with
another source of current.

Two-way Light Switch Connection

Two-way light switch means controlling single light or electric device by

using two different switches from different locations. Here each switch will
have common terminal, L1 and L2 (L = Line terminal). By using electrical
wire 2 switch terminals are connected. Here after electrical circuit
completes when both two switches ON or two switches OFF. If either one
switch becomes ON or OFF means electrical circuit will not complete
between switches and light hence there will no current flow. Use electrical
switch depends on your electrical specifications. Always remember two-
way switch will have three terminals.

How Two-Way Switch Works?

2-way light switches are helpful to turn ON or turn OFF light from
different end locations. In this article simple Two-way Light Switch
Connection described with neat circuit diagram and wiring details.
Making ON/OFF light from two end is more comfortable when we
consider stair case, two-way light control is simple and easy to construct.

Wiring diagram for Two-way light

To construct this setup, we need 2-two-way switches, here common

terminal on one switch is connected with phase line and another switch
common terminal connected to the lamp load, always prefer switch
connection in the Phase line. Way terminals of each switch is connected
with each other, Neutral line is directly connected to the lamp load.

Stair Case Light wiring

Two-way light control is mostly used in stair case light application. Two switches
are placed near to stairs at two ends, when we turn ON/OFF the switch at any end
the light present state changes to opposite state, if light presents in ON condition
then it becomes OFF, if light present in OFF condition then it becomes ON.
Required Components
 Two 2-way switches
 Bulb
 AC supply
 Connecting wires
 

How to Connect 2-way Switch Wiring  using Two wire control?

This is the first method to make a 2-way switching connection, this is

the old method. If you are going to install a new one then goes for three
wire control method.

As you see in the Schematic Diagram of 2-way switch circuit below, you

will find that the phase/live is connected with the common of the first 2-
way switch. PIN1 & PIN2 of the first switch is connected with the PIN1 &
PIN2 of second switch respectively. One end of the bulb is connected with
the Common Terminal of second switch and other end of the Bulb is
connected with Neutral line of AC power supply.

Note: In 2-wire control method when switches are in opposite state the

light will be inn OFF state as shown in circuit below:

The condition of getting Output in ON condition is same as the Ex-nor gate truth
table which is given below:

Switch 1 Switch 2 Lamp state

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0
 1 1 1

Where, 0 represents the OFF condition and 1 represents the ON condition.

How to Connect 2-way Switch Wiring using Three wire control?

This is the new method to make a 2-way switching connection as it is slightly

different from the two-wire control method. This method is commonly used now
days as it is efficient than the Two Wire control system.
As you can see in the Schematic Diagram of 2-way switch circuit below, the
common of both the switches are short-circuited. PIN1 of both the switches are
connected with the phase or live wire and PIN2 of both the switches are connected
with the one end of the lamp. The other end of the Lamp is connected with Neutral
line of AC power supply.
Note: In 3-wire control method when switches are in same state the light will be
in OFF state as shown in circuit below:

The condition of getting Output in ON condition is same as the Ex-or gate truth
table which is given below:

Switch 1 Switch 2 Lamp state

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Where, 0 represents the OFF condition and 1 represents the ON condition.

Applications of Two way Switching:
 Mostly in stair case.
 Erroneous tripping of safety/circuit protection equipment.
 A big room having two entry/exit gate.
 To control any AC appliances like fan or light from two places like entry
and exit.

Staircase Wiring circuit diagram & working

Staircase wiring is a common multi-way switching or two-way light
switching connection; one light two switches wiring. Here one lamp is
controlled by two switches from two different positions. That is to operate
the load from separate positions such as above or below the staircase, from
inside or outside of a room, or as a two-way bed switch, etc.

The Staircase wiring diagram in a Traveller system or common system method is

shown below,

 
  

A Staircase wiring makes the feasibility for the user to turn ON and OFF the load
from two switches placed apart from each other.
Staircase wiring circuit arrangement

 The first pole and second pole of the SPDT switch S1 has connected to the
corresponding first and second pole of the SPDT switch S2. That is similar
poles of both two switches are connected to each other.

The phase of the supply line is connected to the common pole of a

switch. And the phase line to the load is taken from the common pole of
the next switch.  It makes an arrangement that, to close the circuit both the
switches should be in the same position in order to make the two common
poles in contact to achieve a closed circuit. 

Changing ON & OFF condition of a single switch can determine whether

the circuit is closed or open. Thus, in staircase wiring, we can control the
load from both positions. If a truth table has made for the above traveller
system output, it will have a result similar to an XNOR gate. That is the
light ON’s when both the switches are in the same position.

Similarly, if the connections between the switch s1 and s2 have

interchanged, the load will ON when the switches have opposite positions

Coast 3-way or California 3-way wiring and Carter wiring system 

Are another method of connection that can be used for staircase wiring or
multiway switching.

In Coast 3-way or California 3-way wiring, the first pole of both switches

has the phase line. The common pole and second pole of the first switch
are connected to the corresponding poles of the second switch. Then the
phase connection to the load connects from the second pole. Thus, the lamp
L1 will ON if one switch is ON and the other is OFF. While in the same
switch position, the lamp will be OFF. Coast 3-way or California 3-way
circuit shows a Truth table output of an XOR gate, i.e. the output will be
high when both switches are in opposite states.

Carter wiring system: 
Carter wiring is a 3-way wiring or a multi-way wiring method used at the
time of old K&T (knob-and-tube) installations, which has been prohibited
by the NEC (National Electrical Code) since the early ’90s.

In Carter wiring, both phase and neutral lines are connected to the switch.
One throw of the two SPDT switches has connected to the phase line and
other throws in the neutral line. The load or bulb has connected between
the common poles of the two SPDT switches.

The light will be OFF when both switches are in the same position. That is,
both of the bulb terminals have either phase or neutral. When the switches
are flipped to the opposite direction the terminals get opposite polarity and
light gets ON.

Unlike another multi-way switching, the two-socket terminals will not

have a fixed phase and neutral points. It changes to either phase or neutral,
depends on the position of the switch.

The Carter wiring connection is similar to the H-bridge

arrangement used in DC circuits. That is used to alternate the polarity
across the load.
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION :
CONCLUSION
When the switch position has flipped to phase at both the switches, even
though the bulb does not light the socket may be charged at both of its
terminal. Thus, in this wiring system, we can’t even replace a bulb by just
turn off the light. Because we can’t predict whether the socket is de-
energized or not. During maintenance complete isolation of the supply line
cannot be guaranteed by a switch off. Because we can’t make sure it is in a
neutral position at both poles. So, we should have to either turn off the
main switch or use a tester to ensure an open terminal. Hence, we can
understand about developing a model of simple house wiring and stair
case wiring.